
Class ^ ^f^Z S^ 
Book— if s"^ r) S. 



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I 



61ST Congress j SENATE ] ^N ""^sir 

3d Session S (No. 8b J 



REPORT OF 
A SPECIAL COMMITTEE 

APPOINTED BY THE 

WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 

TO INVESTIGATE 

THE MILK SITUATION IN THE 
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 



PREPARED BY 

J. LOUIS WILLIGE 



PRESENTED BY MR. GALLINGER ^ 
March 3, 1911. — Referred to the Committee on Printing 

WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1911 



,1 



61ST CoNGRBSS I SENATE -i Document 

Sd Session \ /No. 863 



REPORT OF 
A SPECIAL COMMITTEE 



^7/ 



APPOINTED BY THE .-_^ 

WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 

TO INVESTIGATE 

THE MILK SITUATION IN THE 
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 



PREPARED BY 

J. LOUIS WILLIGE 






PRESENTED BY MR. GALLINGER 
March 3, 1911. — Referred to the Committee on Printing 

WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1911 



^\4 



«^1 . 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



The Washington Chamber of Commerce, 

Washingto7i, D. C, January 31, 1911. 
Si-r: I 'have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a 
report submitted -by a special committee appointed by the Washing- 
ton Chamber of Commerce to investigate the milk situation in the 
District of Columbia, 

The report was presented to the chamber at a special meeting held 
January 30, 1911, and received its approval. , 

In pursuance of a recommendation embraced in the report, it is 
transmitted herewith with the request that it be printed as a Senate 
document, and its recommendations, so far as applicable to the Dis- 
trict of Columbia and pertinent to the Federal powers for regulating 
interstate commerce, embodied in suitable legislation. 

In view of the comprehensive and valuable nature of this report, 
and its timely interest, it is hoped that steps may be taken for its 
prompt publication as an official document. 

Very respectfully, yours, Thos. Grant, 

Secretary. 
Hon. Jacob H. Gallinger, 

Chairman Committee on the District of Colum^hia, 

United States Senate, Washington. D. C. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Table op Contents 5 

List of Appendixes 7 

I. Introduction 9 

II. Complaints Filed Against Health Department, District op 

Columbia 14 

Items of complaint 14 

Findings of committee 15 

Use of concrete floors 16 

Effect of proposed changes on the price of milk 16 

Authority for health regulations 18 

Delay in issuance of permits 18 

Extent of District milk supply 20 

Reasonableness of railway transportation charges 20 

Use of preservatives 20 

Feeding of brewery and distillery by-products 20 

Possible milk famine in District of Columbia 21 

Milk-inspection service 22 

Failure to prosecute consumers returning unrinsed bottles. 23 

Laboratory facilities of health department 24 

Reporting of communicable diseases 24 

Score-card system of rating dairy farms and dairies 24 

Proposed investigation of health department, District of Columbia. 26 

Alleged evidences of milk trust 26 

Classification of milk for local market recommended 27 

III. General Considerations 28 

Importance of milk as an article of food 29 

Definitions of milk and cream 29 

Certified and inspected milk 30 

Sources of contamination of milk 30 

Diseases resulting from contaminated milk 32 

Nutritive value of milk 33 

Improvement in sanitary dairy conditions 34 

Unwholesomeness of city market milk 34 

Federal investigations of sanitary milk production 36 

Flies a potent factor in contamination of milk 36 

IV. History op Federal and Local Regulation op Milk Supply 37 

Federal surveillance of milk production 37 

National food and drugs act 38 

Sanitary arrangements for dairy farms 38 

Necessity for further safeguards 39 

Milk and cream contests 40 

New York milk conference 40 

Milk regulation in District of Columbia 42 

Investigation of prevalence of typhoid fever 43 

Act of March 2, 1895 43 

Regulations for stabling cows 44 

Installation of filtration plant 44 

Washington milk conference of 1907 46 

Recommendations of Washington milk conference indorsed 49 

Food and drugs act, District of Columbia 49 

Proposed additional legislation 49 

Detail of board to investigate outbreaks of typhoid fever 50 

Symposium of causes of typhoid fever in District 52 

Milk epidemics 52 

Restriction of milk furnished employees of executive departments. . 53 
Regulations concerning milk for District government employees 

and institutions 54 

Disposal of the Nathan Straus Washington laboratory 54 

5 



6 TABLE OF CONTEISrTS. 

Page. 

V. The Tuberculin Test 55 

Extent of tuberculosis among humans 55 

Discovery of tuberculin 56 

Method of application of tuberculin test 56 

Importance of tuberculin as diagnostic agent 56 

Test produces no harmful effects 57 

Proposed restriction of use of tuberculin 57 

Adulteration of tuberculin should be prohibited under sjwre p n- 

alty 58 

Conditions imposed by Bureau of Animal Industry in applying 

tuberculin test _. 59 

Results of tests affecting District milk supply 60 

Results of tests throughout the United States 61 

Tuberculin test mandatory in District of Columbia 62 

Reliability of test affirmed by authorities 63 

R,eport of international commission on control of bovine tubercu- 
losis 64 

Contemplated advantages of the tuberculin test 67 

Cost of applying test 68 

Should Government or herd owner defray expense of test 68 

Compensation for condemned cattle 69 

Effect of compulsory tuberculin test on price of milch cows 70 

Communicability of human tuberculosis from bovine sources 72 

British tuberculosis order of 1909 75 

Results of investigations by German and British commissions 75 

Resolutions by national and local associations for study and preven- 
tion of tuberculosis 76 

Bacilli introduced into human body during infancy ' 76 

Efficacy of tuberculin test in eradicating human tuberculosis from 

bovine sources 77 

Recommendations by Dr. John R. Mohler 77 

Milk used in dairy products should be tuberculin tested 78 

Economic considerations affecting bovine tuberculosis 78 

Use of meat of condemned animals for food . . . '. 79 

VI. Maintenance of Low Temperature 82 

Essentiality of temperature not exceeding 50° F 82 

Necessity for adequate refrigerator-car service 84 

Feasibility of providing adequate supply of ice. 86 

Prescribed hours of delivery not feasible 87 

Temperatm-e for milk products 88 

Freezing of milk 89 

VII. Pasteurization 90 

Pasteurization and sterilization defined 90 

Temperature and length of exposure best suited to pasteurization. . 91 

Effect of pasteurization on germ life 92 

Held and continuous pasteurization 93 

Objections to commercial pasteurization 93 

Compulsory pasteurization 94 

Advantages and disadvantages of pasteurization 94 

Views of ^Dr. H. W. Wiley 96 

Chicago milk ordinance 98 

Cost of installing pasteurizing plants 100 

Cost of pasteurization 101 

Effect of pasteurization on the nutritive and digestive qualides of 

milk .---■--: 101 

Multiplication of germs in raw and pasteurized milk 101 

Value of pasteurized milk 102 

Pasteurization does not dispense with necessity for tuberculin to <t. . 103 

Communicability of bovine tuberculosis to human beings 103 

Bacillus carriers 104 

Effect of pasteurization on the price of milk 104 

Prices of several grades of milk 105 

Pasteurization tends to preserve milk 105 

Pasteurization in other jurisdictions 105 

Location of pasteurizing plants 106 

Private local plants now in operation 107 

Maintenance of plants under public or private auspices 107 

Suggestion of a municipal dairy 108 



TABLE OF CONTEISTTS. 7 

VII. Pastetjeization — Continued. Page 

General milk-delivery service recommended 108 

Alleged monopoly of manufacture of pasteurizing machinery 108 

VIII. Bacterial Content 109 

Practicability and definiteness of bacterial count 109 

Number of bacteria reasonably allowable 110 

Conclusive harmfulness of bigh bacterial content 112 

Standards fixed in pursuance of Federal food and drugs act 113 

Uniform procedure in bacteriological examinations 113 

Compulsory pasteurization would not dispense with necessity for 

prescribed bacterial count 114 

Necessity for additional precautions 115 

Apparent anomaly as regards sour milk 115 

IX. Care op Milk in the Home 116 

Precautions recommended 116 

Observance of precautions by consumers 118 

X. Infant Feeding and Infants' Milk Depots 118 

Cow's milk as infant food 118 

Establishment of infants' milk depots 119 

Certified milk 119 

Breast feeding decidedly preferable to bottle feeding 120 

Modified milk 121 

Nutritiveness of modified milk 121 

Susceptibility of modified milk to deterioration 121 

Relative cost of modified milk 122 

Infants' milk depots 122 

Disposal of local Straus depot 124 

Important function of visiting nurses 126 

XI. Prepared Milks 127 

What may be properly classed as prepared ruilks 127 

Condensed or evaporated milk 127 

Nutritiveness of condensed milks • 128 

Susceptibility of condensed milks to deterioration 128 

Effect of sanitary restrictions on demand for prepared milks 129 

Price of prepared milks 130 

Concentrated milk ■. 130 

Powdered milk 131 

Skim (skimmed) or separated miik 131 

Considerable economic value of skim milk 131 

XII. Milk Products 132 

Cream 132 

Ice cream 133 

Buttermilk 134 

Necessity for maintaining milk products at low temperatures 134 

Remedial legislation recommended 134 

XIII. Summary — Recommendations 134 

Appendixes 143 

Index 429 



LIST OF APPENDIXES. 



Pago. 

A. Series of questions addressed to health officers, etc 143 

B. List of individuals and establishments addressed 145 

C. Responses received to series of questions propounded by committee 148 

D . Correspondence with transportation companies 251 

E. Communication addressed to president of Milk Producers' Association of 

Maryland, Virginia, and District of Columbia 254 

F. List of publications consulted by committee _. . 255 

G. Laws, ordinances, rules, regulations, etc., concerning the production and dis- 

tribution of milk in certain municipalities throughout the United States. 257 

H. Communications from Mr. Herbert P. Carter 351 

I. Testimony at hearing before District Commissioners 357 

J. Communication from A. S. Trundle, representing the Dairymen's Associa- 
tion of the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia, dated Nov. 

20, 1910 361 



8 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

Page. 
K. Communications from health oflScer, District of Columbia, Nov. 14 and 23 

and Dec. 20, 1910 - 362 

L. Score cards used by the District government and United States Department 

of Agriculture 372 

M. Food and drugs act approved June 30, 1906 377 

N. Communication from Chief of Bureau of Chemistry, United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, referring to prosecutions under Federal pure-food law . 381 

O. Suggestions concerning sanitary arrangements for dairy farms 382 

P. Act to regulate the sale of milk in the District of Columbia, approved Mar. 

2, 1895 383 

Q. Regulations for Government of Dairies and Dairy Farms, promulgated July 

31, 1897, together with amendments of Nov. 5, 1910 385 

R. Act relating to the adulteration of foods and drugs in the District of Colum- 
bia, approved Feb. 17, 1898 388 

S. Bill to protect the public health by regulating the production and sale of 

milk, cream, and ice cream in the District of Columbia (S. 4986) 390 

T. Bill to protect the public health by regulating the production and sale of 

milk, cream, and ice cream in the District of Columbia (H. R. 17506)... 391 

U. Resolution authorizing the Committee on Agriculture, House of Represent- 
atives, to investigate extent of tuberculosis among dairy and farm ani- 
mals in District of Columbia (H. Res. 605) 393 

V. Amendment to health ordinances. District of Columbia, specifying actual 

content for milk bottles, etc.. May 28, 1906 _. 394 

W. An act providing for labeling of milk vessels in District of Columbia, ap- 
proved Feb. 27, 1907 - -, 394 

X. Excerpt from District of Columbia appropriation act inhibiting health- 
department employees from serving dairymen or dairy farmers or manu- 
facturers of or dealers in foods and drugs, approved Mar. 2, 1907 395 

Y. Orders restricting sale of milk in executive departments 396 

Z. Correspondence with officials of executive departments and bureaus 399 

AA. Order governing milk used in institutions under control of District gov- 

ernment, Nov. 8, 1910 402 

AB. Order of District Commissioners for compulsory tuberculin testing of cattle 

within District of Columbia, Nov. 27, 1909, together with amendment of 
Mar. 5, 1910 ..--- 402 

AC. Report of International Commission on Control of Bovine Tuberculosis. . . 405 

AD. Resolutions by National Association for Study and Prevention of Tuber- 

culosis, Apr. , 1910 411 

AE. Resolutions adopted by board of directors. Association for Prevention of 

Tuberculosis, District of Columbia, Dec. 27, 1910 ._ 412 

AF. List of States requiring application of tuberculin test of cattle imported.. . 412 

AG. List of States providing for slaughter of tuberculous cattle and indemnifi- 

cation of owners ' _ — 413 

AH . List of States prescribing tuberculin test for cattle within their boundaries . 414 

AI. Communication from Gen. George M. Sternberg, dated Oct. 9, 1907, con- 
cerning practicability of shipping milk in cans at low temperature 415 

AJ. Communication from Chief of United States Weather Bureau, dated Dec. 
29, 1906, concerning the formation of natural ice during winter seasons 
in vicinity of Washington, D. C 415 

AK. Report by United States Consul T. H. Norton of address by Prof. Hempel 
on Treatment of Milk, before German Association of Scientists and 
Physicians - ._ _ 416 

AL. Communication addressed to Mr. D. S. Horton requesting information con- 
cerning cost of installation of plant for pasteurizing District milk supply . 418 

AM. Communication from Mr. Loton Horton giving estimate of cost of adequate 

plant for pasteurizing milk supply for District of Columbia. 418 

AN. Private pasteurizing plants in operation in District of Columbia 419 

AO. Agreement between Medical Milk Commission of Essex County, N. J., 

and Stephen Francisco, dated May 19, 1893 419 

AP. Formulae for modified milk distributed by Nathan Straus Pasteurized Milk 

Laboratory ._ - 424 

AQ. Report of special committee appointed by District Commissioners on dis- 
posal of local Straus pasteurizing laboratory ._ 424 

AR. Bill to authorize the acceptance by the United States of the gift of the 

Nathan Straus Pasteurized Milk Laboratory (S . 9716) 425 

AS. Report of Dispensary, Settlement House, southwest Washington, from 

Apr. 13 to Oct. 1, 1908 426 



REPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY THE WASH- 
INGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE TO INVESTIGATE THE MILK 
SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

I. Introduction. 

At a meeting of the Washington Chamber of Commerce held Octo- 
ber 11, 1910, the following resolution was adopted : 

Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed by the chair to investigate 
the milk situation in the District of Columbia and report forthwith to the 
chamber. 

Pursuant to the terms of this resolution, the following committee 
was appointed by the president of the chamber : J. Louis Willige 
(chairman), George W. ^Vhite, Benjamin W. Guy, Thaddeus C. 
Dulin, and William D. Hoover. It was determined at the initial 
meeting of the committee to arrange for a series of public hearings, 
to which the representatives of the dairy and dairy-farming inter- 
ests, the railway transportation companies, and the general public 
should be invited. Meetings for this purpose were held in the cham- 
ber rooms on October 21 and October 25, 1910. Mr. A. S. Trundle 
and Mr. Corbin Thompson appeared before the committee as special 
representatives of the Dairymen's Association of the District of Co- 
lumbia, Maryland, and Virginia, and W. A. Hartranft, president of 
the association, and Messrs. W. A. Simpson and J. W. Castle, mem- 
bers, also gave testimony before the committee. Mr. John Thomas, 
president of the Milk Pi-oducers' Association of Maryland, Virginia, 
and the District of Columbia, was unable to be present at the meet- 
ings of the committee on account of illness. Dr. William C. Wood- 
ward, health officer of the District of Columbia, and Dr. G. Lloyd 
Magruder, a member of the Medical Society of the District, also 
appeared before the committee. 

The committee, at the suggestion of the honorable the Secretary of 
Agriculture, held a conference with the officials of the Bureau of Ani- 
mal Industry of that department on October 28, 1910, which was 
participated in by the following-named gentlemen in charge of the 
several divisions of the bureau, in addition to Dr. A. D. Melvin, 
chief of the bureau, whose patience and courtesy, as well as that of 
the other gentlemen named, is hereby acknowledged with the thanks 
of the committee : 

Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief of Bureau of Animal Industry. 

Dr. A. M. Farringlon, assistant chief of bureau. 

Dr. John E. Mohler, Chief of Pathological Division. 

Dr. E. W, Hickman, Chief of Quarantine Division. 

Dr. E. C. Schroeder, Superintendent of Experiment Station. 

Mr. B. H. Eawl, Chief of Dairy Division. 

Mr. L. A. Eogers, in charge of research laboratories, Dairy Divi- 
sion. 

9 



10 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Dr. George M. Whitaker, in charge of market-milk investigations, 
Dairy Division. • 

With a view to eliciting information from individuals qualified to 
s^peak with authority on the subject of milk production, transporta- 
tion, and distribution, as well as with regard to the relation of milk 
to the public health, series of categorical questions were addressed to 
the health officers of the leading cities and towns of the United 
States; the Milk Producers' Association of Maryland, Virginia, and 
the District of Columbia; the Dairymen's Association of the District 
of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia ; large milk producers supply- 
ing the NcAV York market; the Nathan Straus Pasteurizing Labora- 
tory, New York City ; the White Cross Milk Co., of New York, and 
of Baltimore and Washington; Dr. T. Alexander Geddes, of Ken- 
sington, Md. ; certain local milk dealers; and the following-named 
specialists, eminent in their professions and of national and even in- 
ternational reputation, on the subject of sanitary milk production 
and the relation of the milk problem to the conservation of the public 
health: 

Dr. Hermann M. Biggs, general medical officer, department of 
health. New York City ; ^ Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J. ; Dr. 
Rowland G. Freeman, of New York City; Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, 
Philadelphia, Pa. ; Dr. Mazyck P. Ravenel, University of Wisconsin, 
Madison, W^is. ; Dr. William T. Sedgwick, Massachusetts Institute of 
Technology, Boston, Mass.; Dr. Theobald Smith, Harvard Univer- 
sity, Cambridge, Mass. ; Dr. William PI. Park, New York City ; Dr. 
Samuel C. Prescott, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, 
Mass.; Prof. Victor C. Vaughan, University of Michigan, Ann 
Arbor, Mich.; Prof. Frank F. Wesbrook, University of Minnesota, 
Minneapolis, Minn. ; and Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, College of City of 
New York, New York City. 

A similar series of questions was addressed to the following : 

The Secretary of Agriculture; the Surgeon General United States 
Army; the Surgeon General United States Navy; the Surgeon Gen- 
eral United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service. 

Information in response to the same questions was solicited also, 
by correspondence, from Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York 
City ; Mr. Stephen Francisco, Montclair, N. J. ; ^ the Sheffield 
Farms-Slawson-Decker Co., New York City; the Bureau of Munici- 
pal Research, Philadelphia. Pa.; Mr. George M. Oyster, jr.,^ Mr. 
E. L. Cockrell, and the Walker-Gordon Laboratory, of Washing- 
ton, D. C. 

Among those to whom the committee is indebted for facilitating its 
investigations should be mentioned Mr. Oliver T. Newman, of the 
editorial staff of the Washington Times. 

A copy of the series of questions is submitted herewith (Appendix 
A), as also a list of the individuals and establishments to which the 
inquiries were addressed (Appendix B). 

Letters were also indited to the presidents of the steam railway 
companies entering Washington, and, for 'purposes of comparison, 
to the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Co., asking for 
information concerning the possibility of installing adequate refrig- 
erator-car service, the cost of refrigeration, and other information 

1 No response received. 



THE MILK SITUATION' IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 11 

concerned with the transportation of milk. Copies of these letters 
and the replies are subjoined (Appendix D). 

Inquiries concerning the cost, etc., of pasteurizing machinery were 
addressed to the following concerns: Dairy Machinery & Construc- 
tion Co., Shelton, Conn.; Creamery Package Manufacturing Co.. 
Chicago, 111. ; A. H. Keid Co., Philadelphia, Pa. ;^ Miller Pasteurizer 
Co., Canton, Ohio.^ 

The committee appends a copy of its letter (Appendix E), ad- 
dressed on November 28, 1910, to President Thomas, of the Milk Pro- 
ducers' Association of Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Co- 
lumbia, inviting an expression of the sense of the association as to 
whether the dairy farmers supplying milk to the District are receiv- 
ing their proper share of the proceeds of the sale of milk and milk 
products, and whether the adoption of a uniform standard through- 
out the year of prices to be received by the producers was feasible ; 
also as to what effect compulsory pasteurization, the general appli- 
cation of the tuberculin test, and the insistence on a temperature 
below 50° F., would have on the prices asked by the dairy farmer for 
his product. No reply has been received in response to this inquiry. 

A letter was addressed to the Chief of the United States Weather 
Bureau, asking authoritative information concerning the winter tem- 
peratures in this locality for some years past. 

The committee has examined with scrupulous care the responses 
received to the letters of inquiry (Appendix C), and has scrutinized 
with diligence the publications presented to its attention by various 
persons interested in the subject under investigation. A list of these 
publications is annexed (Appendix F), also copies of laws, ordi- 
nances, rules, regulations, etc., concerning the production and distri- 
bution of milk in certain American municipalities (Appendix G). 

The committee, in obtaining accurate and reliable data upon which 
to base its conclusions, has availed itself of the great advantage which 
Washington possesses in having in its midst the scientific staffs of the 
Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, the Bureaus of Animal 
Industry and Chemistry, of the Department of Agriculture, and of 
the Offices of the Surgeons General of the Army and Navy. On these 
several staffs are many specialists and investigators who have attained 
universal recognition as the result, partially at least, of their studies 
upon the relation of milk to the public health. The committee has 
embraced with enthusiasm this exceptional opportunity for fixing its 
views on the many subjects included in its inquiry. Such men as 
Melvin, Mohler, Schroeder, Rogers, Wiley, Anderson, Trask, and 
Kastle have, through their labors, contributed immensely to the 
world's knowledge of this important field of scientific and economic 
research. 

The committee is indebted to Dr. George M. Kober, of this city, 
for much fundamental information gained from his paper entitled 
" The study of milk in relation to health and disease," published as 
early as 1896 under the auspices of the California State board of 
health, in which the subject is treated in an especially elucidatory 
manner. This article is elaborated by Dr. Kober in a communica- 
tion 2 addressed bv him in 1902 to the chairman of the Senate Com- 



1 No response received. 

sprinted as Senate Document No. 441, first session Fifty seventh Congress, 



12 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE WSTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

mittee on the District of Columbia, urging the necessity for the enact- 
ment of legislation to regulate the production and sale of milk and 
cream in the District of Columbia. 

The committee has been favored with invitations from Mr. Nathan 
Straus to inspect the Straus Laboratories in New York City; also 
from Mr. S. M. Shoemaker, proprietor of the local Walker-Gordon 
Laboratory, to inspect his model dairy farm near Baltimore, Md. ; 
and from Mr. Loton Horton, of the Sheffield Farms — Slawson-Decker 
Co.; and Mr. Herbert P. Carter, proprietor of the Manor Farm 
Dairy, at Arlington, Va., to visit their respective establishments. 
While it has not been feasible to avail of these invitations, the com- 
mittee has profited by the valuable information and advice tendered 
by the gentlemen named. 

The committee has been favored with several communications (Ap- 
pendix H) from Mr, Carter, setting forth with intelligent detail the 
feasibility of establishing, by private subscription, a large dairy farm 
to be located, preferably, adjacent to the banks of the Potomac River 
near Mount Vernon, Va., with a view to supplying milk (raw, pas- 
teurized, and modified) in large quantities for the Washington mar- 
ket. While the project may be a praiseworthy one and calculated to 
yield a satisfactory profit to its supporters, the committee feels that 
the consideration of this proposal is without the proper scope of its 
investigations. 

An inspection of the White Cross milk plant, at Frederick, Md., 
was made by the committee, through the courtesy of the company. 
The committee was most favorably impressed with the cleanliness and 
orderly manner of the operations of this plant and with the enterprise 
of the company in installing the latest ingenious labor-saving and 
sanitary devices for the pasteurization, concentration, bottling, and 
transportation of milk. 

The committee has also inspected the local pasteurizing plants of 
Mr. George M. Oyster, jr., and of the Straus Laboratory, and is 
firmly convinced of the excellent results achieved by these establish- 
ments. 

At a public hearing before the Commissioners of the District of 
Columbia, held at the Municipal Building on October 20, 1910, 
there appeared, in addition to the representatives of the local milk 
dealers. Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry of 
the Department of Agriculture ; Dr. John R. Mohler, chief of the 
Pathological Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry; Dr. E. C. 
Schroeder, superintendent of the Bethesda, Md., experiment station 
of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and Dr. John F. Anderson, chief 
of the Hygienic Laboratory of the Public Health and Marine- 
Hospital Service; also Mr. Herbert P. Carter, an independent milk 
producer and proprietor of the Manor Farm Dairy near Arlington, 
Va. Copies of the statements of these gentlemen at the hearing are 
appended (Appendix I). The testimony of the experts mentioned, 
which embraces the views of these recognized authorities down to 
the very date of the hearing, will be discussed in this report under 
the separate headings to which their remarks relate. 

It may be stated that the Milk Producers' Association of Mary- 
land, Virginia, and the District of Columbia was organized in 1903. 
It is an incorporaiecl body, with a present membership of approxi- 



THE MILK SITUATION" IN" THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 13 

mately 300. The number of dairy farmers engaged at present in the 
furnishing of milk to the District is reported to be 1,142. 

The Dairymen's Association of the District of Columbia, Maryland, 
and Virginia was organized in 1895 under the designation of " The 
Milk Dealers and Producers' Association of the District of Columbia, 
Maryland, and Virginia." It is an unincorporated body, "with a 
present membership of 22. It is estimated that there are engaged 
at this time exclusively in the dairy business in the District about 80 
individuals, firms, and corporations, and that this number has dimin- 
ished in recent years is accounted for elsewhere in this report (p. 20) 
by the fact that milk is now very generally sold by grocers and other 
storekeepers, and by the additional circumstance that the small 
dairyman with one or two cows has in many instances retired from 
business. 

The committee avails of this opportunity to express its acknowl- 
edgments and its appreciation of the kindly reception of and hearty 
response to its inquiries, and the uniform courtesy shown the com- 
mittee in conducting its investigations. 

After full deliberation, your committee respectfully presents the 
following report of its investigations. 

It may be prefaced that the committee in its deliberations has rec- 
ognized the responsibility devolving upon it to exert its efforts as an 
integral part of the chamber of commerce toward giving the fullest 
consideration and protection to the mercantile interests represented, 
as affects not only individual members of the chamber itself, but 
also in gener.l terms the commercial development of the District of 
Columbia, with the idea constantly in mind, however, that the con- 
siderations of public health are paramount to all others, and that 
the advancement of the material interests of the District in its civic 
aspects is equally a charge upon the committee by reason of a funda- 
mental provision in the constitution of the chamber of commerce, 
which outlines, among the purposes of the organization, the promo- 
tion of "the general welfare of the citizens of the District of 
Columbia." 

The committee has felt, furthermore, that it could not treat intelli- 
gently the complaints of the milkmen and the local milk situation 
generally without going somewhat fully into the consideration of con- 
ditions affecting the local milk supply and suggestions for its im- 
provement. It has elaborated, somewhat at the risk of prolixity, 
the statement of its conclusion, being impelled to this course by the 
many ramifications of the subject, and by its appreciation of the 
lack of proper knowledge on the part of laymen generally not only 
of the dangers to be apprehended and avoided in the use of milk, 
but of the sanitary measures which are available for the purpose of 
eliminating these dangers and reducing materially the distressing 
and needlessly high rate of mortality resulting from milk-borne 
diseases. The committee feels ample justification, therefore, in pre- 
senting, as intimated, a somewhat more lengthy report than is cus- 
tomarily submitted to a business body, narrating in succinct form 
all the information of importance concerning milk which has come 
to it in the prosecution of its inquiry. 

In presenting this information to the public the committee has, as 
a rule, refrained as far as practicable from incorporating technical 
matter and from rendering its report perhaps somewhat tedious by 



14 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

the embodiment of statistical tabulations and detailed comparative 
statements. No attempt has been made, furthermore, to furnish 
illustrations, this desideratum being in its judgment adequately sat- 
isfied by consulting the splendid series of illustrations accompanying 
in most instances the publications referred to in Appendix F of this 
report. 

II. Complaints Filed Against Health Department, District of 

Columbia. 

ITEMS or complaint. 

It has been charged by the representatives of the milk producers 
and dealers before the committee that the administration of the 
health department of the District of Columbia under the supervision 
of Dr. William C. Wo'odward, health officer, has been inefficient and 
unsatisfactory; that the regulations have been enforced without 
proper consistency and without the exercise of uniform courtesy and 
consideration on the part of inspectors of the department; that the 
inspectors of the department have not only been abusive in their 
conduct toward the dealers but have persecuted them and haled 
them into court without just reason; that a number of local grocers 
and other dealers have been permitted to dispense milk without 
license with the full knowledge and assent of the health officer; 
that the farmers of Pennsylvania, New York, and even of Mandand 
and Virginia, have been permitted, without license, to ship into the 
District of Columbia milk from farms which have not been subjected 
to inspection or other surveillance by the local health department; 
that the requirements of law with regard to the standards of milk, 
cream, and other dairy products are unnecessarily stringent and im- 
possible of observance generally by the producer and purveyor of 
milk; that certain regulations promulgated by the health depart- 
ment, with the approval of the District Commissioners, are without 
authorization of law ; that the contemplated insistence on the tuber- 
culin test, the maintenance of temperatures not exceeding 50" F. 
from time of milking to delivery to the consumer, a prescribed bac- 
terial content, and the compulsory pasteurization of milk derived 
from cows which have not been subjected, without reaction, to the 
tuberculin test, is entirely without legal justification and would re- 
sult in a permanent milk famine in the District; that the require- 
ments of the health department as to the amount of space, light, and 
ventiliation in barns where cows are stabled should be amended so as 
to be less exacting where are a small number of cows are maintained 
on the dairy farm ; that the specification of concrete and granolithic 
floors for cow stalls is unreasonable and causes rheumatism among 
animals stabled in such manner ; that many items in the score cards 
for rating dairy farms and dairies are unjust to the small producer or 
dealer and unnecessary (as, for example, the ratings allowed for the 
items of convenience and for washing, bottling, and capping ma- 
chines) ; that the contemplated additional regulations, if put into 
execution, will greatly increase the wholesale and retail prices of 
milk, both in winter and in summer, causing a manifest hardship to 
the poor classes, who can not afford to pay the increased prices de- 
manded, and consequently compelling the use of powdered milk and 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 15 

other substitutes for raAV milk, besides incidentally driving the small 
producer and dealer out of business; that the present and proposed 
regulations of the health department have, on account of their rigid- 
ity, served to greatly reduce the number of licensed dealers selling 
milk in the District of Columbia ; that the infant-mortality statistics 
of the District are inaccurate and unreliable, the records showing in 
some instances a greater number of deaths than births within certain 
specified periods; that the health officer has, in violation of law, 
refused to issue permits to ship milk into the District, although the 
sanitary requirements have been complied with ; that he has, without 
a scintilla of authority, cited members of the Dairymen's Association 
to appear before him and explain why milk claimed to have been 
sold by them contained excessive numbers of bacteria (this in the 
absence of any law or regulations specifying a given number of bac- 
teria as allowable), and has threatened to have them summoned to 
court; that he has made misleading statements to the District Com- 
missioners, as determined by the replies of the latter to complaints 
offered by the dairymen ; that the policy of refusing to issue permits 
and summoning dairymen to court for having excessive numbers of 
bacteria in milk sold by them and the requirement of a compulsory 
tuberculin test will, if proceeded with, drive producers and dealers 
alike out of business or result in their shipping to other markets; 
and that the recent attempt on the part of the health officer, with 
the approval of the commissioners, to compel the application of the 
tuebrculin test to all cattle (not only those within the District bound- 
aries) from which milk is derived for local consumption, which con- 
templation has been deferred after recent conference with representa- 
tives of the producers, was without justification in law. 

The complaints of the Dairjanen's Association are partially set 
forth in the appended letter from A. S. Trundle, chairman, dated 
November 20, 1910 (Appendix J). 

FINDINGS OF COMMITTEE. 

Referring specifically to the complaints lodged by the representa- 
tives of the Dairymen's Association, the committee finds that the 
administration of the health department, under the supervision of 
Dr. Woodward, health officer, has been unusually efficient and satis- 
factory ; that the inspectors appointed to the service have been com- 
petent and capable of discharging their duties with satisfaction; 
that any lack of patience or courtesy on the part of inspectors has 
been quite exceptional, and that tact and diplomacy have been cus- 
tomarily exhibited in the execution of their responsible duties; that 
dealers have not been persecuted by the health department or sum- 
moned to court without reasonable cause ; that local grocers and other 
merchants are neither required nor expected under the present law, 
which is expressly applicable to dairies only, to obtain a permit from 
the health department as a prerequisite to dispensing milk in the 
District; that the present and proposed requirements of law with 
regard to the standards of milk, cream, and other dairy products 
offered for sale in the District of Columbia are not unreasonable and 
impossible of observance, but tend, in the judgment of the committee, 
to afford that full degree of protection which should be provided for 
the public health; that such regulations as have been promulgated 



16 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

by the commissioners with respect to the production and sale of milk 
are, in the opinion of the committee, clearly within the authority 
vested by law ; and that the regulations, as at jjresent in force, recog- 
nize a distinction in the amount of space, light, and ventilation to be 
provided in barns according to the number of cows stabled therein. 

On the other hand, the committee is clear in its belief that, unless 
washing, bottling, and capping machines and other apparatus be 
uniformly insisted upon, no demerit should be recorded against the 
small dealer not possessing these appurtenances. 

USE or CONCRETE FLOORS. 

In order to arrive at an intelligent conclusion on the subject of the 
use of concrete floors in stabling cows the committee invited an ex- 
pression of opinion from health officers throughout the country. 
Approximately 75 per cent of those resjoonding to its inquiry consider 
the stabling of cows in this manner practicable, though in several 
cases the necessity of this requirement is questioned. Since, accord- 
ing to Dr. Woodward, there is no objection to laying a wooden or 
other floor over the concrete and of using such clean bedding as may 
be desired, the committee perceives no proper objection to the sensi- 
bleness of this sanitary precaution, and is supported by the authori- 
ties consulted by it in the view that stabling in this manner does not 
tend to cause rheumatism in the animal. Dr. Levy, chief health 
officer of Richmond, Va., observes that there is no tendency to cause 
rheumatism if proper bedding be used. He states : 

We have concrete floors iu nearly every cow barn in Richmond and have had 
no complaint whatever of injury to the cow. 

The health officer of Seattle, Wash., adds: 

We have as healthy stock as there is in the Avorld, and many of our stables 
have concrete floors. 

EFFECT OF PROPOSED CHANGES ON THE PRICE OF MILK. 

In regard to the claim adduced by the producers and dealers that 
the proposed changes in existing regulations, including the insistence 
on the tuberculin test, the maintenance of low temperatures and 
pasteurization, would greatly increase the price of milk, both in 
winter and in summer, rendering the purchase of this commodity im- 
possible by the poorer classes, the committee is of the opinion that an 
increase beyond 10 cents per quart is not likely to ensue, which price, in 
the judgment of the committee, will not prohibit, nor even curtail to 
any considerable degree, the liberal and abundant use of milk by the 
poorer classes. The committee is confirmed in this belief by the fact 
that milk answering all of these requirements is now furnished at 
less than 10 cents per quart by at least one local concern, apparently 
at a profit, and by at least two others at that figure, and there is no 
reason to believe that a maximum price of 10 cents per quart for 
milk ordinarily supplied will not suffice to effect such an increased 
compensation per gallon or per pound to the farmer as will enable 
him to meet the added requirements of the health department, not 
only without loss to himself, but with a fair profit. 

The effect which may be anticipated on the price of milk is, it 
can not be gainsaid, a most important consideration in the solution 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 17 

of the problems affecting our milk supply, for while the conservation 
of the public health is a prime desideratum, the committee must, as 
practical men representing the material interests of the community, 
give heed to the necessity of keeping milk within such limits of price 
as will not make its use prohibitive and result in greater distress and 
mortality from starvation, especially of infants, than may fairly be 
estimated to ensue from disease-breeding contamination of the milk. 
Careful scrutiny has, therefore, been exercised by the committee in 
ascertaining so far as practicable in advance, the likely eifect upon the 
sale price of milk of insistence on the various requirements conducing 
to the establishment of a pure milk supply. A detailed analysis of 
this item by Dr. Woodward, our local health officer, leads to the con- 
clusion that, viewing the matter in the light most favorable to the 
producer, the increased cost of providing milk from tuberculin-tested 
cows should not amount to more than a small fraction of a cent per 
quart. The Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry ventures the 
assertion that such requirements should not actually increase the cost, 
adding that in the city of Washington milk which practically con- 
forms to these specifications is now being sold at only 1 cent per 
quart over the price of common market milk. Dr. Goler states that, 
except with regard to pasteurization, the carrying into effect of these 
restrictions has had no influence on the price or milk in Rochester, 
and ought to have none anywhere. President Thomas, of the Pro- 
ducers' Association supplying milk to the District, maintains that 
there would probably be a raise of 50 per cent in the retail price of 
milk. In the opinion of some authorities, -any increase would be of 
only a temporary nature, while Dr. Wells, health officer of Montclair, 
N. J., offers the thought that " in any trade, a good article brings 
more than a poor one." 

According to Dr. Woodward, the price paid to the dairy farmer 
for milk sold in the District of Columbiu during the past five years 
has been practically unchanged at from 14 to 16 cents per gallon 
for the summer months and 20 to 22 cents per gallon for the winter 
months. During this period the consumer has paid 32 cents per 
gallon in the summer time and from 36 to 40 cents per gallon in 
winter. Certain milk regarded as " special " is sold at 40 cents per 
gallon throughout the year. 

Dr. Woodward expresses the belief that the farmer is probably not 
receiving his proper share of the retail price obtained for milk. It 
may be presumed, however, he states, until evidence to the contrary 
is shown, that as long as farmers continue to produce and sell milk 
they are finding it profitable to do so. 

Dr. Woodward is of the opinion that the elimination of diseased 
cows from dairy herds resulting from the application of the tubercu- 
lin test, and the necessity for purchasing sound cows to replace them, 
would doubtless for a while justly result in an increase in the cost of 
milk, though not a substantial increase. He reasons that the only 
item in the cost of milk production which would be affected would be 
the amount disbursed for healthy cattle to replace diseased stock. It 
is essayed by him that it costs no more to feed, house, and care for a 
well cow than for a sick one. 

In view of representations by producers before the committee 
to the effect that they are not receiving under present conditions ^ 
82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-3 § 



18 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COL-UMBIA. 

fair share of compensation for their product, the committee has dis- 
cussed the feasibility of establishing a uniform standard of prices 
to be paid to the dairy farmers, similar to the arrangement which 
obtains generally for retail milk in this locality. It is believed, how- 
ever, that, owing to the marked competition and to the importance 
attached in recent years by dairy farmers to securing ratings ex- 
celling those reached by their competitors and the consequent premi- 
ums customarily paid for milk conforming to such higher standards, 
it is not practicable to endeavor to fix a uniform scale of prices which 
would be acceptable to the farmers and which would in practice be 
adhered to by them. Health Officer Woodward doubts very much 
whether the farmers in this vicinity are sufficiently well organized 
to render the fixing of a uniform standard for the wholesale price of 
milk feasible. 

AUTHORITY FOR HEALTH REGULATIONS. 

It has been contended, as previously stated, by the representatives 
of the Dairymen's Association that the attempts on the part of the 
District Commissioners to issue regulations governing the production 
and sale of milk in and for the District of Columbia, in the absence 
of specific legislation, have been without authority of law. As 
already set forth, the committee believes, as the result of its examina- 
tion into this phase of its investigations, that such regulatory orders 
as have been issued have been entirely within the rights of the com- 
missioners, and the courts have uniformly sustained this view. The 
committee is inclined to the opinion, however, that in order that there 
may be no question as to the authority back of regulations promul- 
gated by the health department, it would be well to secure the specific 
approval by Congress of such modifications of large importance as 
may be regarded by some as perhaps revolutionary in their effect 
upon the local milk industry. The committee refers especially in this 
connection to the proposed enforcement of the tuberculin test, com- 
pulsory pasteurization, and the maintenance of temperatures below 
50° F. 

The committee has not deemed it requisite to expend any consider- 
able amount of energy in considering the legal aspects of local milk 
regulations, for it may be assumed that the Congress will, in its wis- 
dom, provide by suitable legislation such safeguards as may be re- 
quired for insuring to the residents of the National Capital a clean 
and wholesome milk supply. 

It may be observed in passing that the reasonableness of the ordi- 
nary requirements advocated in recent years for the regTilation of the 
milk supply of communities throughout the United States has been 
the subject of litigation, notably in Minneapolis, Minn., and Milwau- 
kee, Wis., in both of which jurisdictions the courts have recognized 
the reasonableness of the tuberculin test and have upheld the conten- 
tion that bovine tuberculosis is communicable through milk contami- 
nation to human beings. 

DELAY IN ISSUANCE OF PERMITS. 

In defense of the objection that the health officer has been dilatory 
and has discriminated in the issuance of permits to dairy farms oper- 
ating under the temporary authority conferred by the act of March 2, 



THE MILK SITUATION" IN THE DISTBICT OF COLUMBIA. 19 

1895, pending action on formal applications for license to ship milk 
into the District of Columbia, Dr. Woodward explains that such 
delays have been due to the fact that it has come to be clearly demon- 
strated and generally recognized that milk from any herd that has 
not been tuberculin tested is dangerous to the public health unless 
effectually pasteurized, and that while, in his judgment, the appli- 
cants in such cases have complied substantially with the requirements 
of the District laws and regulations, he does not feel, in the absence 
of authority and means to apply such tests, that the applications 
should be rejected, but has taken the position that action thereon 
should be suspended pending the adoption of some general measure 
looking toward the compulsory tuberculin testing of all cows supply- 
ing milk to the District, and the alternative compulsory pasteuriza- 
tion of milk from all cows not so tested. 

The appended statement, furnished by the health department (Ap- 
pendix K), shows that the number of permits in force June 30, 1905, 
for maintaining dairies in the District of Columbia was 285; 179 
applications having been received since that date to the end of the 
fiscal year closing June 30, 1910, and 95 permits having been granted 
in response to these applications. The number of licensed dairies 
(not dairy farms) in the District on June 30, 1905, was 140,^ as op- 
posed to 58 at the close of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910. On 
the same date, namely, June 30, 1905, 102 permits for maintaining 
dairy farms in the District were in force, 80 applications for this 
purpose having since been received, 28 of which were approved. The 
number of licensed dairy farms located within the boundaries of the 
District on June 30, 1905, was 102, as compared with 52 on June 30, 
1910. On June 30, 1905, 974 permits were in force for bringing milk 
or cream into the District, 1,485 additional applications having been 
received during the subsequent five-year period and 325 permits 
granted. 

By referring to the health officer's letter of November 23, 1910 
(see Appendix K), it will be observed that milk was produced and 
shipped into the District of Columbia • from 918 farms during the 
fiscal year 1905-6, as opposed to 1,091 farms in the fiscal year 1909-10, 
showing an increase of 178 farms, a percentage of 18.8 in five years. 
The number of licensed dairy farms at present furnishing milk to 
the District of Columbia is 1,142. 

In addition to the farms in Maryland, Virginia, and the District 
of Columbia furnishing milk for local consumption, some shipments, 
particularly of cream, are received from farms in Pennsylvania, New 
York, and New Jersey. The dairy farms in Maryland and Virginia 
shipping milk to Washington are under the direct surveillance of 
the District health department, and are subject to periodic inspection. 
It has not been possible, however, with the funds available for the 
purpose to inspect farms in Pennsylvania, New York, and New 
Jersey, which latter are, however, supplying milk to the District 
without license, by virtue of a provision in the act of March 2, 1895, 

1 From the number of 285 licenses extant on June 30, 1905, should be deducted those 
issued to 102 dairy farms (it being customary to issue dairy licenses also to dairy farms) 
and 43 importers' permits (which were similarly included at that time) — that is to say, 
permits issued to dairy farmers outside the District of Columbia for shipping milk into 
Washington. From the remaining number of 140, stated in the text, should be deducted 
also a number of grocery and other establishments which have since surrendered their 
permits, an Interpretation of the act of March 2, 1895, allowing such establishments tO 
dispense milk without permit or license, 



20 THE MILK SITUATION IK THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

which authorizes the shipment of milk upon the filing of an applica- 
tion with the health department and pending action thereon. 

It may be observed, therefore, that the proposed amendments to 
the regulations governing the production and sale of milk have not 
tended to reduce the number of dairy farmers shipping milk into 
the District. The decrease in the number of local dairies ^not dairy 
farms) operated under permit from the health department is attribu- 
table to the fact, stated by Dr. Woodward in the hearings before the 
committee, that milk is sold at present much more extensively than 
before by grocers and other storekeepers, who are not required under 
the law to secure a license or permit for this feature of their business. 
The health department maintains no record of the number of mer- 
chants (not dairymen) purveying milk in the District of Columbia. 
It is estimated, however, by Dr. Woodward, that milk is sold at 2,000 
establishments, 

EXTENT OF DISTRICT MILK. SUPPLY. 

According to the estimate of Health Officer' Woodward, 19,000 
gallons of milk are sold daily in the District of Columbia. It is 
reported by him (see Appendix K) that the number of cows on dairy 
farms supplying milk to the District of Columbia for the fiscal year 
1905-6 was 16,250, which number had increased for the fiscal year 
1909-10 to 17,688. 

REASONABLENESS OF RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION CHARGES. 

So far as the committee has been able to ascertain, the existing 
rates charged for transporting milk and milk products to the Wash- 
ington market are reasonable, and are not the subject of complaint 
on the part of producer, dealer, or consumer. 

USE OF PRESERVATIVES. 

It may be noted with satisfaction that the use of preservatives has 
seldom been detected in the examination of milk supplied locally to 
the District of Columbia, and it is believed that this pernicious prac- 
tice is rarely, if ever, indulged in by our local dealers. 

FEEDING OF BREWERY AND DISTILLERY BY-PRODUCTS. 

With regard to the feeding of wet malt and other brewery products 
to dairy cows. Dr. Woodward states that effort has been made to re- 
strict such feeding. The only brewery product, however, that is 
locally used for feeding milch cows, to the knowledge of the health 
department, is wet malt. This, it is believed, can be safely fed until 
it has begun to sour. The committee is cautioned by the health officer 
to bear in mind the difference between wet malt and other brewery 
products on the one hand and distillery waste on the other. Dr. 
Woodward is of the opinion that it has not yet been demonstrated 
that the feeding of fresh, sweet, brewers' grains has a prejudicial 
effect upon the milk of animals. 

According to the testimony of officials of the Bureau of Animal In- 
dustry, the feeding of wet malt to cows has a deleterious effect upon 
the milk derirec] from thorn, though under certain prescribed condi- 



THE MILK SITUATION IK THE DISTRICT OE COLUMBIA. 21 

tions this may be safely used to a limited extent. Brewery products 
other than wet malt are not believed to be injurious to the milk, espe- 
cially if they are fed in dry form. 

POSSIBLE MILK FAMINE IN DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

The fear expressed by certain interests represented before the com- 
mittee that the insistence upon the tuberculin test, pasteurization, a 
prescribed bacterial count, and a temperature below 50° F. would 
have the tendency to create a temporary or permanent milk famine 
in the District is discounted by the statement on the part of most of 
the authorities consulted by the committee that, so far as the tubercu- 
lin test is concerned, if the movement be locally confined to the juris- 
diction from which milk is presently supplied or if the test be gradu- 
ally introduced there is no sensible reason for anticipating such an 
outcome from this source. The officials of the Department of Agri- 
culture premise that if the test be suddenly and injudiciously en- 
forced a temporary shortage in the milk supply would probably be 
caused. Eavenel proposes that time should be allowed for the farmers 
to adjust themselves to the new conditions. The District health offi- 
cer is convinced that, under ordinary conditions, if the application 
of the test in the first instance be extended over a reasonable length 
of time, its enforcement would not diminish the local milk supply. 
This position is corroborated by the health officer of Atlanta, Ga., 
who informs the committee that such requirements are now being in- 
sisted upon in that city without an observable shortage in the supply. 
The State and municipal officers at Jacksonville, Fla., share the view 
that these requirements, if enforced slowly and with judgment, will 
result, if at all, in a milk famine of the most transitory character. 

Dr. Hamill observes that the insistence upon the proposed require- 
ments for the further regulation of milk production will not result 
in a famine, either temporary or permanent, unless the producers 
and dealers combine to create it. The chance of such a famine would, 
he states, be lessened by requiring the same standards for milk used 
for making butter as are prescribed for milk for general consumption 
in its raw state. 

Dr. Woodward states that he can conceive of no reason why com- 
pulsory pasteurization should reduce the amount of milk daily sup- 
plied to the District. 

It has been suggested before the committee that the extra feeding 
of animals, in addition to pasturing, during the periods of scarcity 
of milk, would serve to obviate, or at least to diminish substantially, 
the shortage resulting annually from drought and other perhaps 
natural causes toward the end of the summer months. The com- 
mittee has not been able to obtain sufficiently definite information on 
which to base an intelligent conclusion regarding this suggestion. 

It has, furthermore, been suggested in the hearings before the com- 
mittee that the practice of farmers in this vicinity of breeding their 
cattle at a certain specified period of the year, with a view to provid- 
ing calves for the market at a time when advantageous prices may 
be commanded for veal, is also responsible, to a limited extent, for 
the shortage in the local milk supply. ' The committee has not been 
able to establish that this practice is a material factor affecting the 
paucity of the milk supply. 



22 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Mr. Trundle, in his statement before the committee, ascribed the 
shortage of the local milk supply during the past few months to the 
unnecessary oppressiveness of the regulations of the health depart- 
ment and the expense of meeting its requirements (with the exception 
of the enforcement of the tuberculin test) ; to the harassment of ship- 
pers, the odiousness of inspection, and the unusually protracted 
period of drought. 

As referred to elsewhere in this report (p. 20), it will appear, from 
an examination of the accompanying statement (Appendix K), fur- 
nished through the courtesy of Dr. William C Woodward, health 
officer, that the number of cattle supplying milk on June 30, 1910, 
for consumption in the District of Columbia was estimated to be 
17,688, and that upward of 19,000 gallons of milk and cream are daily 
consumed by the Washington public. The statement of the health 
officer, which embraces a compilation of the best available data on the 
subject, shows a gradual increase in the number of milch cows fur- 
nishing the District milk supply, though it must be admitted that 
the increment does not correspond with the increase in population. 
Suffice it to say, however, that the amount of milk furnished daily 
for local consumption has, with the exception principally of the 
period of exceeding drought prevailing in this section of the country 
during July, August, and September, 1910, been adequate to supply 
the normal demand, and this without an increase in price beyond 9 
cents per quart. 

MILK-INSPECTION SERVICE. 

Mr. W. A. Simpson, in his remarks before, the committee, criti- 
cized the health department for the method employed by one of its 
inspectors in using a long glass tube in withdrawing, by suction with 
his mouth from tanks or bottles, milk for purposes of examination, 
and contended that such method was not germ proof. The depart- 
ment, in response to this complaint presented in correspondence un- 
der date of May 12, 1910, explained that the method stated is used 
only when special circumstances call for it, and that as a general rule 
atmospheric pressure is relied upon to fill the tube and gravity to 
empty it. The department questioned the contamination, by the 
method complained of, of milk collected by a reasonably skillful 
inspector. 

As an evidence of the tact and considerate treatment evinced by 
inspectors of the health department, it may be stated that during 
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910, approximately 10 complaints 
were filed against inspectors in the dairy-farm and milk-inspection 
service, which latter service embraces 10 inspectors, showing an aver- 
age of one complaint a year against each inspector, and even this re- 
markably small number of complaints has proved, upon investigation, 
to be based on insufficient grounds. 

Dr. Woodward recommends that provision be made for a more 
general supervision, from a bacteriological standpoint, of the milk 
supply of the District, by allowing from one to four minor assistants 
in the bacteriological laboratory, together with necessary additional 
equipment. There should, he -asserts, be provision for an assistant 
bacteriologist, with salary and prospects sufficient to command the 
services of a generally trained bacteriologist. An initial salary of 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 23 

$1,500 per annum is suggested by him. He strongly urges, in this 
connection, the provision of a competent officer of the health depart- 
ment to devote his entire time to the supervision of the food-inspec- 
tion service, the salary of $1,200 per annum available at present for 
this purpose being quite inadequate, in his judgment, to command the 
services of a properly qualified official- 

With regard to the number of additional inspectors that could be 
utilized to advantage by the health department in connection with 
the proposed new regulations for the improvement of the local milk 
supply, Health Officer Woodward suggests that two additional em- 
ployees would suffice to supervise from a bacteriological standpoint 
the milk supply. If all tuberculin testing is to be done by employees 
of the District government, three additional veterinary inspectors 
should, in his judgment, be provided, for the present at least. The 
number of inspectors required to supervise properly the pasteuriza- 
tion of milk would depend largely upon the number of pasteurizing 
plants to be established. The insistence upon all the requirements 
proposed in this report would necessitate from 6 to 10 additional 
inspectors to properly supervise the work. 

The present force of inspectors of the health department assignable 
to dairy-farm and milk inspection is not adequate, according to 
Health Office Woodward, to compel proper compliance with existing 
regulations, and should the tuberculin test be mandatorily applied to 
dairy herds outside the District furnishing milk for local consump- 
tion, the capacity of the present force to effectually compel observ- 
ance of the regulations would be still further diminished. It is 
understood that, with the present force of inspectors, each local dairy 
(not dairy farm) is subjected to official examination on an average of 
once in two weeks, the inspections being made purposely at irregular 
intervals. To be exact, the dairies in the District of Columbia (in- 
dependently of those located on dairy farms) were inspected on an 
average 23.6 times during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910. The 
dairy farms supplying milk to the District were, during the same 
period, inspected on an average 3.Y9 times each. The committee 
heartily recommends, therefore, that Congress provide a suitable in- 
crease in the number of inspectors to fully answer the requirements 
of this important public service. 

FAILURE TO PROSECUTE CONSUMERS RETURNING UNRINSED ^OTTLES. 

It was further offered in evidence that the department has not pros- 
ecuted consumers returning bottles to milk dealers unrinsed, the bot- 
tles in many cases giving absolute evidence of having been employed 
for retaining coffee, tea, molasses, vinegar, paint, coal oil, gasoline, 
j)reserves, and other articles. In Appendix K to this report Dr. 
Woodward explains clearly and satisfactorily the reason why the 
health department has failed to prosecute persons other than dealers 
w-ho have not rinsed receptacles for milk or cream before returning 
them to the dairymen. The regulations of the commissioners, dated 
April 21, 1903, expressly restrict their operation in this particular to 
persons who receive milk or cream for sale. The further circum- 
stance is related by him that milk dealers having knowledge of such 
offenses have never appeared before the department to enter com- 
plaint against their customers. The department states that every 



24 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

effort is being made to induce the consumer to return clean bottles 
to the dairymen. 

LABORATORY FACILITIES OF HEALTH DEPARTMENT. 

The committee is clear that the laboratory facilities of the health 
department should be such as to enable the making of analyses of 
samples of milk offered by producers and dealers or by consumers, 
a reasonable fee being charged for the purpose. In this way the 
dealer or consumer will be able to ascertain from time to time whether 
milk offered for sale is up to the standards prescribed by law and 
regulations. 

It is understood from Health Officer Woodward that by virtue of 
authority newly contained in the appropriation act for the current 
fiscal year (approved May 18, 1910) the District laboratory is per- 
mitted to undertake the bacteriological examination of milk and other 
dairy products and of the water supplies of dairy farms. The appro- 
priation act in question carries $500 for the equipment and mainte- 
ance of this laboratory during the year ending June 30, 1911. 

Though the lack of funds and adequate laboratory accommoda- 
tions has greatly handicapped the work, the committee is convinced 
that the District health department has made an excellent showing 
w^ith the limited facilities at its disposal. An examination of the 
present conditions of dairy farms contributing to the Washington 
milk supply affords ample evidence of this. Barns have been planned 
and located with forethought and consideration for the health of the 
cows and precautions against the pollution of the milk. Whitewash 
has been liberally applied, both interiorly and exteriorly, cement 
floors have been laid, and system has been observed in the milking 
and the subsequent handling of the product. A number of dairy 
houses have, at the suggestion and through the influence of the health 
department, been equipped with appropriate hot-water appliances 
and facilities for rapid cooling of the milk. 

REPORTING OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. 

No routine has ever been established by the local health depart- 
ment for procuring reports of communicable diseases among dairy 
farmers and their assistants shipping milk to Washington. The re- 
porting (5f all cases of this nature occurring within the District of 
Columbia is, with but few exceptions, already required by law. Out- 
side the District, however, cases of communicable disease are not re- 
ported to the health officer, whether occurring on dairy farms or 
otherwise. The employment in and about dairies and dairy farms of 
anj^one who has been exposed to diphtheria, scarlet fever, erysipelas, 
smallpox, or other dangerous contagious diseases is, however, forbid- 
den by law.^ 

SCORE-CARD SYSTEM OF RATING DAIRY FARMS AND DAIRIES. 

The score card devised by the present health officer of the District, 
and which has been so generally adopted throughout the several 
States, represents the first systematic attempt to record in graphic 

1 See section 3, "An act to regulate the sale of milk in the District of Columbia," etc., 
approved March 2, 1895. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 25 

form the merits of the farms and dairies concerned with the Wash- 
ington milk supply. The use of these cards has not been confined to 
our own country, the provincial board of health of Ontario, Canada, 
having, for example, recommended their adoption by allx)f the local 
boards of health in its jurisdiction. 

The score-card system of dairy inspection, which has been objected 
to in some respects by the representatives of the local dairymen's 
association, is not new, this method of rating dairies and dairy farms 
having been introduced by Dr. Woodward as early as January 9, 1904, 
and having since, as stated, met with very general acceptance through- 
out the country. The system of scoring received the indorsement of 
the Dairy Division of the Department of Agriculture, which believed 
it to be useful in the improvement of the milk supply. A somewhat 
modified form of score card was prepared by the Dairy Division on 
July 1, 1906, having in view its general adaptability to all sections 
of the country. This form has been introduced and adopted in a 
number of cities, improvements having been made in the card from 
time to time, as indicated by practical experience. There is abun- 
dant proof that the score-card system produces immediate and per- 
manently beneficial results wherever it is put in practice, it having 
been demonstrated, for example, during a period of six months at 
Richmond, Va., that the average score of 20 dairy farms increased 
from 33.4 to 56.8, showing an improved percentage of 23.4 in six 
months and furnishing an indication of the possibilities of improving 
dairy conditions through the score-card system. Copies of the score 
cards in current use by the District health department and those rec- 
ommended by the Department of Agriculture are appended (Ap- 
pendix L). 

The score-card system of dairy-farm inspection has, since 1904, 
been introduced into 131 cities, the Department of Agriculture having 
even extended the use of the card to the rating of the sanitary condi- 
tions of renovated-butter factories throughout the country. 

The relative importance attached to the items of equipment and 
methods prevailing on dairy farms and in dairies connected with the 
production and distribution of the local milk supply appears to the 
committee to be reasonable and calculated to stimulate diligent clean- 
liness and care in the handling of milk in its journey from the cow 
to the consumer. While the items embraced in the cards and the 
ratings assigned appear to the committee to be generally reasonable 
and appropriate, the committee is impelled to believe that the deduc- 
tion from the score of the smaller producer and dealer on account of 
his inability or failure to provide certain machinery (such as bot- 
tling and capping machines) and to set apart in the perhaps limited 
space occupied by his establishment a separate room as a salesroom 
is unreasonable, and -that unless these appurtenances be expressly 
required by law or regulation the system of scoring should be 
amended in this respect so as to rate the producer or dairyman ac- 
cording to the cleanliness of his actual equipment and of the methods 
which obtain in his handling of the commodity. 

Since the adoption of the score card for rating dairies and dairy 
farms, there has been considerable diversity of opinion as to whether 
the rating should be based on an ideal condition which each dairy 
or farm might be hoped to approximate, or whether the rating should 
coincide with such a reasonable standard as might be expected to be 



26 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

capable of actual attainment, considering the present status of the 
dairy industry. The committee is disposed without hesitancy to 
commend the present practice of our local health department, which 
fixes a reasonable standard, as opposed to an ideal standard of per- 
fection. This attitude is assumed by the committee not only on 
account of the embarrassment and dissatisfaction which must obvi- 
ously attend any endeavor on the part of the dairyman or producer 
to maintain his dairy or farm in accordance with idealistic require- 
ments, but also the prejudicial effect upon the business of the shipper 
or dealer, and indeed the deception instilled in the public mind, 
when a relatively low rating is shown based on an ideal standard. 
It is, in the judgment of the committee, manifestly unfair to the 
farmer and to the city dealer that practically unattainable standards 
should be fixed. 

PEOPOSED INVESTIGATION OF HEALTH DEPARTMENT, DISTRICT OF 

COLUMBIA. 

The committee takes pleasure in reporting that no valid reasons have 
been presented before it, nor has it been able to observe the necessity, 
for an investigation of the administration of the local health depart- 
ment as proposed by the Dairymen's Association. The department 
has, in its view, not only been conducted with the single aim of jeal- 
ously guarding the health of the residents of the District of Colum- 
bia and lending an educational influence toward improved sanitary 
methods throughout the whole country, but it has, in the unanimous 
judgment of the committee, attained a remarkably high standard of 
efficiency under the unusually intelligent and energetic supervision 
of the present health officer. 

ALLEGED EVIDENCES OP MILK TRUST. 

Referring to the contention of the representatives of the milk 
dealers, both at the hearing before the District commissioners and 
before this committee, that a vast milk trust, backed by $30,000,000 
of capital, was endeavoring to gain control of the raw milk product 
of the country, the committee begs leave to state that it has been 
unable to find any evidence whatsoever of such a combination, nor 
has it transpired, as the result of its investigations, that any of the 
officials of the Federal or District Governments or others appearing 
in a private capacity before the committee have been controlled or 
influenced in any manner by the manufacturers of pasteurizing ma- 
chinery or by other commercial interests. Dr. Melvin, chief of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry, perhaps facetiously remarks in this 
connection that the local milk dealers have an organization, but that 
this is not regarded as a trust or combination in the usual sense of 
those terms. Freeman may be quoted as saying that the Milk Ex- 
change in New York fixes the price paid to the producer, and Wins- 
low observes that there is some indication of such a combination in 
Boston. 

Borden's Condensed Milk Co., which has been charged with per- 
haps monopolizing the condensed milk output, argues that a combina- 
tion to control the raw-milk production or supply would be an im- 
possibility by reason of the economic conditions surrounding the 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 27 

production of milk, as each man producing milk is a unit in himself, 
and must therefore be reckoned with individually. The health officer 
of Seattle, "Wash., expresses himself as follows on this score : 

He sent one gentleman to jail for two montlis for conspiring with others to 
raise the price of milk some two years since ; we believe that the milk trust 
collapsed at that time. 

Dr. McNutt, health officer of San Francisco, Cal., reports that an 
attempt was made to control the raw milk production and supply of 
that city, but without success. 

With regard to the attempted monopolization of the market for 
forms of milk other than raw milk, Dr. Melvin understands that one 
concern is believed to control a large part of the output of condensed 
milk, but states that the department is unable to furnish particulars, 
referring at the same time to the fact that other brands of condensed 
milk are also to be found on the market. The latter consideration 
does not, however, necessarily preclude the possibility that the various 
brands are controlled by one central agency. It is obviously, though, 
much more likely as a general proposition that condensed, evaporated, 
powdered, or other compositions of milk may be the subject of cen- 
tralized commercial control than that raw milk might be so monop- 
olized, it being quite as feasible in the judgment of the committee to 
combine the entire population of our country into a trust against the 
interests of the individual, as to attempt a control nationally of the 
output of raw milk. 

CLASSIFICATION OF MILK FOR LOCAL MARKET RECOMMENDED. 

An examination into the local demands for milk convinces the com- 
mittee that the classification of market milk, proposed by Dr. A. D. 
Melvin, chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States De- 
partment of Agriculture, and recommended by the Washington milk 
conference of 1907, is best calculated to answer the purposes for which 
milk is used in this community. 

The classification referred to embraces (1) certified milk, (2) in- 
spected milk, and (3) pasteurized milk. The requirements affecting 
these three grades of milk are set forth as follows : 

Class 1. Cektified Milk. 

The use of this term should be limited to milk produced at dairies subject to 
periodic inspection and the products of which are subjected to frequent analyses. 
The cows producing such milk must be properly fed and watered, free from 
tuberculosis, as shown by the tuberculin test and physicial examination by a 
qualified veterinarian, and from all other communicable diseases, and from all 
diseases and conditions whatsoever likely to deteriorate the milk. They must be 
housed in clean, properly ventilated stables of sanitary construction, and must 
be kept clean. All persons who come in contact with the milk must exercise 
scrupulous cleanliness and must not harbor the germs of typhoid fever, tuber- 
culosis, diphtheria, or other infections liable to be conveyed by the milk. Milk 
must be drawn under all precautions necessary to avoid infection, and be im- 
mediately strained and cooled, packed in sterilized bottles, and kept at a tem- 
perature not exceeding 50° F. until delivered to the consumer. Pure water, as 
determined by chemical and bacteriological examinations, is to be provided for 
use throughout the dairy farm and dairy. Certified milk should not contain 
more than 10,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, and should not be more than 12 
hours old when delivered. Such milk should be certified by public health officers 
or by some other properly constituted authority. 



28 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Class 2. Inspected Milk. 

This term shoulcl be limited to clean raw milk from healthy cows, as de- 
termined by the tuberculin test and physical examination by a qualified veter- 
inarian. The cows are to be fed, watered, housed, and milked under good condi- 
tions, but not necessarily equal to the conditions prescribed of class 1. All 
persons who come in contact with the milk must exercise scrupulous cleanli- 
ness and must not harbor the germs of typhoid fever, tuberculosis, diphtheria, or 
other infections liable to be conveyed by the milk. This milk is to be delivered 
in sterilized containers and is to be kept at a temperature not exceeding 50° F. 
until it reaches the consumer. It should contain not more than 100,000 bacteria 
per cubic centimeter. 

Class 3. Pasteurized Milk. 

Milk from dairies which do not comply with the requirements specified for 
classes 1 and 2 should be pasteurized before being sold, and should be sold 
under the designation "pasteurized milk." Milk for pasteurization should be 
kept at all times at a temperature not exceeding 60° F. while in transit from 
the dairy farm to the pasteurizing plant, and milk after pasteurization should 
be placed in sterilized containers and delivered to the consumer at a tempera- 
ture not exceeding 50° F. 

All milk of unknown origin should be placed in class 3 and subjected to 
clarification and pasteurization. No cow in any way unfit for the production 
of milk for use by man, as determined upon physical examination by an author- 
ized veterinarian, and no cow suffering from a communicable disease should be 
permitted to remain on any dairy farm on which milk of class 3 is produced, 
except that cows which, upon physical examination, do not show physical signs 
of tuberculosis may be included in dairy herds supplying milk of this class. 

This milk is to be clarified and pasteurized at central pasteurizing plants, 
which should be under the personal supervision of an officer or ofiicers of the 
health department. These pasteurizing plants may be provided either by pri- 
vate enterprise or by the municipality, and should be located within the city. 

By the term " pasteurization " as used herein is meant the heating of milk 
to a temperature of 150° F. or 65° C. for 20 minutes, or 160° F. or 70° C. for 
10 minutes, as soon as practicable after milking, in inclosed vessels, preferably 
the final containers, and after such heating immediate cooling to a temperature 
not exceeding 50° F. or 10° C.^ 

In addition to the requirements particularized, the committee in- 
dorses as appropriate the further precaution that no milk should be 
regarded as pure and wholesome which, after standing for two hours 
or less, reveals a visible sediment at the bottom of the bottle. 

It has aptly been said that, while the primary object is to exclude 
all milk which may be harmful to the consumer and to provide milk 
that will be wholesome and nutritious, the restrictions imposed should 
not be more burdensome than is necessary to accomplish this result, 
and should be considered especially with reference to their effect in 
possibly so reducing the quantity of milk as to preclude its use as an 
article of diet by the poorer classes. 

The committee strongly recommends that, in the case of hospitals, 
foundling asylums, and other charitable institutions located within 
the District of Columbia, wholly or partly supported by public funds, 
the milk supplied for their use comply strictly with the specifications 
in the foregoing classification. 

III. General Considerations. 

Since the functions of the committee were understood to embrace, 
in addition to a specific examination into the matters of complaint 
offered by the local Dairymen's Association, an inquiry generally 

1 Bulletin No. 56, Hygienic Laboratory, U. S. Public Health and Marine-Hospital 
Service, pp. 608 and 609. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN" THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 29 

into the conditions affecting the milk supply of the District of Co- 
lumbia, the committee has proceeded to secure and to incorporate 
herein for the enlightenment and benefit of the Washington public 
such information concerning the subject of its investigations as may 
be deemed of practical importance in the solution of the great prob- 
lem of providing an ample supply of clean, pure, and wholesome 
milk for this community. 

IMPORTANCE OF MILK AS AN ARTICLE OF FOOD. 

Cow's milk, next to bread, states Dr. Mohler, is the most important 
foodstuff of the people of the United States, and is used perhaps to 
a greater extent in this than in any other country. This general 
use is not confined to milk in its raw state and its almost universal 
employment as a substitute in the feeding of infants, but extends to 
its varied combination in cooked foods. This abundant use is per- 
haps due to the fact that milk contains all the essentials of a perfect 
ration, namely, proteids, carbohydrates, fats, inorganic salts, and 
water, and to the further fact that its facility of ingestion and com- 
parative ease of digestion render it an important food for the sick 
and convalescent. 

The essential importance of insuring to the community a supply of 
pure and wholesome milk is readily realized when we consider the 
fact that milk is more extensively used as an article of food than any 
other animal product. It constitutes a portion of the food of almost 
every person on practically every day of the year, and while, unlike 
many articles of diet, it is consumed in most cases in an uncooked 
state, it, as above indicated, enters very largely also into the cooked 
foods, in many of which it constitutes the principal ingredient. Milk 
should, therefore, when furnished for consumption in its raw or 
cooked state, be of ^ood composition and free from adulterants and 
from artificial coloring matter. 

Dr. Wiley, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, United State De- 
partment of Agriculture, takes exception to the expression " raw " 
milk, contending that the term " milk " means pure, fresh, clean, and 
properly handled milk, and that the prefix " raw " is unnecessary and 
discriminatory. It should be explained that the committee in pre- 
paring this report has made use of the term as a matter of conven- 
ience, to indicate milk in its natural state not subjected to pasteuriza- 
tion, condensation, modification, or other treatment. It will be under- 
stood, furthermore, that references to milk apply equally to cream, 
save where such construction is obviously inadmissible. 

DEFINITIONS OF MILK AND CREAM. 

The only regulations governing the production and distribution of 
milk and cream, under the power conferred by the Federal Constitu- 
tion for regulating commerce with foreign nations and among the 
several States and with the Indian tribes, are those contained in the 
Standards of Purity for Food Products,^ issued by the Department 
of Agriculture in pursuance of authority conveyed by Congress in 
the food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, as follows : 

(1) Milk is the fresh, clean, lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milk- 
ing of one or more healthy cows, properly fed and kept, excluding that obtained 

* Circular No, 19, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 



30 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

within 15 days before and 10 days after calving, and contains not less than 8.5 
per cent of solids not fat and not less than 3.25 per cent of milk fat. 

(2) Blended milk is milk modified in its composition so as to have a definite 
and stated percentage of one or more of its constituents. 

(3) Skim milk is milk from vi^hich a part or all of the cream has been re- 
moved and contains not less than 9.25 per cent of milk solids. 

(4) Pasteurized milk is milk that has been heated below boiling, but suffi- 
ciently to kill most of the active organisms present, and immediately cooled to 
50° F. or lower. 

(5) Sterilized milk is milk -that has been heated at the temperature of boiling 
water or higher for a length of time sufficient to kill all organisms present. 

(6) Condensed milk, evaporated milk, is milk from which a considerable 
portion of water has been evaporated, and contains not less than 28 per cent of 
milk solids, of which not less than 27.5 per cent is milk fat. 

(7) Sweetened condensed milk is milk from which a considerable portion of 
water has been evaporated and to which sugar (sucrose) has been added, and 
contains not less than 28 per cent of milk solids, of which not less than 27.5 
per cent is milk fat, 

(8) Condensed skim milk is milk from which a considerable portion of water 
has been evaporated. 

(9) Buttermilk is the product that remains when butter is removed from 
milk or cream in the process of churning. 

(10) Goat's milk, ewe's milk, etc., are the fresh, clean, lacteal secretions, free 
from colostrum, obtained by the complete milking of healthy animals other than 
cows, properly fed and kept, and conform in name to the species of animal from 
which they are obtained. 



(1) Cream is that portion of milk, rich in milk fat, which rises to the surface 
of milk on standing, or is separated from it by centrifugal force, is fresh and 
clean, and contains not less than 18 per cent of milk fat. 

(2) Evaporated cream, clotted cream, is cream from which a considerable 
portion of water has been evaporated. 

CERTIFIED AND INSPECTED MILK. 

The terms " Certified " and " Inspected " have been aptly sug- 
gested (the former by Dr. Henry L. Coit, whose valuable work in 
promoting sanitary milk production is referred to elseAvhere in this 
report) to describe grades of milk produced under special require- 
ments intended to insure the greatest degree of purity and cleanliness. 

Kequirements for " Certified " and " Inspected " milk are set forth 
somewhat at length in a scheme of classification proposed by Dr. 
A. D. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States 
Department of Agriculture, and heartily recommended by the Wash- 
ington milk conference of 1907.^ These requirements, especially as 
to " Certified " milk, have met with general acceptance throughout 
the United States, with some differentiation, however, as to the maxi- 
mum number of bacteria allowable in various jurisdictions. 

SOURCES or CONTAMINATION OF MILK. 

It is evident that in nature's scheme for the nourishment of the 
young milk was never intended to see the light of day, and that if 
suckled from the normal, healthy gland it is the perfect food for the 
offspring. In this natural method of nourishment, observes Mr. 
E. H. Webster, chief of the dairy division of the Bureau of Animal 
Indutry,^ there is little possibility of contamination from outside 

1 See page 27 of this report. 

2 Bulletin No. 56. Hygienic Laboratory, United States Public Health and Marine- 
Hospital Service, March, 1909, 559, 



THE MILK SITUATIOlSr IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 31 

sources, but as soon as the artificial method of drawing milk is re- 
sorted to there enters a set of conditions entirely new and different. 
The milk then comes into contact with the air, the vessel into which 
it is drawn, and with particles of dirt from many sources. The prob- 
lem of securing milk corresponding as nearly as possible to its condi- 
tion as it exists in the udder is the problem of dairy sanitation. 

Since bacteriology teaches us that every particle of dirt introduced 
into milk carries with it great numbers of bacteria which neither 
strain nor clarify from the milk, the necessity of keeping the dirt 
out in the first instance, instead of attempting to strain it out, is 
apparent. From the time of milking to the final consmnption of 
the milk, every object that comes in direct contact with it may be a 
source of contamination. If the udder and flanks of the cow are 
covered with dirt of the yard or stable, the process of milking is 
bound to dislodge a greater or less portion of this filth, causing it to 
fall into the pail. It is easily conceivable how the animal in wading 
in filth and sewage polluted water may infect the udder and through 
it the milk with the germs of tj^phoid fever. We can also appre- 
ciate how infected water may convey the germs when used for wash- 
ing utensils or in adulteration of the milk. Clothing worn by milkers 
often, unless special suits be reserved for use in milking, contains 
dirt from the hogpen, the chicken coop and horse barn, or even the 
swill pail, and there is great danger of contamination from these 
sources. The importance of regulations requiring clean cows, clean 
milkers, and clean methods of milking and handling must therefore 
be apparent. 

Not only is milk a very stable medium for almost every descrip- 
tion of germ life which may gain access to it in its journey from the 
cow to the consumer, but it may even become contaminated while 
still in the udder through infectious or poisonous material present 
in the cow herself. It should be understood, therefore, that milk 
while in the udder of a healthy cow is rarely sterile (that is to say, 
free from germ life), and can only occasionally be removed in small 
quantities free from micro-organisms. Commercial milk from 
healthy cows may contain organisms not only while still in the 
udder, but may become contaminated in its passage through the 
ducts of the animal's teats, and at every point in its 12 to 48 hour 
journey to the consumer may receive and proliferate additional 
bacteria. 

While it is not practicable by any known method to completely 
eliminate the prejudicial qualities of milk, it is obviously feasible to re- 
duce to a minimum the multiplication of bacteria and the consequent 
danger of infection with disease. The principal requirements to this 
end are that the cow herself be free from disease, that cleanliness, 
low temperatures, and speedy transportation from the cow to the 
consumer be observed, and that in order to accomplish this the dairy 
farmer and distributor of milk be imbued with an intelligent interest 
in safeguarding the product from deterioration up to the time of 
actual consumption. 

It should be asserted in fairness to the dairyman that he is not 
always to blame for the furnishing of impure milk. As a rule he 
attempts to supply a pure grade of milk to his customers and is not 
conscious of impurities and infections in the article he is distributing. 



32 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

DISEASES RESULTING FROM CONTAMINATED MILK. 

The important part played by milk in the spread of certain diseases 
has been realized for many years, principally in connection with 
typhoid fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, tuberculosis, dysentery, and 
other gastro-intestinal disorders. The colon bacillus has, besides, 
often been found to be the actual cause of appendicitis, chronic peri- 
tonitis, and abscesses of the liver. 

Park is authority for the statement that certain pathogenic bac- 
teria, known as streptococci, which excite tonsilitis (a single epidemic 
of which involved 600 cases of sore throat in Stockholm), are prob- 
ably the cause of septic inflammation of the udder. Many leucocytes 
and streptococci are present in the normal milk of a healthy cow, 
these bacteria being more numerous, though, in the milk of diseased 
than in that of healthy cows. No satisfactory method has yet been 
devised for distinguishing the pathogenic from the nonpathogenic 
streptococci in milk.^ 

As has already been set forth, milk, not only while in the cow's 
udder but up to the time of its delivery to the consumer, receives 
from its surroundings bacteria of various kinds. These organisms 
come from the teats of the cow, from the uncleanly condition of the 
exterior of its body, from the dust and dirt of the stable, from the 
hands of the milkers and others handling the milk, from the pails 
and cans used in milking, storing, and transporting the product, 
the bottles and other receptacles employed in its delivery to the 
consumer, and from various other sources. 

Evidence has, furthermore, been accumulated during the last 50 
years tending to show that milk may receive from man the specific 
organisms of certain infectious diseases, and that these organisms 
may produce the disease in susceptible individuals drinking the raw 
milk. 

While cows are known to be exempt from typhoid fever, and these 
germs are not customarily found in milk freshly drawn, the typhoid 
bacillus may reach milk in unexpected ways, notably by the milk 
coming into contact with persons who are in the first stages of 
typhoid fever or convalescing from the disease, and very frequently 
through the agency of " bacillus carriers " — that is to say, persons 
who are shown to be entirely healthy, but who, having experienced 
a precedent attack of typhoid fever, or through contact with patients, 
are known to be expelling typhoid germs. Persons who have had 
the disease continue, as has been definitely shown in certain instances, 
to discharge great numbers of the bacilli for months, and, remarkable 
as it may seem, in some cases for years after apparent recovery. 
This emphasizes the importance of having as few persons as possible 
come in contact with the milk, and of insuring that those who actu- 
ally handle the milk shall exercise scrupulous cleanliness and be 
under strict medical supervision. In view of the numerous epidemics 
from milk-borne diseases which have been recorded, the necessity for 
compulsory notification of all infectious and contagious diseases is 
so apparent that milk should not be permitted to leave a farm dairy, 
or be shipped therefrom, during the existence of any of these diseases 

^ The Significance of Leucocytes and Streptococci in Milk, by William Whitfield Miller, 
assistant surgeon. Public Health and flarine-Hospital Service, Bulletin No. 56, Hygienic 
Jfjaboratory, Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, March, 1909, page 498. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 33 

among employees or other persons associated with them, nor should 
any such persons be permitted to reside in or visit infected houses 
while engaged in the milk traffic. 

Dr. Hermann Biggs, of the New York City department of health, 
like many others, considers it almost impossible to secure a safe milk 
supply without repeated inspection, including complete and repeated 
bacteriological examinations of every person connected with the pro- 
duction and handling of milk. As a result of his report, the New 
York City board of health has promulgated an order requiring satis- 
factory pasteurization of all milk used for drinking purposes. 

When we point to the appalling death rate due to typhoid fever, 
scarlet fever, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and other diseases induced by 
infection from contaminated milk, we are prone to overlook the vast 
number of cases in which these attacks of disease do not result fa^tally. 
If the mortality which ensues from the lack of proper attention to our 
milk supply is alarming, how much more so is the enormous amount 
of illness and distress inflicted by these preventable diseases, and the 
even more widespread indisposition, exhaustion, and fatigue which 
should be reckoned as a portion of the awful penalty paid by the 
community for its lack of prudent care and precaution in the use of 
milk. In this day of increasing artificiality in our mode of living, 
when the refinements of civilization are creating greater and con- 
stantly increasing demands upon our physical and mental energies, 
every safeguard should be availed of to protect the impaired consti- 
tution of the individual from the ravages of these ever-portending 
diseases. Why not, then, instill into every citizen the prime necessity 
of improving our milk supply (which admittedly plays so important 
a part in the transmission of disease) until it reaches that standard 
of practical perfection which will eliminate entirely its character 
as a destructive agency, and which will insure to the consumer the 
beneficent advantages of this world-wide product ? 

It is earnestly hoped that, through the process of popular education, 
the prevailing indifference of the average householder to the care of 
milk will be converted into a proper recognition of the importance of 
continuing from the hour of its receipt on the threshold to the actual 
moment of consumption the same degree of cleanliness and mainte- 
nance at a lower temperature while in the house that is now being 
demanded of the dairy farmer and milk dealer in its production, 
transportation, and delivery. 

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF MILK. 

A prejudicial circumstance in the development of the milk industry 
is the fact that the dairy business has been largely built up on a cheap 
basis, with cheap cows, cheap feed, cheap stables, cheap labor, and 
cheap prices for the product. When we compare the price of milk 
with that of other perishable human foods it is remarkable that so 
much value is given for so little money, not only from the viewpoint 
of the abnormal amount of labor and attention necessarily bestowed 
in the production and distribution of milk and milk products, but 
from the standpoint of the amount of nutrition supplied in milk. In 
other words, if the dairyman could sell the nutrients in his milk for 
the same price per pound that th© butcher receives for the nutrients 

82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-3 3 



34 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

in his meat, or the poultry dealer for his eggs, the price of milk would 
be immensely higher and dairy farming would probably soon result 
in the accumulation of swollen fortunes. It is a significant fact, 
however, that although the prices for beef and other commodities 
are arbitrarily advanced from time to time without serious, active 
opposition on the part of the consumer, there is a concerted protest 
of the most vigorous nature when endeavor is made to increase the 
price of milk a single cent per quart, and that, even, at the season of 
the year when it is generally admitted that the farmer is put to extra 
expense in suj^plying silage, hay, and other feed not demanded in the 
warmer months, when pasturin'^' is almost exclusively depended upon. 
It is of interest to note in this connection that a quart of milk sup- 
plies practically as much of both protein and ener^ as three-quarters 
of a pound of beef of average composition or eight average eggs. 
When we compare the price of milk with the prevailing prices of beef 
and eggs, the cheapness of milk as a food may therefore readily be 
recognized. It may be said even in favor of skim milk that so far 
as its nutritive value is concerned it is a trifle more potent, volume for 
volume, than whole milk. As a wholesome and nutritious food but- 
termilk is also valuable, since it has 3 per cent of proteids, and a 
quart contains one-quarter as much proteid as a man needs in a day, 
even when the most liberal estimate of his requirements is considered. 

IMPROVEMENT IN SANITARY DAIRY CONDITIONS. 

In all sections of the country great improvement is being made in 
dairy conditions, resulting from the agitation of the necessity for a 
cleaner and safer milk supply, and the public is gradually awaken- 
ing to the extreme importance of insuring that the milk furnished 
for consumption by the community shall be initially as free from 
contamination as possible and so handled as to reduce to the utmost 
minimum, so far as compatible with economic considerations, the 
possibility of subsequent infection from this abundant factor in its 
food supply. 

It should be borne in mind that the meeting of these requirements 
for safeguarding the public health necessarily entails an additional 
expenditure all along the line, and especially at the point of produc- 
tion, and it would not be dealing fairly with the producer if some 
adequately increased compensation were not received by him in reim- 
bursement for this necessary additional outlay. The committee is 
inclined to the opinion that the dairy farmer has, on the whole, been 
receiving a smaller price for his output of milk than is proportion- 
ately due him, and it is recommended that steps be taken with a view 
to readjusting existing conditions so as to effect a more adequate 
lemuneration for the important services rendered by him to the 
community. 

UNWHOLESOMENESS OF CITY MARKET MILK. 

In order to correctly convey to the public mind the unusual amount 
of contamination in milk ordinarily produced for the market, it may 
be stated that nearly every city throughout the world has to contend 
with the problem of dirty milk. According to some authorities the 
residents of Berlin consume 300 pounds of cow dung in their milk 
daily, and the inhabitants of New York City consume half a ton of 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 35 

filth and refuse in the same manner. Many medical authorities take 
the position that the question of dirt and the bacterial contamination 
of milk is of infinitely greater importance from the standpoint of 
health than a high chemical standard governing the composition of 
milk,. for the reason that very poor milk (that is to say, that which is 
low in proteids, fat, and milk sugar) is still very valuable as a food 
and contains a great deal of nutriment, providing it is sufficiently 
clean to be consumed with safety, while, on the other hand, it is well 
understood that dirty milk and milk bacterially contaminated is not 
only responsible for the high death rate prevailing among young 
children from cholera infantum, but that polluted milk is also re- 
sponsible to a large degree for the spread of such infections as diph- 
theria, scarlet fever, typhoid fever, and tuberculosis, and for acute 
cases of milk poisoning, which are by no means uncommon. 

The investigations of the market milk of Washington,^ made in 
1907, demonstrated that the milk was for the most part old, stale, 
and dirty, its bacterial content averaging in 1907 over 22,000,000 
per cubic centimeter and in 1908 over 11,000,000. It was further 
established that at least 11.3 per cent of the cases of typhoid fever 
occurring during the summer of 1906 in Washington were certainly 
attributable to contaminated milk, while in 1907 9.18 per cent and 
in 1908 approximately 10 per cent of the typhoid cases were abso- 
lutely traced to infected milk. In fact, it may be stated without 
hesitancy that the average commercial milk of large cities is not a 
safe food. 

In an interesting article on " The future of milk supplies of large 
cities from, a sanitary standpoint," by Dr. Ernst J. Lederle, health 
officer of the city of New York,^ published under date of March 19, 
1910, the writer refers to the fact that the milk dealer of to-day occu- 
pies a unique position in the commercial world, trafficking in a prod- 
uct which is one of our most important foodstuffs, bringing blessings 
to millions of people when properly produced and carefully handled 
and distributed, but which, when coming from unhealthy and insani- 
tary sources and when carelessly handled, is capable of spreading 
disease and misery. It is clearly the duty of the milk dealer, he 
states, to supply the quality of milk which is approved by those dis- 
interested physicians and sanitarians who have made a special study 
of the requirements of infants and invalids, and who are familiar 
with public-health problems in their broadest application. In the 
light of present knowledge on the subject, he says, it would appear 
that the dealer should not be satisfied to offer the public any milk 
unless it be clean and safe — either a clean, high-grade market milk, 
a scientifically pasteurized, or a clean, raw milk of low bacterial count 
from healthy animals. Under existing conditions no large dealer, 
he continues, can afford to supply milk in large cities unless it be 
either of the certified type, guaranteed or inspected, or scientifically 
pasteurized. New conditions, he continues, are forcing great changes 
in the character of conducting a large milk business. 

The dealer, to be successful and progressive, requires the services 
of veterinarians to inspect the cattle from which his supply is re- 
ceived and to assist in the elimination of diseased animals, and of the 

1 Rosenau, Lumsden and Kastle, Bulletins Nos. 35 and 44, Hygienic Laboratory, U. S. 
Public Health and Marine-Kospital S?rvice. 

2 Journal of American Medical Association, Vol. LIV, No. 12. 



36 THE MILK SITUATION" IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

chemist and bacteriologist to supervisorily control the supply by con- 
stant tests of quality and of cleanliness. The high standards set, in- 
cluding restrictions as to the types of buildhigs, the cleanliness de- 
manded in every step of production of the milk from the washing of 
the udders of the coavs to the sterilization of the utensils, the outlay 
entailed, and the increase in running expenses, Avhile having a mark- 
edly beneficial effect on tlie whole dairy mdustry, is rather discourag- 
ing, he observes, to the srnall producer of market milk; it all seems 
so impossible to him, considering the small value placed on his prod- 
uct. In conclusion, he asseverates that the public must be educated 
to an appreciation of the A^alue of these new conditions, which Avill 
inevitably result in higher prices paid to the farmer and a general 
advance in the cost of milk to the public. 

FEDERAL INVESTIGATIONS OF SANITARY MILK PRODUCTION. 

Although it is conceded that milk, up to the moment that it leaves 
the cow (excejDt, perchance, through contamination from germs enter- 
ing the teat from the outside), is not possibly contaminated with 
diphtheria, typhoid, or scarlet fever bacilli, since cows are not sus- 
ceptible to these diseases, milk is coming to be recognized more and 
more as a most important factor in the spread of these diseases. In- 
teresting charts illustrating the potency of milk as a medium for dis- 
seminating these and other ailments are presented in Bulletin No. 56 
of the Hygienic Laboratory of the Public Health and Marine-Hos- 
pital Service.^ This subject has been the basis for long-continued 
and thorough investigation on the part of this branch of the Federal 
service, several bulletins being devoted to publishing results regard- 
ing the influence of milk in the transmission of typhoid fever, diph- 
theria, scarlet fever, and tuberculosis.^ 

Most valuable information concerning milk in its relation to the 
public health has also resulted from tlie active, energetic Avork of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agricul- 
ture, the contents of Avhose important publications on the subject are 
fully discussed in the pages of this report. 

FLIES A POTENT FACTOR IN CONTAMINATION OF MILK. 

A most important contributing factor in the contamination of 
milk, and one Avhich has, until the past few years, been almost uni- 
versally regarded as negligible, is the eft'ect produced by flies coming 
into contact with milk, either at the dairy farm, the city dairy, or at 
the home of the consumer. It has been recently demonstrated beyond 
peradventure that a single fly may contaminate sterile water, for 
example, to the extent of 1,500,000 bacteria, a fly captured in Brook- 
lyn in the summer of 1907 having been found actually to carry in its 
mouth and upon its legs over 100,000 fecal bacteria Avhich it had 
collected in walking over human excreta and Avhich it Avas probably 
intending to transmit to the nearest milk pitcher. This observation 
emphasizes not only the importance of keeping manure piles, pigpens, 
and other possible breeding places for flies (and likeAvise for the con- 

1 See pages 25 et seq. 

^^ Bulletins Nos. 35, 44, 52, and 65, Hygienic Laboratory, Public Health and Marine- 
Hospital Service, U. S. Treasury Department. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE mSTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 37 

tamination of the latter with bacteria) removed to a safe distance 
from cow barns and milk houses, but points to the advisability of the 
exercise of extreme care and caution on the part of the householder 
to keep the home free from flies, and especially on the part of handlers 
of milk to be watchful that flies be not permitted to drop into the 
milk at any stage of its transport from the barn to the table. It is im- 
portant that barns and milk houses be screened from flies, and that 
greater diligence be exercised in keeping these dangerous, though 
heretofore generally regarded as harmless, insects away from milk 
and milking utensils. Great credit is due in this connection to Dr. 
George M. Kober, of this city, whose laborious investigation in 1895 
developed for the first time a recognition of the potency of flies in the 
communication of typhoid fever and other diseases, and whose com- 
prehensive task in collating data regarding epidemic diseases result- 
ing from contaminated milk and other causes is elsewhere referred to 
in this report. 

IV. History of Federal and Local Regulation of Milk Supply. 

FEDERAL SURVEILLANCE OF MILK PRODUCTION. 

Prior to the establishment of the Dairy Division of the Bureau of 
Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, on July 
1, 1895, very little attention had been bestowed by the Federal Gov- 
ernment upon the subject of milk production, but at this juncture 
actual steps in promoting the sanitary production and distribution 
of milk were taken ; and in 1900 a paper entitled " Market Milk : A 
Plan for Its Improvement," was issued in order to meet the frequent 
requests received by the Bureau of Animal Industry for advice re- 
garding the improvement of the milk supply of cities and towns. 
This plan comprised, in brief, recommendations for the organization 
in each community of an unofficial milk commission to inspect dairies 
and methods of producing and handling milk, and to prescribe re- 
quirements therefor. In recent years the bureau has worked in vari- 
ous ways to bring about improvement in the wholesomeness of the 
milk supply of various communities. It has made scientific investi- 
gations regarding tuberculosis, pasteurization, and other subjects; has 
studied practical methods of dairying, with a view to helping dairy- 
men to improve their methods, for the benefit of both producer and 
consumer ; has cooperated with numerous cities and towns in the mat- 
ter of their milk supply, and has studied their methods of producing, 
transporting, handling, and delivering milk; has promoted competi- 
tive exhibitions of milk and cream and encouraged the production 
of wholesome products; has furnished tuberculin to public-health 
officers, and has applied the test to a large number of cows ; has given 
numerous lectures and addresses at public meetings; and has pre- 
pared and distributed a large quantity of literature relating to the 
various phases of the milk question. 

No attempt has thus far been made by the Federal Government, 
in pursuance of authority vested by the Federal Constitution for the 
regulation of interstate commerce, to prescribe the application of 
the tuberculin test, pasteurization, a maximum bacterial content, a 
fixed maximum temperature, or analogous restrictions to govern milk 
produced in one State and transported into another, the jurisdiction 
of the Federal Government being exercised in this regard only so far 



38 THE MILK SITUATION IN" THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 

as it has been endeavored by the Bureau of Animal Industry to pre- 
vent the interstate shipment of tuberculous animals and to prohibit 
the adulteration, artificial coloring, or misbranding of milk concerned 
in interstate commerce. 

NATIONAL FOOD AND DRUGS ACT. 

The food and drugs act aj^proved June 30, 1906, provides that it 
shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture within the District 
of Columbia any article of food which is adulterated or misbranded, 
and prohibits the introduction into the District of Columbia, or from 
the District into any State, of any article of food which is adulterated 
or misbranded. Severe penalties are prescribed for the violation of 
the provisions of the act, under the terms of which the Secretaries of 
the Treasury, Agriculture, and Commerce and Labor are charged 
with framing uniform rules and regulations for carrying out its pro- 
visions. In accordance with this empowerment standards of purity 
for food products have been issued by the Secretary of Agriculture.^ 
A copy of the food and drugs act is appended (Appendix M). 

The act imposes upon the Department of Agriculture the duty of 
publishing notices of judgments in cases brought for enforcement of 
its provisions. An examination of the series of notices issued to date 
reveals the fact that 94 cases have related to proceedings against per- 
sons or corporations charged with violation of the provisions of the 
act appertaining to the adulteration and misbranding of milk. It 
appears that of these 94 cases 37 have been instituted against inhabit- 
ants of the several States and 57 against residents of the District of 
Columbia. The charges have been based upon the excessive skim- 
ming of cream and butter fat from milk, dilution with water, the 
addition of formaldehyde as a preservative, and of coloring matter, 
designed to deceive as to richness. Indictments have also been pre- 
sented in several instances based upon an excessive number of bac- 
teria, and others on account of the milk being putrid. These cases 
extend over a period from December 28, 1907, to May 17, 1910, the 
notices of .judgment referred to issuing between August 13, 1908, and 
November 12, 1910. In the larger number of cases judgment was 
confessed or collateral forfeited, the fines ranging in most instances 
from $5 to $40. In a few prosecutions the defendant stood trial, 
resulting in acquittal in some cases and conviction in others. 

There is appended a communication from Dr. H. W. Wiley, Chief 
of the Bureau of Chemistry, Department of Agriculture, under date 
of December 2, 1910, inclosing a memorandum from Dr. W. D. Bige- 
low, assistant chief of the bureau, dated the preceding day, referring 
to prosecutions for violations of the provisions of the Federal pure 
food law respecting the composition of milk (Appendix N). 

SANITARY ARRANGEMENTS FOR DAIRY FARMS. 

The paper by Mr. E. H. Webster, Chief of the Dairy Division of 
the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, on 
" Sanitary inspection and its bearing on clean milk " ^ (Appendix O), 

1 Circular No. 19, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. DeiDartment of Agriculture. 

2 Bulletin No. 56 of the Hygienic Laboratory, Public Health and Marine-Hospital Serv- 
ice, p. 559. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA.. 39 

concludes with 21 suggestions concerning the treatment of cows, sta- 
bling, milking, and conditions pertaining to the milk house, which, 
if followed, must appeal to the intelligent observer as destined to 
produce important results in effecting a clean and wholesome milk 
supply. The fact is emphasized that the location of the barn and 
establishment of the milk house with particular reference to remote- 
ness from sources of pollution constitutes an important factor in the 
production of pure milk, as does also the provision of an adequate 
water supply to aiford a convenient and abundant source of this essen- 
tial adjunct of cleanliness. 

Of importance in this connection is the periodical examination of 
the water supply of dairies. An analysis, under the auspices of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry, of the water employed by dairy farms 
showed that in comparatively few instances is the water free from 
sanitary objection, though it is ajDparent that in most cases the im- 
purification may be rectified with but little expense. 

NECESSITY FOR FURTHER SAFEGUARDS. 

As late as January 24, 1910, Dr. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of 
Animal Industry, in transmitting for publication by the Department 
of Agriculture a series of papers on " The dissemination of disease 
by dairy products and methods for prerention," ^ makes the statement 
that, notwithstanding the fact that within the last few years there 
has been great improvement in the direction of obtaining more whole- 
some and sanitary milk, much yet remains to be done in safeguarding 
the health of the community. To this end it is important, he con- 
tinues, that there should be not only additional legislation and effec- 
tive official supervision, but a better understanding on the part of 
producers themselves and of the public concerning the dangers lurk- 
ing in contaminated dairy products and the latest approved methods 
of guarding against and eliminating these dangers. He renews the 
proposal made by him to the Washing-ton milk conference of 1907, 
and included in its recommendations that the classification of milk 
should provide, first, for clean raw milk frt)m healthy, tuberculin- 
tested cows, drawn and handled in a cleanly manner by healthy at- 
tendants and transported and delivered to the consumer at a tempera- 
ture not exceeding 50° F. and within the least possible time. When 
these conditions can not be met, he urges pasteurization, " not for the 
purpose of making bad milk good, but to render milk of doubtful 
healthfulness safe. He further emphasizes the importance of han- 
dling milk properly after its arrival in the home. 

Safe and clean milk can not be had without the active and energetic 
cooperation of the farmer, the transportation agent, the dealer, and 
the housewife, and it is only by inculcating in these various agents a 
proper conception of the extreme care which must be observed in the 
handling of milk to minimize the dangers resulting from impurities 
therein that we can hope to secure substantial advancement in re- 
ducing the inordinate amount of illness and disease communicated 
through milk and in directly conserving in this manner the public 
health. 

1 Circular No. 153, Bureau of Animal Industry, issued Apr. 28, 1910. 



40 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 



MILK AND CREAM CONTESTS. 



The first milk and cream contest in this country was held in con- 
nection with the National Dairy Show in Chicago' from February 15 
to 24, 1906, under the direction of the Dairy Division of the Bureau of 
Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. The ob- 
jects of the. contest were, first, educational; second, to determine the 
possibilities in the handling and keeping of milk and cream produced 
under sanitary conditions and kept cold; and, third, to test a score 
card for rating fairly and accurately this class of dairy products. 
Since this national contest was held, several States, notably New 
Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Massachusetts, have arranged 
similar exhibits in connection with State dairy association meetings. 
These contests have proved of great benefit to dairymen in pointing 
out defects in their product and suggesting remedies, and in indicat- 
ing the most satisfactory forms of bottles to be used. The plan for 
holding these contests was first applied to a municipality when the 
city of Cleveland, which had already adopted the Dairy Division score 
card for rating dairy farms and was making a special effort to im- 
prove the conditions of its dairies and the quality of its milk supply, 
arranged with the chamber of commerce of that city to conduct the 
contest under its auspices. Medals were offered for the best milk 
and cream and the best dairy farms represented, and addresses ger- 
mane to the purposes of the contest were delivered by representatives 
of the United States Department of Agriculture and the Cleveland 
Chamber of Commerce, followed by a general discussion among the 
dairymen present, which was productive of valuable results. These 
contests, national. State, and municipal, give evidence of the general 
interest manifested throughout the country in improved standards of 
milk production. Detailed information concerning the contests re- 
ferred to may be gained by consulting Circular No. 117 of the Bureau 
of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture.^ 

NEW YORK MILK CONFERENCE. 

Upon the invitation o*f a special committee of the New York milk 
committee a conference was held in New York City on December 2 
and 3, 1910, for the purpose of considering plans for the improve- 
ment of the national milk supply and with the idea of forming a 
national association with that object in view. The conference was 
participated in by specialists of national reputation on the subject of 
sanitary milk production and the relation of milk to the public health, 
and a number of interesting papers were presented. The conference 
was attended by Dr. G. Lloyd Magruder, Dr. E. C. Schroeder, of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, and Mr. 
Emile Berliner, of this city. ' After mature deliberation the following 
resolutions, offered by the gentlemen mentioned and favorably re- 
ported from the committee on resolutions, received unanimous approval 
by the conference: 

Resolution 1. 

Whereas dairy products are among the most valuable assets of the world, 
billions of capital being invested in them in the United States alone ; 

Whereas uiilk, cream, butter, and cheese are the most generally employed 
articles of food and which have been proved by itidisputable evidence to be 

3 A City Milk and Cream Contest as a Practical Method of Improving tlie Milk Supply, 
by C. B. Lane and Ivan C. Weld, issued October 28, 1907. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 41 

readily contaminated by disease-producing germs, thus greatly impairing tbe 
l)ublic health and increasing the general mortality rates ; 

Whereas this dissemination of disease by dairy products has been pointed out 
by writers the world over, and has in tills country been especially disseminated 
in Circulars Nos. 114, 116, and 153 of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the 
United States Department of Agriculture, and Bulletins Nos. 41 and 56 of the 
Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service; 

Whereas these facts have been confirmed by numerous authorities here and 
in Europe, and have been recognized within the past month by the United States 
Department of Agriculture, United States Department of the Interior, United 
States Department of Commerce and Labor, United States Navy Department, 
United States War Department. United States Department of State, and by the 
Commissioners of he District of Columbia : Be it 

Resolved, That the United States Congress be requested to appoint a com- 
mittee to investigate the questions of dairy products in their relation to the 
public health, in order that proper standards for dairy products may be adopted 
by the United States Congress ; and be it further 

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the President of the 
United States, to the Vice President, to the Speaker of the House of Representa- 
tives, to the chairman of the Public Health Committee of the United States 
Senate, and to the chairman of the Committee on Agriculture of the United 
States House of Representatives. 

Resolution 2. 

Resolved, That the conference on milk problems of the New York milk com- 
mittee indorses the classification of, milk recommended by Dr. A. D. iMelvin, 
Chief of Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Agri- 
culture, approved by the milk conference of the District of Columbia in 1907, 
and published in Circular No. 114 of the Bureau of Animal Industry and in 
Bulletins Nos. 41 and 56 of the United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital 
Service. 

This classification designates three kinds of milk: Certified, in- 
spected, and pasteurized. 

I. Certified milk must be produced in accordance with the require- 
ments of the American Association of Medical Milk Commissions. 

II. Inspected milk must be a wholesome, clean article, obtained 
under sanitary conditions from cows shown to be free from tubercu- 
losis by the tuberculin test, and contain not more than 100,000 
bacteria per cubic centimeter. 

III. Pasteurized milk must be a clean, inspected milk, which has 
been proj)erly pasteurized under an official standard, any shipment 
of which shall at all times be subject to inspection and test by public 
inspectors. 

Resolution 3. 

Whereas It has been demonstrated by papers presented to the discussions by 
this conference held at the invitation of the New York milk committee, that it 
is imperative that definite standards and regulations should be adopted to gov- 
ern the production and handling of dairy products for the prevention of disease 
and the saving of lives : 

Resolved, That the New York milk committee be requested to invite between 
12 and 20 recognized experts on milk problems to meet in conference, and that 
these experts be asked to make a unanhnous report recommending proper milk 
standards on which Congress or State authorities may formulate milk legisla- 
tion. 

The following additional resolution was unanimously approved by 
the conference: 

Resolution 4. 

Resolved that whereas 16,000 babies die annually in New York City, of which 
number 4,000 are killed by bad milk and improper food ; and 

Whereas there are 500,000 children in New York City under 5 years of age, 
whose future health and strength depends upon their proper nourishment and 
development; and 



42 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

Whereas pure milk is the most important food in the diet of these children : 
Now therefore be it 

Resolved, That the problem of securing a clean, safe milk for babies and 
young children is the most immediate and pressing problem confronting the 
health authorities of this city ; and be it further 

Resolved, That it is the sense of this conference that steps should be taken to 
label milk so that mothers may know what milk is safe for their babies and 
what milk they must aA^oid. 

Resolved, That it is the sense of this conference that milk from tuberculin- 
tested cows, produced and kept under conditions which satisfy the highest med- 
ical and sanitary standards, is reasonably safe for babies, in a raw state. 

Resolved, That it is the sense of this conference that milk from cows which 
have been physically examined for tuberculosis and are kept on farms which 
score at least 75 per cent by the health department methods is safe for babies 
if pasteurized at a temperature not lower than 140° F. and for a time not less 
than 20 minutes, provided such milk has a bacteriological count not higher than 
100,000 per cubic centimeter, pasteurized, and not more than 10,000 per cubic 
centimeter not pasteurized. 

Resolved, That it is the sense of this conference that all other milk is not 
safe for babies ; that it should be pasteurized as above described, and that it 
should be recommended for cooking purposes only and not for drinking pur- 
poses. 

Resolved, That this conference recommend to the New York health authori- 
ties that an effort be made immediately to secure a quantity of milk of grades 
I and II above described sufficient for th,e 500,000 infants and children under 5 
years of age in New York City. 

The conference took the position squarely that certified milk was 
only reasonably safe, and the sentiment of members was almost 
unanimously favorable to pasteurization as defined by the Washing- 
ton milk conference of 1907. 

An additional resolution was passed, the phraseology of which is 
not at hand, providing that besides the committee of from 12 to 20 
experts arranged for, a separate committee of 20 experts be ap- 
pointed for the purpose of considering the various resolutions sub- 
mitted to the conference. Dr. Magrucler and Mr. Berliner have been 
designated as members of this latter committee. The membership 
of the first-named committee has not yet been announced. 

MILK REGULATION IN DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

It is interesting to review the history of local milk regulation, a 
subject with which, in its general aspects, the District of Columbia 
has been conspicuously identified in setting the pace for development 
elsewhere throughout the country along the lines of sanitary milk 
production and distribution. 

As early as August 1, 1863, an ordinance was enacted by the board 
of aldermen and board of common council of the city of Washing- 
ton, providing against insanitary conditions in and about cow yards, 
pens, and stables in the District of Columbia,' a similar ordinance 
being enacted by the board of aldermen and board of common coun- 
cil of the corporation of Georgetown on April 22, 1865. Pursuant 
to a provision of the act to establish a government for the District 
of Columbia, approved February 21, 1867, a board of health was 
created, and on May 15 of the same year this newly appointed board 
adopted an ordinance prohibiting the sale of unwholesome, watered, 
or adulterated milk, and of butter and cheese made therefrom. As 
far back as October, 1873, the food inspectors in the service of the 
board of health seem to have realized the importance of the inspection 



THE MILK SITUATION iN THE DlSTRICl: OE COLUMBIA. 43 

of milk at the place of production as well as when offered for sale, 
though this suggestion was not generally accepted by sanitarians 
until a generation later. The board of health was abolished by the 
terms of the act providing a permanent form of government for the 
District of Columbia, approved June 11, 1878, the commissioners 
being authorized in lieu thereof to appoint a physician as health 
officer, charged with the execution and enforcement, under the direc- 
tion of the commissioners, of all laws and regulations relating to 
the public health and to vital statistics. During the fiscal year 
1883-84 the then health officer undertook to inspect the dairy farms 
supplying milk to the District, and as a result of this investigation 
he strongly emphasized the necessity of going beyond the analyses 
of samples of milk sold in the community, and rigidly examining 
into conditions affecting, from a sanitary standpoint, the dairy farms 
from which shipments of milk were made to the National Capital. 
On October 12, 1888, Congress passed an act to prevent the manu- 
facture of adulterated foods or drugs in the District of Columbia, 
in consequence of which the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, to 
whom the enforcement of this act was committed, fixed as a standard 
for milk offered for sale in the District that the minimum specific 
gravity should be 1.030 at 60° F., and that the milk should contain 
not less than 13 parts in 100 of solids as follows : Fat, 3.5 ; solids, not 
fat, 9.5 ; water, not more than 87. The removal of cream, or the addi- 
tion of water, foreign fats, or coloring matter were to be considered 
as adulterations. 

INVESTIGATION OF PREVALENCE OF TYPHOID FEVER. 

As the result of the prevailing high death rate from typhoid fever 
in the District, a committee, of which Dr. G. Lloyd Magruder was 
chairman, was appointed by the District Medical Society for the pur- 
pose of investigating the prevalence and causes of the disease. The 
report of this committee was submitted to the Committee on the 
District of Columbia, House of Representatives, and published as a 
congressional document in 1894. The report attributed the alarming 
prevalence of typhoid fever to the Potomac water, the pollution of 
the soil from defective sewers, the backing up of sewage from tidal 
movements, and the drinking of well or pump water and contaminated 
milk. The committee recommended the careful inspection of dairies 
contributing to the District milk supply and the enactment of a 
statute prohibiting the selling of milk in the District without a per- 
mit from the health office. 

ACT OF MAECH 2, 1895. 

The act approved March 2, 1895 (Appendix P), requiring the in- 
spection of all dairj^ farms furnishing milk for consumption in the 
city of Washington, including not only farms located within the 
boundaries of the District, but also those in the States from which 
the supiDly is largely received, secured for the national capital the 
credit of being the first city in the country to extend inspection to 
dairy farms as well as to city milk depots. 

This act charged the health officer, under direction of the com- 
missioners, with the duty of making and enforcing regulations to 



44 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

secure a proper water supply, drainage, ventilation, air space, floor 
space, and cleaning of all dairies and dairy farms, and to secure the 
isolation of cattle suffering from contagious disease. 

It is represented by the health department that this law, being a 
departure from established precedents, was a more or less experi- 
mental measure, and that experience has revealed certain defects, 
which it has unsuccessfully endeavored to remedy by bills intro- 
duced in Congress from time to time, all such efforts proving without 
avail, owing to the active opposition of persons interested in the 
production and sale of milk in the District. 

One can scarcely realize, however, the tremendous improvement in 
the conditions and surroundings of dairy farms which has resulted 
from the inspection provided by the act of Congress approved March 
2, 1895. It is well within the recollection of the present generation 
that insanitary barns and milk houses were commonly and typically 
characteristic of most dairy farms in this section of the country. 
Laborers on the farm were not only ignorant and careless in their 
habits, but uncleanly and in some instances even suffering from dis- 
ease. No endeavors whatever were made to maintain the cows in a 
cleanly condition, and the resulting filthy character of the milk was 
unavoidable. There were few, if any, facilities for heating or boil- 
ing water for cleansing the utensils used in handling and transport- 
ing the milk or for washing the udders of the cows or the hands of 
the employees. The water supply was in many cases at an incon- 
veniently remote distance from the barn, and no attempt was made 
to avoid pollution or impurification from drainage or other sources. 
The improvement in all these particulars has been a process of very 
gradual accomplishment, and the importance of educating not only 
the producer and purveyor of milk but the ordinary farm hand to 
a proper recognition of the essentiality, from a hygienic viewpoint, 
of maintaining cleanly conditions is generally appreciated by all 
authorities on the subject of sanitary milk production. It may 
safely be asserted that, without the intelligent cooperation of every 
individual concerned with the furnishing of milk from the time it 
leaves the cow until it is deposited on the doorstep of the consumer, 
but little substantial progress can be expected in eradicating the 
dangers which are ever present in milk. 

REGULATIONS FOR STABLING OF COWS. 

The annexed copy of the regulations of the health department 
relative to the stabling of cows (Appendix Q) sets forth specifically 
the present requirements of the department in this regard. 

INSTALLATION OF FILTRATION PLANT. 

With a view to removing the causes of the extraordinarily high 
death rate from typhoid fever and kindred diseases in the District, 
a filtration plant was installed (completed in 1905), as a result of the 
recommendations contained in the medical society's report of 1894, 
at a cost of approximately $3,400,000. It was expected that the 
installation of this important service would appreciably diminish 
the mortality resulting from such diseases, but strange to say there 



THE MILK SITUATION IN" THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 



45 



was but a slight decrease in the number of deaths reported, as will 
be observed by consulting the statement below : 

Death rates in the District of Columbia before and after the enactment of the 
milk law of Mar. 2, 1S95. 





Death rates per 1,000 of entire population.' 


Years. 


General 
death rate. 


Of persons 

1 year and 

over. 


Of persons 

under 1 

year. 


From diar- 
rhea and 
enteritis 
under 2 
years. 


Fiscal year: 

1880 


23.88 
24.60 
22.33 
23.74 
24.64 


16.93 
18.06 
16.47 
17.83 
18.28 


6.95 
6.54 
5.86 
5.91 
6.36 


2.09 


18S1 


1.14 


1882 


2.21 


1883 


1.55 


1884 


1.16 








23.85 


17.54 


6.31 


1.62 






1885 


24.77 
22.97 
22.30 
24.23 
23. 15 


18.64 
17.03 
16.14 
1 1. 31 
. 17.28 


6.13 
5.94 
6.16 
6.92 
5.87 


1.79 


18Sfi 


1.44 


1887 


1.65 


1888 


1.58 


1889 


1.49 






Average 5 years 


23.48 


17.27 


6.21 


1.68 






1890 


23.81 
25.16 
25.36 
23.25 
21.89 


17.43 
19.04 
18.58 
16.96 
16.19 


6.38 
6.12 
6.78 
6.29 
5.70 


1.85 


1891 . 


1.46 


1892 . 


1.69 


1893 


1.88 


1894 


1.89 








23. 95 


17.70 


6.25 


1.75 






1895 2 


21.23 
21.16 
19.75 
20.54 
20.32 


16.00 
15.84 
15.05 
16.13 
15.93 


5.23 
5.32 
4.70 
4.41 
4.39 


1.10 


ISOf) 


1.68 


1897 


1.51 


1898 


1.36 


1899 


1.10 








20.59 


15.77 


4.82 


1.35 






1900 


20.61 
20.19 
18.95 
19.08 
19.61 


16.04 
16.07 
14.91 
15.57 
16.05 


4.57 
4.12 
4.04 
3.51 
3.56 


1.32 




1.15 


1902 


1.08 




.91 


1904 .'. 


1.02 






Average 5 years . . 


19.68 


15.73 


3.95 


1.09 






1905 


19.20 
19.35 

19.25 
18.08 
18.12 


15.68 
15.57 
15.85 
14.84 
15.08 


3.52 
3.78 
3.40 
3.24 
3.04 


1.04 




.97 


1907 


.98 


1908 


.98 


1909 


.73 








18.80 


15. 40 


3.40 


.92 






1910 . . . 


18.71 


15.64 


3.07 


.86 







Total number of deaths, 1910 6, 520 

One year and over 5, 450 

Under 1 year 1, 070 

Diarrhea^ etc., under 2 years , 301 



1 Reasonably accurate data are not available for the calculation of these infantile death rates upon the 
basis of the infantile population alone. 

2 The act now regulating the sale of milk in the District was approved Mar. 2, 1895. 

The markedly beneficial effect of the enactment of the milk law 
of 1895 is indicated by the fact that the death rate from diarrheal 
diseases among infants in the District of Columbia during the five- 
year period extending from 1880 to 1884, inclusive, was 162 per 



46 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

100,000 ; during the next five-year period it increased to 168, and dur- 
ing tiie succeeding j^eriod ending with 1804 it was further augmented 
to 175. The milk law was enacted, as stated, in 1895. From the 
date of its enactment to 1899, the death rate decreased to 135, and 
during the subsequent five-year period it dropped to 109, in the year 
1909 reaching the gratifying minimum of 73, increasing slightly, 
however, to 86 for the year 1910. 

A statement prepared by Health Officer Woodward (Appendix K) 
shows that while the total number of deaths from all ages in the 
District of Columbia increased from 4,243 in 1880 to 6,216 in 1909 
the number resulting from diarrhea in infants under 2 years of age 
showed a marked reduction, from 372 in 1880 to 250 in 1909, deaths 
of infants under 1 year of age, resulting from all causes, showing a 
diminution from 1,235 in 1880 to 1,042 in 1909. 

"Wliile it is impossible to estimate the extent to which the decrease 
in mortality in the District has been due to the improvement of our 
milk supply, the fact, states Dr. Woodward, that the decrease in in- 
fant mortality has been gTeater than the decrease in mortality gen- 
erally, and the fact that there has been a very marked decrease in the 
infant mortality from diarrheal diseases (the decrease in infant 
mortality coinciding practically with the date of enforcement of the 
milk law of 1895) suggests very strongly the extent of the relation 
of the milk supply to this result. There have, of course, been other 
important factors tending toward a reduction of infant mortality, 
not the least essential of which has been the extremely valuable serv- 
ice rendered by the Instructive Visiting Nurse Society and by the 
physician attached to the Straus Laboratory in disseminating infor- 
mation, especially among the poorer classes, with reference to the 
proper handling of the infant, its bathing, clothing, feeding, etc. 
This latter service, it must be admitted, has been a potential factor in 
the decrease of infant mortality. 

WASHINGTON MILK CONFERENCE OF 1907. 

The failure of the newly installed filtration plant to improve the 
typhoid situation in the District attracted more attention than ever 
to the investigation of milk as a potent factor in the causation of this 
malady, and every one of the farms supplying milk to the city of 
Washington was inspected by the Bureau of Animal Industry in the 
winter of 1906-7. The conditions obtaining on dairy farms furnish- 
ing milk to the District were brought to the attention of the commis- 
sioners and resulted in the appointment of what is known as the 
Washington milk conference, called to deliberate with respect to the 
milk supply of the District of Columbia, and to advise the commis- 
sioners with reference to its improvement. This conference marked 
an epoch in the development of the movement for sanitary milk 
production, with particular reference to the District of Columbia, 
but having an extremely important bearing likewise on the encourage- 
ment of similar action in various States and municipal jurisdiction 
throughout the country, its influence extending even to foreign lands. 
The report of its deliberations was published under the title 
" Sanitary milk production," constituting Circular No. 114 of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agri- 
culture, issued August 2, 1907. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 47 

This conference was composed not only of scientific and profes- 
sional men, but embraced among its participants, in addition to 
officials of the Department of Agriculture and the Public Health and 
Marine-Hospital Service, representatives of the local producers and 
dealers in milk for the Washington market, the presiding officers of 
the Medical Society of the District of Columbia, the Homeopathic 
Medical Society of Washington, the Veterinary Medical Association 
of the District of Columbia, the Academy of Sciences of the District 
of Columbia, the Chemical Society of Washington, the Washington 
Board of Trade, the Business Men's Association of Washington, and 
the District Bar Association, as well as a number of other gentlemen 
interested in the affairs of the National Capital. 

This conference, after a number of meetings, arrived at the follow- 
ing conclusions : 

That, in order that the milk supply of the District might be pure, it 
must come from healthy cows properly fed, that are neither about to 
calve nor have recently calved ; that it must be drawn in a cleanly 
manner and be promptly cooled ; that all persons engaged in handling 
it must be free from communicable diseases and be of cleanly habits ; 
the receptacles into which the milk passes and the utensils and ap- 
paratus used in handling it must be perfectly clean, and the milk, 
after having been promptly cooled, must be kept cool until delivered 
to the consumer. 

The conference recommended that there be recognized by law three 
grades of milk, namely, (1) certified, (2) inspected, and (3) pas- 
teurized, the requirements for which are set forth on pages 27-28 of 
this report. 

The conference further recommended that the District Commis- 
sioners be empowered to make, on the recommendation of the health 
officer, such regulations as might be necessary, in their judgment, to 
safeguard the milk supply of the District; that an adequate force of 
inspectors be provided; that increased laboratory facilities for the 
making of chemical and bacteriological analyses of milk and water 
from dairy farms and other places where milk is handled and sold be 
authorized; that, as intimated under the last-named classification of 
milk, plants be established by private enterprise or otherwise by the 
District government for the pasteurization of milk under the imme- 
diate supervision of the health officer; that the health officer be em- 
powered to suspend and to revoke summarily any license to produce 
or sell milk in the District of Columbia, and any license to bring milk 
into the District ; that a similar temporary suspension for a period 
not exceeding 48 hours be authorized to be made by inspectors in the 
service of the health department ; that all cows on dairy farms pro- 
ducing milk for the District of Columbia be tagged, tattooed, or 
otherwise marked for the purpose of identification; that the milk 
produced for use in the District should either come from cattle free 
from tuberculosis as shov^n by the tuberculin test, which test shall be 
repeated at least once every year, or be subjected to pasteurization 
under the supervision of the health department in case the herd is not 
tuberculin tested ; that thereafter no licenses shall be granted to pro- 
duce milk for use in the District of Columbia unless the herd be found 
by the tuberculin test to be free from tuberculosis; that the milk of 
cattle suffering from any disease of the udder or from anthrax, rabies, 
gastro-enteritis, septic conditions, or showing clinical symptoms of 



48 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

tuberculosis should not be utilized as human food, even though the 
milk be pasteurized, which inhibition shall also apply to milk taken 
from cows 15 days before or 5 days after parturition or from cows 
receiving any deleterious medicaments or foodstuffs; that the veter- 
inary inspectors of the health department make frequent visits to the 
dairy farms; that particular attention be given to the water supply 
of dairy farms ancl of dairies, with special reference to the location 
and construction of wells, cisterns, ancl springs; that every dairy 
farm and dairy be equipped with all necessary appliances for clean- 
ing, scalding, or otherwise sterilizing all receptacles, utensils, and 
apparatus used for the handling of milk, and with all necessary 
appliances for properly handling the milk and keeping it cool aAvait- 
ing delivery; that the sale of milk in grocery stores, bakery shops, 
and other similar places be prohibited, except when sold and deliv- 
ered in the original package in which received; that the production 
and sale of milk be maintained entirely apart and separate from 
household operations ; that all receptacles containing milk in quanti- 
ties exceeding 1 quart for delivery to customers be sealed in a man- 
ner satisfactory to the health officer before being placed upon the 
delivery wagon and be kept so sealed until after delivery except 
when opened for the purpose of official inspection; that whenever a 
sample of milk is collected for analysis the inspector divide the 
sample into two parts, placing each part in a proper container, seal- 
ing such containers, and delivering one sealed container to the vendor, 
the sealing of samples to be done, when practicable, in the presence of 
the vendor or his agent; that the immediate seizure and denaturing 
with some deleterious substance or coloring matter of milk found to 
contain preservatives or to be in such condition as to render its sale 
unlawful be authorized ; that the health officer be authorized to pub- ' 
lish daily the rating of dairies and dairy farms and the chemical 
composition and bacterial count of samples of milk analyzed; that 
for the purpose of procuring modified milk for infants and persons in 
ill health the milk commission of the Medical Society of the District 
be requested to procure the establishment of a laboratory under its 
supervision in which only certified milk shall be used and milk of a 
definite chemical composition may be obtained according to prescrip- 
tions of physicians ; that an effort be made to procure the establish- 
ment of a refrigerator-car service for the transportation of milk into 
the District from May 1 to December 1 and to provide for cooling 
rooms or devices at all stations where milk is held awaiting the 
arrival of milk trains; that parents and guardians be urged to use 
only certified milk, at least as the food of infants under the age of 
three years ; that systematic instruction with reference to the sanitaj^' 
relations of milk as an article of diet, and all other foods, bf^ i-^de a 
part of the curriculum of the public schools of the Di'^i'ict; that 
popular articles be frequently prepared for the press; t^t lectures 
and demonstrations be given ; that pamphlets in plain ^inguage be 
prepared by the health officer for general distribution, i^d the rules 
and suggestions, accomaniecl by a statement of the reas'^s therefor, 
be placed in the hands of dairymen and dairy attendar 5 ^hat con- 
sumers of milk be urged not to patronize milk dealers^^^ose milk, 
after standing for two hours or less, reveals a visible sei^^^nt at the 
bottom of the bottle; that the consumer, unless the mil^'eceived by 
him comes from a tuberculin-tested herd or from a sou'^ otherwise 



THE MILK SITUATION" IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 49 

above suspicion, subject it to a process of purification by bringing it 
to the boiling point, cooling it immediately thereafter, and keeping it 
on ice; and that no dairy farm should be permitted to supply milk 
of a higher class than that for which a permit has been issued, and 
each dairy farm supplying milk of the specified class be separate 
and distinct from any dairy farm of a different class. 

RECOMMENDATIONS OF WASHING1X3N MILK CONFEREN CE INDORSED. 

The recommendations of the Washington milk conference were 
indorsed by the commission of experts, who by direction of President 
Roosevelt conducted an investigation, the results of which were pub- 
lished in a report entitled "Milk and its Relation to the Public 
Health," issued in January, 1908, by the Public Health and Marine- 
Hospital Service,^ a revised edition being published in January, 
1910.^ This commission was composed of officials from the Depart- 
partment of Agriculture and the Public Health and Marine-Hospital 
Service. Dr. Woodward, health officer of the District, also partici- 
pated in its deliberations. 

FOOD AND DRUGS ACT, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

On February 17, 1898, a measure was enacted by Congress entitled 
"An act relating to the adulteration of foods and drugs in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia (Appendix R) ." By the terms of this act the 
prescribed chemical composition of milk offered for sale in the Dis- 
trict was amended by raising the minimum allowable amount of 
butter fat in whole milk to 3^ per cent, and the total solids in whole 
milk to 12^ per cent and requiring a minimum of 20 per cent of 
butter fat in the chemical composition of cream. 

PROPOSED ADDITIONAL LEGISLATION. 

With the exception of the legislation here mentioned, all attempts 
to secure favorable action by Congress on measures calculated to 
compel the adoption of improved sanitary methods in the handling 
of milk have failed, principally through opposition on the part of 
milk producers and dealers. As late as January 10, 1910, a bill 
(S. 4986) (Appendix S) was introduced in the Senate by Mr. 
Gallinger, chairman of the Committee on the District of Columbia, 
" To protect the public health by regulating the production and sale 
of milk, cream, and ice cream in and for the District of Columbia," 
embracing among' its provisions the empowering of the District com- 
missioners to promulgate and amend from time to time such regu- 
lations as, in their judgment, may be necessary to fix the class and 
standards and the condition and manner under which milk, cream, 
and ice cream must be produced, manufactured, transi^orted, and 
sold in this jurisdiction; also inhibiting the use of false or mis- 
leading labels, advertisements, or other means intended to deceive 
the purchaser. The bill was referred to the Committee on the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, from which it failed of report. A bill with identi- 

1 Bulletin No. 41, Hygienic Laboratory, U. S. Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service. 

2 Bulletin No. 56, Hygienic Laboratory, U. S. Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service. 

82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-^ 4 



50 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

cal provisions (H. E. 17506) (Appendix T), was the same day pre- 
sented in the House of E,ej)resentatives by Mr. Smith, of Michigan, 
and referred to the Hoiise District Committee, receiving no further 
action. It is the judgment of the committee that such authority 
could safely be vested in the commissioners, and that if extended the 
power would not be unwisely exercised. 

On April 26, 1910, Mr. Lever introduced in the House of Repre- 
sentatives a resolution (H. Res. 605) directing the House Commit- 
tee on Agriculture to investigate the condition of milk, cream, cheese, 
and butter offered for sale or transportation in the District of Colum- 
bia, and to report its findings concerning the extent to which tuber- 
culosis and other diseases are communicated to the human family by 
the sale of such infected articles of food, and to what extent tubercu- 
losis is prevalent among farm and dairy animals in the District of 
Columbia; also to report to the House the reason for the failure to 
enforce the pure food law as it affects butter and butter products in 
the United States. The resolution was referred to the Committee 
on Rules, but failed of further action. A copy of the resolution is 
appended (Appendix U). 

An amendment (Appendix Y) to the health ordinances of the 
District, promulgated by the commissioners on May 28, 1906, speci- 
fies the actual content required for milk bottles or jars, and provides 
for the inspection and sealing of receptacles used for the delivery of 
milk and cream in the District of Columbia. 

An act approved February 27, 1907 (Appendix W), amending sec- 
tion 878 of the District Code,^ provides for the labeling of vessels 
intended for use in selling milk and cream, and specifies a penalty for 
violation of its provisions. 

In order to maintain an absolutely impartial, uninfluenced inspec- 
tion service, the District appropriation act approved March 2, 1907 
(see Appendix X), prohibits any officer or employee of the health 
department to serve in his private capacity for compensation or re- 
ward any licensed dairyman or dairy farmer, or applicant for such 
license. This injunction extends also specifically against such em- 
ployment by any manufacturer of or dealer in foods, drugs, disin- 
fectants, or similar materials. 

So far as the committee is able to learn there are no additional 
orders at present in contemplation by the health department affecting 
the production or distribution of milk to the Washington public, and 
no legislation is proposed by the District Commissioners beyond that 
embraced in the Senate bill referred to. Copies of the regulations of 
the health department at present governing the production and sale 
of milk are appended. (Appendix Q.) 

DETAIL OF BOARD TO INVESTIGATE OUTBREAKS OF TYPHOID FEVER. 

Three separate outbreaks of typhoid fever in Washington from con- 
taminated milk between June and November, 1906, and the alarming 
increase in typhoid infection and resulting mortality aroused public 
apprehension and led to a systematic study of the sanitary conditions 
affecting the District of Columbia by authorities of the Public Health 
and Marine-Hospital Service, acting under request of the District 

1 U. S. Stat. L., XXXIV, 1006. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 51 

Commissioners, the investigations being conducted in cooperation 
with Dr. William C. Woodward, health officer. A board of officers 
was detailed to convene on July 2, 1906, for the purpose of investi- 
gating the origin and prevalence of typhoid fever in the District. 
The results of the investigations by this board have been published.^ 
The board is still continuing its work, and a supplemental report, 
constituting the fourth of the series, is understood to be now in prepa- 
ration for the press. 

The board reported among its findings that the milk supplied to the 
citizens of the District has been, for the most part, old, dirty, and warm, 
there being no endeavor to maintain a cold temperature, especially 
from the farm to the city dairy and while in transit on the delivery 
wagons from the dairy to the householder. Of 172 samples tested 
during the warmer months only 16 were found to have a temperature 
of 50° F. or lower, and only 29 contained less than 500,000 bacteria 
per cubic centimeter, the average bacterial content assuming the 
enormous proportion of 22,134,289 per cubic centimeter. The great 
bulk of the milk sold in Washington during the summer months 
would, therefore, have been condemned in New York and prohibited 
from sale in Boston. The investigations of the board evidenced the 
fact that many of the dairies were unsuitably located in close prox- 
imity to stables and other insanitary surroundings. No attempt was 
made, except in a single instance, to screen the premises against flies, 
which are now recognized as a prolific source of contamination. The 
employees coming into contact with the milk had dirty hands, soiled 
clothing, and the milk was kept inordinately long before reaching the 
consumer, a period of almost 24 hours being occupied customarily in 
its handling at most of the dairies. 

Of the 866 cases of typhoid fever investigated by the board about 
10 per cent were attributed to infection conveyed by milk in the 
course of pronounced outbreaks among the customers of three milk 
dealers. In this connection the important fact developed that a local 
dealer whose record showed conspicuously the smallest number of 
cases of typhoid fever proportionate to the amount of milk dispensed 
was the only one at the time who sterilized his bottles and pasteur- 
ized the milk sold. 

The board has unqualifiedly recommended the pasteurization of 
milk with a view to destroying any possible infection therein and at 
the same time not impairing its food value, this being in its judg- 
ment the most practical manner of preventing the conveyance of 
typhoid fever infection by milk. 

The fact that the board found, in the case of 17 out of 38 dairies 
inspected, that some of the milk received between 8 and 10 o'clock in 
the morning did not leave the dairy until the following morning, 
showed, in its judgment, a lack of proper systematic cooperation 
between the shipper, the common carrier, and the city dealer, which 
concerted action should by all means be exerted in reducing to a 
minimum the interval of time elapsing between the milking and the 
actual delivery to the consumer. 

Dr. Kober presented to the International Medical Congress, at 
Paris in 1900, the history of 195 outbreaks of typhoid fever, 99 of 
scarlet fever, and 36 of diphtheria, all traceable to the milk supply. 

1 Bulletins Nos. 35, 44, and 52, Hygienic Laboratory, Public Health and Marine-Hospital 
Service, issued in February, 1907, May, 1908, and October, 1909, respectively. 



52 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

SYMPOSIUM ON CAUSES OF TYPHOID FEVER IN DISTRICT. 

In a symposium on the causes of typhoid fever in the District 
under the auspices of the District Medical Societv on February 19 
and 26, 1908, in which Dr. H. W. Wiley, Dr. H. M. Bolton, and Mr. 
C. B. Lane, of the Department of Agriculture, Dr. M. J. Rosenau, 
Dr. L. L. Lumsden, and Mr. J. H. Kastle, of the Bureau of Public 
Health and Marine-Hospital Service, Dr. G. Lloyd Magruder, and 
others participated, and which was followed by a discussion in which 
Gen. George M. Sternberg, Dr. George M. Kober, Dr. William C. 
Woodward, Dr. E. C. Schroeder, Dr. Henry G. Beyer, and others 
took part, the attitude of the committee of the District Medical 
Society with regard to the importance of the improvement of the 
local milk supply as a potential factor in the elimination of typhoid 
fever and other germ diseases from the District of Columbia was in 
a large measure confirmed. 

MILK EPIDEMICS. 

The committee invites attention in this connection to a most inter- 
esting and valuable article by Passed Asst. Surg. John W. Trask, of 
the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, on " Milk as a cause 
of epidemics of typhoid fever, scarlet fever, and diphtheria," ^ in 
which the following suggestions are offered for the detection, pre- 
vention, and reporting of milk epidemics : ^ 

When in a city an unusual number of cases of scarlet fever, diphtheria, or 
typhoid fever occurs among the customers of any one dairy it may be con- 
sidered a sufficient reason for causing a careful inquiry to be made and a 
search for some source of milk infection. The mere finding of cases on one milk 
route is not by any means conclusive that milk is the carrier of the infection, 
but it is sufficient to cast suspicion and at times, undoubtedly, also to warrant 
regulation, even if no source of contamination is found, for it is often exceed- 
ingly difficult to find the infective focus. 

j.iie nealtn ouiceis ot many cities hsne for some time been charging each case 
of typhoid fever, scarlet fever, and diphtheria to the dairyman supplying the 
milk to the invaded household. In this way it is apparent when an unuvSual 
number occurs on one route, and measures can be taken to ascertain whether 
the incidence of the disease has an etiologic relationship to the milk. Cases 
which otherwise would show no relationship to each other are revealed sis as- 
sociated, and the milkman makes neighbors of families separated by consider- 
able distances. In the complicated life of cities this gives the health officer a 
valuable aid in the control of certain of the common infectious diseases. 

Inspection and regulation of the production, handling, and sale of milk will 
lessen the number of milk epidemics. In cities the proper charging of each case 
of scarlet fever, diphtheria, and typhoid fever to the dairy on whose route it oc- 
curs will often reveal milk outbreaks which can then be suppressed before reach- 
ing too great proportions. The most rigid inspection and regulation practicable 
at the present time, however, are impotent to prevent chronic bacillus carriers 
from being employed on milk farms a»d at dairies. They are also unable to 
keep mild ambulant cases of infectious diseases from being so engaged, for the 
reason that such cases often can not be diagnosed until after other cases have 
developed. Sopei-'s cases' of "Typhoid Mary" was a constant danger in her 
capacity as family cook to the members of the family in which she happened to 
be employed and to visitors eating of the salads and food prepared by her, but 
what might have happened had she been employed in the handling of milk dis- 
tributed over a large city route can only be surmised. 

1 Bulletin No. 56, Hygienic Laboratory, Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, pp, 
23-115; March, 1909. 

2 Op. cit., pp. 47-49. 

' Soper, Oeoi'ge A., Jour. Am. Med. Assn., June 15, 1907, p. 2019. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTBICT OP COLUMBIA. 53 

The only way to prevent these epidemics entirely would appear to be to 
pasteurize or sterilize the milk, either at the dairy before delivery to the con- 
sumer or in the household after delivery. 

In reporting milk epidemics, some of the points of special interest are the 
following : 

1. The number of cases of the disease existing in the involved territory during 
the time covered by the epidemic. 

2. The number of houses invaded by the disease. 

3. The number of invaded houses supplied in whole or in part, directly or in- 
directly, by the suspected milk. 

4. The number of cases occurring in invaded houses so supplied. 

5. The number of houses supplied with the suspected milk. 

6. The relative proportion of houses so supplied to those supplied by other 
dairies. 

7. The time covered by the epidemic. 

8. The location of the case or cases from which the milk became contam- 
inated. 

9. The relation of the original case to the milk. 

10. The time relation of the original case to the epidemic. 

11. The special incidence of the disease among milk drinkers. 

12. The elimination of other common carriers of infection. 

13. The effect upon the epidemic of closing the dairy or taking such measures 
as will eliminate possibility of milk contamination from the suspected focus. 

14. The finding of the specific organism in the milk. 

RESTRICTION ON MILK FURNISHED EMPLOYEES OF EXECUTIVE 

DEPARTMENTS. 

The Secretary of Agriculture, under date of October 14, 1910, 
issued a special order to the bureaus, offices, and divisions of the 
department located in Washington (Appendix Y), enjoining the sale 
of milk within any building occupied by the department, not con- 
forming to the requirements of the classification defined in Circular 
No. 114 of the Bureau of Animal Industry, .After specifying the 
three grades of milk, namely, certified, inspected, and pasteurized, 
embodied in the recommendations of the Washington milk conference 
of 1907 on the suggestion of Dr. A. D. Melvin, the order stipulates 
that the milk must come from healthy cows properly fed; that are 
neither about to calve nor have recently calved; that it be drawn in 
a cleanly manner and promptly cooled ; that all persons engaged in 
handling it be free from communicable diseases and of cleanly habits ; 
that all receptacles into which it passes and all utensils and apparatus 
used in handling it be perfectly clean; and that, after having been 
promptly cooled, the milk be kept cool until delivered to the consumer. 

This order was issued with the express purpose of precluding the 
sale within the buildings occupied by the department of (1) milk 
containing extraneous matter, (2) raw milk from cows not known 
to be free from tuberculosis, and (3) milk of unknown origin, unless 
pasteurized. 

Following the initiative of the Department of Agriculture, orders 
have been issued by the Departments of State, War, Navy, Interior, 
and Commerce and Labor, requiring milk sold in buildings in Wash- 
ington City under their respective jurisdictions to conform to the 
classification recommended by the Washington milk conference as 
defined in Circular No. 114 of the Bureau of Animal Industry. 
Copies of these orders are annexed. (Appendix Y.) Inquiry by 
the committee developed the fact that the Treasury Department has 
not promulgated such an order up to the present time; that the Post 
Office Department has issued none on the subject, " the department 



54 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTKICT OF COLUMBIA. 

considering it one coming peculiarly under the supervision of the 
District health authorities;" that, in view of the inconsiderable 
amount of milk purchased by employees, the Department of Justice 
contemj^lates no such action; and that the Smithsonian Institution 
and the Government Printing Office have taken no steps toward 
establishing requirements of this nature. No response was received 
from the Interstate Commerce Commission. Copies of the replies 
from the several heads of departments and bureaus are appended. 
(Appendix Z.) It will appear, therefore, that six out of the nine ex- 
ecutive departments now insist that milk furnished employees at the 
buildings be from tuberculin-tested cows, and otherwise safeguarded 
against infection and contamination. 

It is recommended that this action, with a view to insuring a purer 
milk supply for employees, be extended to embrace all the executive 
departments and independent establishments of the Government 
located at Washington. 

EEGULATIONS CONCERNING MILK FOR DISTRICT GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES 

AND INSTITUTIONS. 

Under date of November 8, 1910, the District Commissioners issued 
an order in the following terms (Appendix AA) : 

Ordered, That the purchase of milk by the District of Cohimbia for use in 
institutions under its control is limited to milk that has been properly pasteur- 
ized or that has come from tuberculin-tested herds. 

While this order is, in the opinion of the committee, a step in the 
right direction, it (differing from the orders recently issued by a num- 
ber of the executive departments) permits milk that has not been pas- 
teurized to enter institutions under control of the District govern- 
ment, with the safeguard only that it shall be from tuberculin -tested 
herds. In the opinion of the committee, the order does not go as far 
as it should, in that further than being limited to the product of 
tuberculin-tested cows, it should prescribe that all raAv, unpasteurized 
milk should conform to the requirements for certified milk in the 
classification recommended by the Washington milk conference of 1907. 

It may be noted in this connection that an order similar to that 
issued by a majority of the executive departments within the past 
few weeks, specifying the character of milk which shall be supplied to 
employees at the department buildings, has not been issued, protecting 
the employees of the District government. The committee is strongly 
of the view that such an order should be issued without delay. 

DISPOSAL or NATHAN SITJAUS WASHINGTON LABORATORY. 

Detailed reference is made in the chapter on infant feeding in 
this report to the recommendations, under date of December 7, 1910, 
of a special committee designated by the Commissioners of the Dis- 
trict of Columbia to report upon the feasibility of acceptance by the 
District government of the offer of Mr. Nathan Straus to donate for 
public use the pasteurizing laboratory established by him in May, 
1910, in Washington City, and to an account in the same connection 
of legislation proposed by Senator Gallinger for the operation of 
this plant under the control of the Surgeon General of the Public 
Health and Marine-Hospital Service, with the cooperation of the 
health office of the District of Columbia. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 55 

V. The Tuberculin Test. 

EXTENT OF TUBEKCULOSIS AMONG HUMANS. 

Tuberculosis is responsible, in one form or another, for an astound- 
ing percentage of the deaths occurring annually throughout the United 
States. Statistics show that 14 out of every 100 persons who die 
in this country are aflfected to a greater or less degree with tubercu- 
losis, and that throughout the entire country over 11 per cent of all 
deaths primarily result from this disease.^ It may be assumed that 
probably many other deaths are additionally due to tuberculosis, 
though erroneously assigned to other causes. We may reliably esti- 
mate, therefore, that at least one-seventh of the aggregate number of 
persons dying in the United States are infected with tuberculosis. 
It is safe to assume, moreover, that in a very considerable number of 
these instances tubercular lesions exist without possible detection by 
means of clinical examination. 

It is noteworthy in this connection that autopsies indicate that few 
human beings entirely escape tubercular infection, though this infec- 
tion is, in a majority of cases, so relatively unimportant that many 
persons are not conscious during their lives of being so infected. 
Post-mortem examinations by three European investigators of 1,452 
and of 500 and 100 bodies, respectively, of persons Avho died from 
various causes, showed among this total of 2,052 bodies that not less 
than 91 per cent contained lesions of tuberculosis. 

Since, furthermore, tuberculosis is obviously responsible for the 
death of cattle in large numbers, being beyond all measure the most 
destructive malady atfecting beast and man, every known safeguard 
should be interposed to arrest the progress of this dread disease and 
to finally accomplish its extermination. 

A compilation of statistics of investigators embracing 1,734 sam- 
ples of milk examined in recent j^ears deduces the fact that 11.3 per 
cent of the samples examined were found to contain tubercle bacilli. 

It has been asserted by Dr. E. C. Schroeder, superintendent of the 
Bethesda Station of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and one of the 
foremost authorities in the world on the subject of bovine tubercu- 
losis, that fully 1 sample among every 12 of milk sold throughout the 
country by dairies contains living, virulent tubercle bacilli, which 
conclusion is based on four of the most recent and reliable investiga- 
tions on the subject. 

In his summary of our information on the subject he adverts to 
the fact that tuberculosis is the commonest disease of human beings 
and dairy cows; that tuberculous cows expel tubercle bacilli long 
before they show signs of their diseased condition; that milk is so 
often infected with virulent bacilli that, unless we know it to be 
derived from cows that are certainly free from tuberculosis, it is not 
safe to use it in the raw state ; that tubercle bacilli in milk are trans- 
ferred to cream, butter, and cheese made from it, and may occur in 
these products in greater concentration than in the milk from- which 
they were derived; that the available evidence regarding the differ- 
ent types of tubercle bacilli shows that bacilli of bovine types have 
been found in human lesions and human types in bovine lesions, and 

1 Census report for 1900. 



56 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTKICT OF COLUMBIA. 

that tubercle bacilli of the bovine type are, as a general rule, more 
virulent than those of the human type for all animals. 

Of prime importance in the eradication of tuberculosis is the pos- 
session of some adequate means of diagnosing its symptoms during 
the period of incubation and in its preliminary stages, so as to avoid 
the communication of the infection from the affected individual long 
before the existence of the disease may be established by clinical 
examination. 

DISCOVERY or TUBERCULIN. 

This diagnosis has been made possible for animals by the epoch- 
making discovery of tuberculin in 1890 by Dr. Robert Koch, the 
world-famed specialist on tuberculosis. Tuberculin is the sterilized 
and filtered gij^cerin extract of cultures of tubercle bacilli. It does 
not contain the bacilli themselves, but the cooked products of the 
growth of these bacilli. When injected under the skin of a normal 
animal no effect whatever is produced. If, however, the animal is 
tuberculous a decided rise of temperature ensues. 

Tuberculin was first used experimentally in treating tuberculosis 
in man. The fact that its injection occasioned a rise in temperature 
in tuberculous persons led veterinarians to apply tuberculin similarly 
to animals, and since 1891 the use of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent 
for tuberculous cattle has been almost universally availed of in all 
parts of the civilized world. 

METHOD or APPLICATION OF TUBERCULIN TEST. 

The test is applied in practice by taking the temperature (usually 
three times at interA^als of 2 hours) to ascertain the normal varia- 
tions of temperature of the animal to be tested. The dose of tubercu- 
lin is then injected hypodermically between 8 and 10 p. m. on the 
same day, and on the following day, beginning at 6 a. m. and continu- 
ing until 20 hours following the injection, temperatures are recorded 
every 2 hours. If the temperature increases, the animal is said 
to " react," or in other words to respond to the test, which reaction 
indicates conclusively in general that tubercular infection exists. 

IMPORTANCE OF TUBERCULIN AS DIAGNOSTIC AGENT. 

This infection may be absolutely unobservable and undetectable- 
visually. There may be nothing whatever to indicate an unhealthy 
condition in the animal, which may be fat, sleek, and apparently in 
the most robust health, even the most careful detailed clinical exami- 
nation failing to evidence the diseased condition. It is this well- 
established fact that a cow may be experiencing a considerably 
advanced stage of tuberculosis and not give evidence of the existence 
of the disease in any outward appearance on the closest physical 
scrutiny that makes the tuberculin test an invaluable asset in estab- 
lishing the diseased condition in time to prevent the spread of the 
infection to other animals in the herd, as well as to insure against the 
intermittent contamination of the milk of the diseased animal by 
tubercle bacilli. 

It is estimated by the authorities consulted by the committee that 
from 24 hours to 3 days is requisite for applying the test, the 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTKICT OF COLUMBIA. 57 

chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry stating that 24 hours is, on 
the average, required, covering part of 2 days. Dr. C. J. Marshall, 
of the veterinarian department of the University of Pennsylvania, is 
authority for the statement that an experienced man can test as 
many as 100 head of cattle in a single night. 

Dr. Woodward states that, as a matter of practice, the tuberculin 
test would ordinarily require to be applied on the farm, though some 
cattle might, in his judgment, be tested in the hands of dealers, and 
possibly quarantine or testing stations might be established for 
economy in appljang the test. 

It may be added that tuberculin is quite inexpensive, costing 
approximately 10 cents per dose for a single cow, and is, besides, 
distributed by the Department of Agriculture gratuitously to owners 
of herds in all parts of the United States who are willing to accept it 
upon the terms elsewhere indicated in this report. It is not a pro- 
prietary preparation, but is compounded for the market by a number 
of manufacturing chemists, and is easily procurable. 

TEST PRODUCES NO HARMFUL EFFECTS. 

The contention that the application of the tuberculin test has a 
permanently prejudicial effect upon the animal tested is, in the judg- 
ment of the committee, unsupportable, since it is generally recognized 
that when prepared for use tuberculin contains no germs of tubercu- 
losis and is absolutely incapable of producing any disease. It has 
been demonstrated, moreover, at the Bethesda Experiment Station of 
the Department of Agriculture, that as high as 1,000 doses of tuber- 
culin administered at a single time has produced no appreciable 
injury in healthy animals, and cattle killed after the injection of 
larger quantities of tuberculin have shown no symptoms of abnormal 
conditions. It has been clearly proved also that the application of 
the test does not in any way interfere with the millcing function in 
healthy cattle, nor has any variation been detected in the quantity of 
milk given or in its butter-fat value. 

The test should be applied, however, only when the temperature of 
the animal is normal, and not within 15 days before or 5 days after 
parturition. 

Since tubercle bacilli and colon bacilli are the only pathogenic 
micro-organi-^ms contained, as a rule, in milk as taken from the cow 
(typhoid, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and other germs being intro- 
duced subsequently by contamination), the tuberculin test would 
appear to be the only precautionary measure of this nature which 
should be required by law to be made. 

PROPOSED RESTRICTION OF USE OF TUBERCULIN. 

There is a lack of harmony among those consulted by the committee 
as to whether the application of tuberculin should be restricted to 
officials of the Government and its duly authorized agents, though 
there is a preponderance of opinion in favor of such restriction. 
Some authorities, however, believe that governmental, or duly quali- 
fied and licensed, veterinarians should be allowed to administer the 
test. The Surgeon General of the Navy agrees with the Chief of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry that its use should be restricted to prop- 



58 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

erly authorized officials, while the Surgeon General of the Army takes 
the view that such restriction is not necessary, with the reservation, 
nevertheless, that the certificate of authorized officials or agents only 
should be recognized. Dr. Crichton, commissioner of health of 
Seattle, Wash., is most emphatic in his indorsement of the suggestion 
that the use of tuberculin be restricted, since, as he states, a tuberculin 
test is valueless unless it be known that the stock has not been pre- 
viously tested. Mr. Corbin Thompson, representing the Dairymen's 
Association, affirms that the Government should control tuberculin, 
that only qualified veterinarians should be allowed to use it, and that 
they should be required to report each test made. Borden's Con- 
densed Milk Co., on the other hand, contends that to withhold tuber- 
culin from the profession, assuming that such a thing is possible, and 
to restrict its use entirely to governmental agents, would be an unfair 
discrimination against the needs and rights of individual cattle 
owners and an unjust restriction on the veterinary profession. The 
Walker-Gordon Laboratory, of Washington City, observes that the 
proposed circumscription of its use to qualified and trustworthy per- 
sons should be practicable, and would unquestionably be advisable, 
since it is a well-known fact that after one injection an animal may 
not again react for " even six months later." 

While it is, for obvious reasons, not practicable to limit its produc- 
tion and circumscribe its distribution to official agencies, as is done in 
the case, for example, of paper especially prepared for the printing 
of currency by the Federal Government, it is, in the judgment of the 
committee, feasible to require that all tuberculin manufactured in 
one State and offered for sale in another should measure up to a 
prescribed standard and be administered only by authorized veteri- 
narians, or other skilled persons, under the supervision of the Federal 
Government, so far as this coincides with the powers granted by the 
Federal Constitution for the regulation of interstate commerce, as 
exemplified by the food and drugs act of 1906 and other enactments 
of the Federal Legislature having relevancy to the subject. 

ADULTERATION OF TUBERCULIN SHOULD BE PROHIBITED UNDER SEVERE 

PENALTY. 

Any attempts to adulterate or othenvise impair the efficiency or 
value of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent should be severly punished. 
Such punishment should, furthermore, extend with equal force to 
persons convicted of inoculating cattle with the intent and purpose 
of rendering them immune for a period of time thereafter to reac- 
tion under the tuberculin test, for it is known that animals may in 
this manner be made unsusceptible to reaction for so long a period 
as three months or more. It is advised by competent authorities that 
the test be applied to all cattle once in every six months or at least 
once each year. With a view to the proper enforcement of the safe- 
guards against immunization, every druggist or other person dis- 
pensing tuberculin should be compelled to register each sale and 
maintain a detailed record of all such transactions for the scrutiny 
of the supervising officials. It should also be required that every 
veterinarian or other practitioner applying the tuberculin test make 
an accurate report thereof to the duly constituted authority, and 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OP COLUMBIA. 59 

that all animals tested be tagged or otherwise individualized so as 
to enable an intelligent observance of the provisions of the statutes 
and ordinances to govern such matters. 

CONDITIONS IMPOSED BY BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY IN APPLYING 

TUBERCULIN TEST. 

The act regulating the sale of milk in the District of Columbia, 
approved March 2, 1895, providing, inter alia, that it shall not be 
lawful for any person to offer for sale within the District milk taken 
from any cow known to be suffering from tuberculosis, an examina- 
tion was made under the auspices of the Bureau of Animal Industry 
of the Department of Agriculture of all cattle within the District as 
well as of such cattle in the adjacent States of Maryland and Virginia 
furnishing milk for consumption in the District whose owners volun- 
teered to submit their herds for examination. As a condition prec- 
edent to the making of the test by the Bureau of Animal Industry, 
an understanding was entered into in each instance between the cattle 
owner and the bureau, by the terms of which the owner engaged him- 
self as follows: 

1. I will cause all animals which react to the tuberculin test and which 
also show other marked symptoms of tuberculosis to be slaughtered within 
a reasonable time under the United States meat-inspection regulations, and I 
will cause the carcasses of said animals to be disposed of according to the 
meat-inspection regulations of the Bureau of Animal Industry, based upon the 
lesions found upon inspection. 

2. I will cause all animals which react to the tuberculin test, but which 
show no other evidence of tuberculosis, either to be slaughtered and disposed of 
as herein, provided for animals which show also other evidence of tuberculosis, 
or I will cause such animals to be removed from the herd and portion of the 
farm upon which the healthy animals of the herd are maintained, and I will 
cause the diseased animals to be segregated from the healthy animals, and 
thereafter they shall remain so segregated. 

3. In all cases where the milk from such segregated reacting cows is to be 
used for any purpose whatever I will cause the said milk to be sterilized. 

4. Segregated reacting bulls may be used for breeding, provided they are 
held on leash and are not permitted to leave the premises reserved for their 
use, and provided the healthy cows bred to such bulls are not unduly exposed 
to infected premises or to other diseased cattle. 

5. I will cause the young from segregated reacting animals to be removed 
from their mothers at birth, and will not permit the said young to suck their 
mothers. 

6. Any of my premises contaminated by reacting animals will be submitted 
by me to a thorough disinfection under the direction or supervision of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry. 

7. All cattle owned by me, both healthy and tuberculous, I will mark, or 
allow to be marked, in such manner as to enable their identity to be retained, 
and I will not change the location of or slaughter any tuberculous cattle except 
after due and timely notification to the Bureau of Animal Industry, stating 
the exact nature of the change of location, or the exact date, name, and address 
of the official establishment at which the animal or animals are to be 
slaughtered. 

8. I will add no cattle to the said herd which have not passed a tuberculin 
test with the tuberculin prepared by the Bureau of Animal Industry, adminis- 
tered by a licensed veterinarian of the State, an authorized public agent 
qualified to perform such test, or by an inspector of the Bureau of Animal 
Industry: Provided, That I may purchase cattle to be added to my herd if 
the said cattle are kept effectually separated from the rest of my tuberculin- 
tested cattle until the same can be tuberculin tested, and I will immediately 
notify the Bureau of Animal Industry and the local board of health that these 
cattle are on my premises subject to test. 



60 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

9. I will comply with all reasonable sanitary measures which are indicated 
by the proper officials of the State or Territory wherein my herd is located, 
or by the local board of health under whose permit I am disposing of dairy 
products, or by the Bureau of Animal Industry. 

RESULTS OF TESTS AFFECTING DISTRICT MILK SUPPLY. 

Prior to October, 1907,. according to Dr. John F. Anderson, direc- 
tor of the Hygiene Laboratory of the Public Health and Marine- 
Hospital Service, 1,147 cows in the District of Columbia were sub- 
jected to the tuberculin test, and of this number 214, or 18.6 per 
cent, responded. About the same time 1,059 cows from 51 herds in 
Virginia, Maryland, and the District of Columbia, .supplying milk 
to Washington, were tested, of which number 160, or 15.1 per cent, 
reacted. Even these figures fail to present a fair idea of the prevalence 
of tuberculosis in the herds supplying milk to Washington, since ap- 
parently only the owners of those herds who had reason to believe 
their cattle free from tuberculosis permitted the tests to be made. 

In the fall and winter of 1908, 272 samples of the market milk of 
Washington were injected, under the direction of Dr. Anderson, into 
guinea pigs. Deducting from this number 49 of the animals that 
died of causes attributable partly,' at least, to the effects of other bac- 
teria, 15 of the remaining 223 samples, or 6.72 per cent, contained suf- 
ficient tubercle bacilli to cause typical tuberculosis in the inoculated 
animals. It should be explained in this connection that the upper 
stratum of cream was not used in these inoculations, and that it has 
been shown that tubercle bacilli are more frequent in this layer than 
in the bottom milk. It is reasonable to suppose, therefore, that if 
both cram and sediment had been used the percentage of positive 
results would have been much higher. This investigation disclosed 
the further fact that the milk from 11 of 102 dairies in the District 
contained tubercle bacilli, a percentage of 10.7 of the dairies exam- 
ined showing tubercle bacilli in the milk supply to their customers. 
These results, observes Dr. Anderson, are sufficiently emphatic to 
show the necessity for the enactment and rigorous enforcement of a 
law requiring that all cows supplying milk to the District of Colum- 
bia be tuberculin tested by a competent veterinarian, and that those 
animals which respond be disposed of in such manner that their milk 
may no longer be a source of danger to the community. 

It was estimated in 1909 by Dr. John R. Mohler, of the Bureau of 
Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, that from 15 to 25 per 
cent of all the cows supplying milk #r> the District of Columbia were 
tuberculous, and no less an authority than Dr. Melvin, Chief of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry, is responsible for the statement that 
tuberculosis existed to a very considerable extent up to the time of 
the general application of the tuberculin test to all cattle in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia. Of 1,701 cattle tested with tuberculin, 319 reacted 
to the test — that is to say, gave evidence of tubercular infection— and 
2 additional cattle were held as suspects for testing at a later date, 
about 19 per cent of all animals tested proving to be tuberculous. 

During the period from April, 1907, to June, 1909, inclusive, the 
Bureau of Animal Industry supervised the testing of 2,471 cattle in 
herds supplying milk to the District of Columbia. These tests gave 
377 reactions, showing more than 15 per cent of the cows to be tuber- 
culous. In Virginia, from July 1, 1909, to June 30, 1910, 899 cattle 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE mSTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 61 

were tested, of which 162 gave indications of tuberculosis and 39 were 
held as suspicious, a percentage of 18.27 of all animals inspected 
being shown thereby to be affected to a greater or less degree with 
tuberculosis. 

During the same period the application of the test to 289 head of 
cattle in Maryland resulted in 48 reactions and 6 suspects, with a 
consequent percentage of 15.74. 

It is conspicuously noteworthy that during the same interval there 
were retested in Virginia 966 animals, of which 923 passed examina- 
tion, only 89 reacted, and 4 were held for further examination, mak- 
ing a percentage on the retest of 4.45, which result contrasts strongly 
with the percentage of 18.27 reactors and suspects among cattle sub- 
jected in the first instance to the test. 

A similarly remarkable improvement in the conditions of the herds, 
so far as infection with tuberculosis is concerned, was evidenced in 
Maryland, when on retest 301 animals successfully withstood the test, 
while only 5 reacted and 3 cases were suspicious, making a percentage, 
including those reacting and suspected, of 2.58, a marked reduction 
from the percentage of 15.74 shown in the original test. 

A retest of cattle in the District, embracing 455 individuals, showed 
423 to be free from tuberculosis, 31 reacting, and 1 suspect, evidencing 
a very gratifying reduction in the percentage to 7.03. 

These examinations have demonstrated beyond question the feasi- 
bility of eliminating tuberculosis from existing herds at the con- 
clusion of not more than three or four tests. Frequently a herd has 
been found to be clear of tuberculous infection on a second test. 

Aside from the efficacy of the test in eliminating diseased cattle 
from the herds, the same examination gave convincing evidence of 
the remarkable accuracy and reliability of the application of tuber- 
culin in indicating infection with tubercle bacilli. In the tests made 
in the District of Columbia tuberculosis was demonstrated in cattle 
which reacted in something over 98 per cent of the cases, and in 
examinations of 126 cattle in and near the city of Washington tuber- 
cular lesions were found in 99.21 per cent of the cases which reacted, 
showing an error of but seventy-nine hundredths of 1 per cent. 

RESULTS or TESTS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES. 

By consulting a statement prepared by the Bureau of Animal 
Industry, giving the results or the tuberculin testing of cattle by 
State and Federal officers, we find that between 1893 and 1908 there 
were tested 400,008 cattle in all parts of the United States. Of this 
vast number 37,000 head reacted to the test, yielding a percentage 
of 9.25 of all cattle tested. Of the number reacting, 24,784 were 
slaughtered under inspection, and upon post-mortem examination 
24,387, or 98.39 per cent, of these were shown to be infected with 
bovine tubercle bacilli. 

At the Bethesda Experiment Station of the Department of Agri- 
culture a number of District herds, apparently in the best of health 
so far as evidenced by physical examination, were subjected to the 
tuberculin test, and 40 per cent of these animals reacted. The react- 
ing animals were shown to be intermittently expelling tubercle 
bacilli, and, since the commonest mode of expulsion of the bacilli 
from the body of the cow is with her feces, the very general contami- 



62 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

nation of milk from this source during the ordinary process of milk- 
ing compels the conclusion that tuberculosis among dairy cows is 
one of the greatest dangers to which the public is exposed, and that 
every effort should be exerted to remove this very prevalent cause 
of the disease among human beings. 

The accuracy of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent has, as has been 
stated, been established in over 98 per cent of the cases tested. The 
only instances, generally speaking, in which it has not been efficient 
are when the disease is in an advanced stage and has become so gen- 
eralized that the ordinary dose of tuberculin has no appreciable 
effect with so much natural tuberculin in the system of the animal 
(in which condition the effects of the disease are usually clearly 
observable by visual examination), or when, by reason of the appli- 
cation of the tuberculin test shortly before, the animal fails to react 
or respond, which tendency to unresponsivejiess lasts generally about 
six weeks. The test is also inoperative in certain instances which 
are, however, as a rule clearly detectable by the vaterinarian when 
making the examination. 

It was represented by the milk producers and dealers at the hear- 
ings of the committee that the proposed enforcement of the tuber- 
culin test was impracticable and onerous for the reason that the 
reliability of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent had not been estab- 
lished, and for the further reason that, if the test be insisted upon, 
the milk producers would refuse to submit their herds to the test 
and would ship their product to Baltimore and other markets, caus- 
ing a permanent shortage in the milk supply of the District and a 
correspondingly increased price to the consumer, rendering it im- 
possible for the poorer classes to purchase milk, thereby comj^elling 
the use by them of prepared milks and other substitutes of alleged 
inferior quality. 

TUBERCULIN TEST MANDATORY IN DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

It is perhaps not generally known to the public that the tuberculin 
test has been compulsorily applied in the District of Columbia; that 
is to say, that all cattle actually maintained within the boundaries 
of the District have been subjected to the test since ISTovember 27, 1909. 
This observation does not extend, however, to herds itt Maryland 
and Virginia, from which the major portion of our milk supply is 
obtained. 

On the date mentioned the District Commissioners issued a series 
of regulations (Appendix AB) providing for the compulsory 
tuberculin testing of all cattle within the District, as a result of 
which practically all the cattle in the District have now been sub- 
jected to the test. 

The first prosecution under the above regulations was undertaken 
in the local police court since the date that this committee commenced 
its investigations. The defendant was arraigned on the charge of 
violating section 4 of the regulations, in not permitting inspecting 
veterinarians to apply the tuberculin test to a cow on November 
28, last. On an agreed statement of facts, argument w^as had result- 
ing in a verdict against the defendant. The defendant was not 
represented by counsel, and it is not known whether the case will be 
appealed. It is expected that the decision in this case will confirm 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 63 

the right of the District authorities to enforce the above regulation 
against owners of cattle, even where the product is not offered for 
sale or used outside the owner's family. 

RELIABILITY OF TEST AFFIRMED BY AUTHORITIES. 

The tuberculin test, states Dr. Schroeder, is now almost universally 
accepted by veterinarians as a practically infallible means of diag- 
nosis, and while we know that all cases of tuberculosis diagnosed with 
the aid of tuberculin are not at the time dangerous and may not be- 
come so in some instances until many months have passed, we are 
obliged by the exigencies of the case to assume that, for all practical 
purposes, every tuberculous cow is dangerous from the moment she 
is known to be affected. It is not feasible, therefore, in eradicating 
tuberculous animals from existing herds, to distinguish between 
dangerously and not dangerously tuberculous cows. Since, however, 
from the viewpoint of the milk supply, this may, as has been stated, 
even when the animal is in the early stages of infection, be contami- 
nated, the advisability of at once segregating the diseased animal 
can not be questioned. It is interesting to note that animals of 
entirely healthy appearance, apparently fat, sleek, and well fed and 
with good appetites, may be already actually diseased with tuberculo- 
sis to a somewhat advanced stage, and that as a rule cows which are 
visibly tuberculous have very probably been dangerously affected 
for several years. 

The profound value of tuberculin in enabling an accurate diag- 
nosis of animals infected in a greater or less degree with tuberculo- 
sis is due, we may repeat for emphasis, to the fact that cattle, acting 
in all respects like healthy animals and whose bodily condition is 
apparently better than can be expected of ideal dairy cows that give 
large quantities of milk and have excellent appetites and no visible 
or audible respiratory difficulties, may have their tuberculous condi- 
tion revealed in this manner. It is only when the substances that 
are eliminated from their bodies — feces, saliva, milk, etc. — are sub- 
jected to microscopic and other tests that the proof is obtained of 
the dangerous character of the diseased animals toward the public 
health and the health of other animals. 

Authorities communicated with by the committee mainly agree 
that the tuberculin test affords a wonderfully accurate diagnosis of 
tuberculous infection in bovine animals. Dr. Perrow, health officer 
of Lynchburg, Va., is authority for the statement that one herd of 
150 cows in Lynchburg showed only one reaction. On killing it 
was manifested that the animal reacting had one lung badly affected. 

It is interesting to note that 33 municipalities in the United States 
now require that herds which supply their milk be tuberculin tested 
and that the error in the application of the test has never been found 
in any of these jurisdictions to be greater than 3 per cent. Some 
communities which do not insist upon the application of the tuber- 
culin test require, nevertheless, that all animals coming into their 
jurisdiction to be used for dairy purposes be subjected to the test 
without reaction or be shown to have recently successfully withstood 
the test. 

During the past year laboratory experiments have been made by 
the Bureau of Animal Industry, testing by microscopic examination 



64 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

and animal inoculation the glands of cattle which had reacted to the 
tuberculin test, but in which lesions were not found by ordinary 
post-mortem examination. In more than half of the cases tubercle 
bacilli were positively identified, showing that tuberculosis was really 
present in these carcasses in an incipient form, the lesions being too 
slight for detection by ordinary post-mortem examination. The per- 
centage of accuracy of the tuberculin test may be said, therefore, to 
be even higher than indicated by the figures previously stated. 

REPORT OF INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON CONTROL OF BOVINE 

TUBERCULOSIS. 

In this connection, reference should be made to the very valuable 
report recently submitted by the International Commission on the 
Control of Bovine Tuberculosis, an advance typewritten copy of 
which is in possession of the committee (Appendix AC), the report 
having not yet been printed for distribution. The report was not 
only agreed to without dissent by the members of the commission, 
but received subsequently the unanimous approval of the American 
Veterinary Medical Association at its recent convention in San Fran- 
cisco. The labors of the commission extended over the period of a 
year. 

At the meeting of the American Veterinary Association at Chi- 
cago, 111., in September, 1909, the following gentlemen were con- 
stituted an international commission to study the methods of the con- 
trol of bovine tuberculosis and to report its conclusions at the next 
annual meeting of the association. In order that all , interests af- 
fected might be adequately represented, the commission embraced 
among its personnel Senator W. C. Edwards, a member of the Ca- 
nadian Parliament and one of the most extensive live-stock breeders 
of the Dominion; J. J. Ferguson, chief of the animal husbandry 
work of Swift & Co., Chicago, 111.; J. W. Flavelle, head of one of 
the large packing companies of Canada; W. D. Hoard, editor of 
Hoard's Dairyman (a representative journal of the dairy interests) 
and a former governor of Wisconsin; C. A. Hodgetts, health officer 
of the Province of Ontario, Canada; J. N. Herty, secretary of the 
Indiana State Board of Health; Dr. John R. Mohler, chief of the 
pathological division. Bureau of Animal Industry, United States 
Department of Agriculture; V. A. Moore, professor of pathology, 
Cornell University; M. P. Ravenel, professor of bacteriology. Uni- 
versity of Wisconsin; M. H. Reynolds, professor of bacteriological 
science. University of Minnesota; E. C. Schroecler, superintendent of 
the Bethesda Experiment Station, United States Department of Ag- 
riculture; T. W. Tomlinson, secretary of the American National 
Live Stock Association ; F. Torrance, professor of bacteriological sci- 
ence. University of Manitoba; and J. G. Rutherford, veterinary 
director general of Canada. A cursory inspection of the make-up of 
this commission gives absolute assurance of the soundness of its con- 
clusions, and breadth of view is guaranteed by the diversity of inter- 
ests represented. Notwithstanding the participation in the labors of 
the commission, of recognized representatives of the packing and 
dairy interests, the report of the commission was a unanimous one. 
It is prefaced with a reference to the great economic and sanitary 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 65 

significance of animal tuberculosis to the live-stock industry of 
America and the factors which must be accounted with in formu- 
lating successful measures for its eradication. The commission re- 
stricted its activities to the ascertainment of reasonable and economi- 
cally practicable methods or systems to be recommended to both 
officials and live-stock owners for eradicating this great scourge of 
domestic animals. It averts to the fact that tuberculous is increas- 
ing rather than declining among cattle and other animals, and, that 
. as this disease is one of the strictly preventable infections, there is 
good ground for the belief that, through the formulation and en- 
forcement of proper regulations, tuberculosis among animals may 
eventually be entirely suppressed. 

The commission recognizing, after careful study, that the tuber- 
culin test is the fundamental factor in any policy having for its 
object the control of bovine tuberculosis, recommends that, as a gen- 
eral policy, all contact between tuberculous and healthy cattle and 
between healthy cattle and stables, cars, etc., which may contain live 
tubercle bacilli, be prevented ; that there should be no sale or ex- 
change of animals affected with tuberculosis except for immediate 
slaughter (and for breeding purposes under official supervision) ; 
that all live-stock shippers should take every precaution to see that 
all cars furnished are thoroughly cleansed and disinfected before use ; 
that tuberculin properly used is an accurate and reliable diagnostic 
agent for the detection of active tuberculosis (though tuberculin may 
not produce a reaction when the disease is in a period of incubation, 
when its progress has been arrested, or when it is extensively gener- 
alized, which last condition is relatively rare and may usually be 
detected by physical examination) ; that all exposed animals should 
be retested at intervals of 6 months to 1 year; that the tuberculin 
test should not be applied to any animal having a temperature higher 
than normal; that any animal having given one distinct reaction to 
tuberculin should thereafter be regarded as tuberculous; that the 
subcutaneous injection of tuberculin is the only method of applying 
same for the detection of tuberculosis which can be recommended at 
the present time; that the injection of tuberculin has no injurious 
effect on healthy cattle; and that a positive reaction to tuberculin 
in any properly conducted test, official or otherwise, in, any animal in 
any herd shall be considered evidence sufficient upon which to declare 
the herd to be infected. 

The commission proceeds to recommend the passage of legislation 
providing for the comj)ulsory notification, by owners and veteri- 
narians, of the existence of tuberculosis in a herd, whether such in- 
formation result from clinical examination or from the tuberculin 
test, and favors the adoption of some system of marking, for the 
purposes of identification, of all cattle 3 years old or over shipped for 
slaughter. 

, In order to insure the eradication of tuberculosis the commission 
further specifies the necessity of separating healthy and diseased 
animals, maintaining that if a herd be found to be extensively in- 
fected, even the apparently healthy animals should be regarded with 
suspicion until they have been separated from the reacting animals 
for a period of at least 3 months, after the expiration of which those 
animals not reacting to the tuberculin test may be considered healthy 
and classified accordingly. 

82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-3 5 



66 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

The commission suggests that a policy of compensation be pur- 
sued as useful, proper, and necessary, and as a temporary measure 
that, when tuberculosis exists in a herd to which a policy of slaugh- 
ter and compensation can not reasonably be applied, such herd 
be compulsorily dealt with by the owner under Government super- 
vision on the principle of the separation of all sound animals from 
those affected, and that in the event of anyone refusing or neglecting 
to comply with this requirement, his entire herd be closely quaran- 
tined and sales therefrom entirely prohibited ; that when slaughter is 
necessary, in order to avoid economic loss, every effort be made to 
utilize, as far as possible, the meat of such animals as may be found 
fit for food ; that, except when purchases are made from disease-free 
herds tested by a properly qualified individual, persons buying for 
breeding purposes or milk production, limit their purchases to ani- 
mals successfully withstanding the tuberculin test ; and that, in order 
to assist in properly carrying out this suggestion, official authorities 
adopt such regulations as will prevent the entry into their respective 
territories of cattle for breeding purposes or milk production unless 
accompanied by satisfactory tuberculin test charts. 

The commission further recommends that all milk and milk 
by-products used as food be properly pasteurized unless derived 
from cows known to be free from tuberculosis ; and, furthermore, that 
legislation be enacted inhibiting the sale, distribution, or use of 
tuberculin by any persons not acting with the full knowledge or under 
the direction of official authorities. 

The commission concludes with a recognition of the necessity for 
a widespread campaign of education on the subject of its deliberations 
and the importance of the cooperation of the press in convincing the 
public of the vital importance of the life of farm animals to the wel- 
fare of all classes of society ; and with a reference to the desirability 
of uniform legislation regarding the control and eradication of tuber- 
culosis, it being recommended that the laws of the United States, 
Canada, and other American countries governing the admission of 
animals from without be made stringent and assimilated, so far as 
possible, as well as those regulating the interstate and interprovincial 
movement of cattle. It dwells additionally upon the urgency of 
legislation to prevent the various frauds which interfere with the 
satisfactory use of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent and points to the 
necessity of making cattle as resistant as possible to infection by 
stabling them in clean, disinfected, and properly ventilated and 
lighted barns, giving them abundant, clean water, nutritious food, a 
sufficient amount of daily exercise in the open air, and by providing 
such other conditions as are well known to contribute to the health of 
animals, including the daily removal of manure from stables and the 
installation of water-tight floors and proper drainage. 

The foregoing recommendations were made by the commission 
with the primary purpose of eradicating tuberculosis among animals 
as an economic problem. The necessity for their adoption is magni- 
fied manifoldly when we consider tuberculosis among animals in its 
relation to the problem of conserving the public health. 

The commission concludes its report with the admonition that the 
eradication of tuberculosis among animals should have the approval 
and support of all persons who are interested in curtailing human 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 67 

suffering and prolonging human life. The campaign of education 
recommended must, it urges, to be effective, be accompanied with a 
measure of disciplinary control, accomplished through conservative 
legislation calculated to insure active cooperation on the part of cattle 
owners and enforced with tact and determination. 

It may be concluded from the foregoing observations that the 
tuberculin test is a wonderfully accurate method of detecting tuber- 
culosis; that the application of tuberculin has no injurious effect upon 
healthy cattle, and that its employment in diagnosing the disease in 
animals makes possible the eradication of bovine tuberculosis. 

CONTEMPLATED ADVANTAGES OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST. 

The advantages which should result from the enforcement generally 
in a given jurisdiction of the tuberculin test are well specified by 
Surg. Gen. Wyman, of the United States Public Health and Marine- 
Hospital Service. He says: 

The enforcement of the tuberculin test would reduce the amount of tubercu- 
losis among dairy cattle and free the milk supply from tubercle bacilli, with the 
probable result that the incidence of tuberculosis among hogs fed on creamery 
skimmed milk would be reduced and the incidence of infection with the bovine 
tubercle bacilli among human beings would be practically eliminated. 

Freeman is authority for the statement that the enforcement of 
the tuberculin test will effect a marked diminution in infant mor- 
tality, which opinion is shared by Ravenel, Winslow, Vaughan, and 
Prescott, who include adults as well in their commentary, while the 
Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, the Surgeon General of 
the Army, and the Surgeon General of the Navy unite in the judg- 
ment that it may be used in a rational way to eradicate tuberculosis 
from cattle with good economic results to the live-stock industry. 
Dr. T. xA.lexander Geddes, who has pursued studies and observations 
on this subject in European countries, refers to the great advantage 
which would inure to the owners of herds from the fact that it 
takes less foodstuffs to produce results in a healthy animal than in 
a tuberculous one, which is especially true where glands of the 
intestinal tract are involved. Dr. Perrow, health officer of Lynch- 
burg, Va., calls attention to the difficulty of enforcing the test and 
enjoins that it be introduced gradually, while Dr. ^A'lieeler, health 
officer of Portland, Oreg., claims that it will, by removing diseased 
cattle from the market, give us better meat for table use. The en- 
forcement of the test would furthermore, it is observed by Dr. Babb, 
dairy and milk inspector of Topeka, Kans., aid in educating the 
people to greater caution among themselves with respect to human 
tuberculosis. Borden's Condensed Milk Co. takes the position that 
in the present state of the dairy business a general enforcement of 
the tuberculin test and the slaughter of reacting cows would pro- 
duce a great financial injury to the dairy business and a loss to the 
people of the country" in depriving a great majority of a large por- 
tion of their milk supply. The time is not ripe, in its opinion, for 
the inauguration of the test. The representatives of the Milk Pro- 
ducers' and Dairymen's Associations furnishing milk for local con- 
sumption claim that the requirement of the tuberculin test will result 
disadvantageously and lead to exorbitant prices for milk. 



68 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

COST OF APPLYING TEST. 

Regarding the criticism that the making of the tuberculin test 
necessarily involves a considerable expense, which would work a 
hardship upon the owner of cattle if the test be demanded, it should 
be explained that the better part of two days is required in practice 
for effectually applying the test, irrespective of whether the herd 
comprises 5 or 50 head, requiring, if properly done, the actual 
attendance of the veterinarian during this period of time. How- 
ever, the expense of testing might, it is believed, be materially 
reduced by providing the requisite number of officials (under Fed- 
eral, State, or municipal direction) to make such tests, which plan, 
it is conjectured, would reduce the cost to the owner to $1.50 per 
head of cattle, regardless of the number of cattle in each particular 
herd. In the absence of such an arrangement it is manifest that 
the expense of having, for example, 2 or 3 cattle tested would be 
markedly greater than where a herd contains 20 or more individuals, 
since the time required to make the examination is approximately 
the same where a considerable number of animals is concerned as 
when a single individual is tested. 

The actual expense of applying the test, including the services of 
a veterinarian, depends largely upon the size of the herd tested and 
its convenience of access by the veterinarian. It is estimated by 
the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry that the test can prob- 
ably be made, if not done gratuitously by the Government, at an 
average cost to the owner of $1 per cow. Borden's Condensed Milk 
Co. intimates that it is practically impossible to make an intelligent 
suggestion as to the approximate expense unless the conditions under 
which the test is to be applied are given, but that, in general, if the 
herd is not oVer 3 miles distant from the office of the veterinary, the 
testing can be done for $15 on a basis of 25 cows in the herd, for 
$20 on a basis of 50 to 75 cows in the herd, and for $25 for 100 cows 
in the herd, including the cost of tuberculin, which is about 5 cents 
per test. 

SHOULD GOVERNMENT OR HERD OWNER DEFRAY EXPENSE OF TEST. 

There has been considerable discussion throughout the country as 
to whether, in the event of the insistence upon the tuberculin test, 
the cost of the test should be defrayed by the National, State, or 
Municipal Government, as the case may be, or by the herd owner. 
The Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry asseverates that the 
Federal Government or the State should bear the expense of making 
the test when officially required in the interest of the public health, 
the Department of Agriculture being willing to test without charge 
herds supplying milk to the District of Columbia, and to extend 
cooperation so far as possible to State and municipal authorities 
elsewhere throughout the country. This view is coincided in by the 
Surgeon General of the Army and the Surgeon General of the Navy, 
while varying positions are taken in the matter by other authorities 
consulted by the committee, some contended that the States should 
undertake the expense for a fixed period ; others that, if compulsory, 
the Government should bear the expense, while, if voluntary, this 
should be assumed by the owner; while still others suggest that the 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 69 

expense be shared equally by the Government and the owner. The 
president of the Milk Producers' Association supplying Washing- 
ton recommends that two-thirds of the expense be borne by the 
Government and one-third by the owner. 

Generally speaking, the expense of applying the test should, in 
the judgment of the committee, devolve upon the government (State 
or municipal). The necessary cost of testing would be slightly re- 
duced to the State or municipality by the furnishing gratuitously by 
the Bureau of Animal Industry of tuberculin for the purpose. In 
accordance with what is known as the " half and half " principle 
of appropriating for the needs of the District government, the cost 
should, so far as the testing of cattle supplying milk to the Wash- 
ington market is concerned, be provided, in the committee's view, 
one-half from the Federal Treasury and one-half from the revenues 
of the District of Columbia. 

It should be observed that many farmers, intent upon improving 
their herds and with a conscientious desire to furnish for consump- 
tion only milk of a high standard of purity calculated to be free 
from causation of sickness and mortality, have, up to the present 
time, voluntarily and anxiously submitted their cattle to the tuber- 
culin test, notwithstanding the fact that this expense on their part 
has been practically without appreciable advance in the price re- 
ceived by them for their output of milk or for the cattle tested. 

The indisposition on the part of certain farmers to submit their 
herds to the tuberculin test is not a matter of surprise, since it is 
the history of all reforms that objection, largely the result of preju- 
dice, is interposed to advances which are later universally recog- 
nized as advantageous, even by those who are at first strongest in 
their opposition to them. Aside from the large benefit which must, 
in the opinion of the committee, inevitably result to the milk- 
drinking public, there is a decided economic advantage in the long 
run to the cattle owner who, by the systematic application of the 
tuberculin test to his herd, greatly reduces and finally exterminates 
all tuberculous infection from his cattle. The intelligent farmer is 
beginning to recognize the ultimate advantage of having his herd 
free from constant decimation through the ravages of tuberculosis. 

COMPENSATION FOR CONDEMNED CATTLE. 

That it is an exceedingly difficult matter to arrive at a satisfactory 
solution as to the appropriate remuneration to the owner of cattle 
condemned as the result of reaction under the tuberculin test is evi- 
denced by the wide divergence of views expressed by authorities 
consulted by the committee. 

A consideration of much force adduced in opposition to the arbi- 
trary condemnation and slaughter without compensation of animals 
shown by the tuberculin test to be infected with tubercle bacilli is 
that, since the practical confiscation of private property is insisted 
upon with the avowed purpose of safeguarding and improving the 
public health, the owner of the condemned cattle should be fully com- 
pensated from the Public Treasury for losses sustained through such 
action. In Pennsylvania all animals reacting to the test are paid for 
by the State, and it is noteworthy that in this Commonwealth tuber- 
culosis among cattle is being eradicated with more success than in any 



70 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

other State, and there are usually three times as many voluntary 
requests on file for the application of the test as can be made. It is 
suggested by Dr. Mohler, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, that 
provision should perhaps be made to pay 70 per cent of the price of 
all condemned animals, not to exceed $30 per head for common stock 
and $00 for registered stock. Dr. W. H. McLain, commissioner of 
health of Wheeling, W. Va., is inclined to the opinion that the owner 
should receive about 75 per cent of the value of cattle condemned as 
a result of the tuberculin test. 

The Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry takes the position 
that owners should be compensated, at least in part, for cattle con- 
demned, and that the respective States where cattle are owned should 
make provision for compensation for cattle slaughtered as a result of 
the tuberculin test, several States having, he remarks, already laws 
providing for such compensation. Dr. Melvin refers to the basis of 
condemnation in recent cases in the District of Columbia, which may 
be briefly stated as follows : Cattle were appraised before slaughter, the 
appraisal not to exceed $75 for a pure-bred or registered animal, or 
$50 for a grade or unregistered animal. Eighty per cent of the 
appraised value, less the amount realized as salvage, was paid on 
cattle whose carcasses were passed for food on post-mortem inspec- 
tion, and 40 per cent, less salvage, in the case of cattle condemned for 
offal. If a reacting animal showed no lesions of tuberculosis on post- 
mortem examination, the full appraised value, less salvage, was paid. 

This arrangement was followed in carrying out the order of the 
District Commissioners " for the suppression and prevention of 
tuberculosis in cattle," dated November 26, 1909, and now operative 
in the District of Columbia, the regulations having received the 
approval of the Secretary of Agriculture on the following day. The 
committee is prepared to recommend this scale of compensation as 
best adapted to secure justice to the herd owner. The granting of an 
indemnity for animals shown by the tuberculin test to be diseased will 
do more toward making the test popular with cattle owners than any 
other possible action and will have the further incidental but mate- 
rially important effect, if tuberculosis can be eradicated from dairy 
herds with but slight loss to the owner, of making it unnecessary to 
materially increase the price of milk to the consumer or to deprive 
the children of the poorer classes wholly or partially of this necessary 
article of diet. 

EFFECT or COMPULSORY TUBERCULIN TEST ON PRICE OF MILCH COWS. 

It h<^s been urged that the enforcement of the tuberculin test with 
regard to all animals supplying milk to the District would result in 
a material augmentation of the price of milch cows, which have, it 
is alleged, experienced an increase from $35 to perhaps $65 per head 
during the past 10 years in this section of the country. 

There is a wide diversity of opinion as to the effect of the enforce- 
ment of the tuberculin test on the price of cattle, referring jjarticu- 
larly to the price of milch cows. It has been contended before the 
committee by a representative of the local Dairymen's Association 
that the price of cows would be increased from 20 to 30 per cent, 
while the president of the Milk Producers' Association has estimated 
26 per cent as the probable advance in cost of cows. This contention 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 71 

is not sustained, however, by the general consensus of opinion among 
authorities consulted by the committee. The Chief of the Bureau 
of Animal Industry invites attention to the fact that the price of 
cows, as well as of other things, has increased all over the country 
within recent years, regardless of whether the tuberculin test has 
been applied or not, the statistics of the Department of Agriculture 
showing that the average value of milch cows has increased from 
$30.67 per head on January 1, 1908, to $35.79 per head on January 1, 
1910, a ratio of 16.7 per cent in two years. 

It is Dr. Melvin's opinion that while the price of cows might pos- 
sibly be affected if the tuberculin test were applied simultaneously 
over a large part of the country and all reacting animals slaughtered, 
the gradual application of the test, followed by slaughter, extending 
over a small area would have no perceptible effect upon prices. He 
takes the position, furthermore, that since all milk frdm tuberculous 
cows is unquestionably dangerous to human health and life a slight 
increase in p'rice of cows and in the cost of milk should not be con- 
sidered an adequate reason for refusing to remove this danger. He 
refers, besides, to the fact that cows affected with tuberculosis are 
usually not as productive as healthy cows and that their value as milk 
producers would probably steadily decrease. 

The State health officer of Florida opines that while the immedi- 
ate effect would be to raise the price, the ultimate tendency would be 
to conserve the health and vitality of the cattle and consequently 
reduce the price. Ravenel philosophically asserts that " a healthy 
cow is worth more than a sick one." 

Dr. Coit estimates that the enforcement of the tuberculin test 
would increase the price of cattle from 25 to 50 per cent. It is 
assumed that he refers to the effect of national enforcement, or the 
application of the test covering a very considerable territory, and 
not to the influence on the price of cattle which might reasonably be 
expected to follow the introduction of the test is so limited a terri- 
tory as the District of Columbia. The initiation of the test judi- 
ciously and gradually, not instantaneously and abruptly within so 
circumscribed an area as the District of Columbia, could even less 
reasonably be expected to produce the result predicted by Dr. Coit. 

Dr. C. J. Marshall, of the veterinarian department of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, expresses the belief that the enforcement 
of the tuberculin test, if generally applied, would undoubtedly 
increase the price of cattle for a few years. 

Dr. Goler, health officer of Rochester, N. Y., reports that the intro- 
duction of the test has had no effect yet in his jurisdiction, while 
Borden's Condensed Milk Co. expresses the belief, based upon its 
investigations in Massachusetts and other States where the enforce- 
ment of the test has been attempted, that it would very gi'eatly 
increase the price of cattle. 

Dr. Park, of New York City, makes the ingenious suggestion that 
in order to counteract as fully as practicable the increased price of 
cattle resulting from the introduction of the tuberculin teSt, the 
reacting cattle be at first separated (when in sufficient number to 
make this practicable) and their milk pasteurized and used. This 
course would undoubtedly, in his judgment, alleviate to some extent 
the effect on the price of cattle. 



72 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

While the effect of the introduction of the tuberculin test on the 
price of cattle is problematical, it may be conservatively estimated 
with some degree of accuracy that the effect of the enforcement of the 
test gradually, as proposed, or only so far as applies to cattle furnish- 
ing milk to the District of Columbia, will be quite inconsiderable 
and will be counterbalanced by the increased value to be derived by 
the farmer for his stock already on hand and by the additional price 
received by him for his milk. 

COMMUNICABILITY OF HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS FROM BOVINE SOURCES. 

Much attention is being devoted at the present time, by segrega- 
tion and otherwise, to minimizing the danger among human beings 
of infection with tuberculosis from bovine sources, with the hope 
of ultimately eradicating the disease among humans. The prudence 
of removing this possible source of infection by expelling from exist- 
ing herds such animals as are shown to be affected with, tuberculosis 
in even its preliminary stages must appeal with force to every well- 
minded person. The elimination of the disease from among cattle 
by rigorous insistence upon segregation of tuberculous individuals is 
obviously more easy of accomplishment than among human beings, 
where our sympathy and commiseration leads us to ignore many 
well-established sanitary precautions for preventing contagion. 

It should be understood that the movement which is now progress- 
ing so successfully to oust all diseased animals from herds of milch 
cows, and indeed of neat cattle, is not only substantially in the inter- 
est of the public health, but will be found to be of decided advantage 
from an economic standpoint to the herd owner; for tuberculosis 
among animals, encouraged by conditions existing up to the present 
time, is not only increasing with alarming rapidity, often extending 
to every single animal in a herd and decimating its numbers with 
frequency, but experience shows that the amount and quality of milk 
derived from diseased animals is inferior to that which may be rea- 
sonably expected from healthy cattle maintained under proper sani- 
tary conditions. When it is estimated that 25 per cent of all cows 
furnishing milk to the District of Columbia are infected with tuber- 
culosis the importance of proceeding at once with firmness to the 
elimination of diseased cattle from such herds will be promptly 
recognized. 

There has been considerable dissension among the ranks of phy- 
sicians and sanitarians as to the communicability of tuberculosis to 
human beings from tuberculous animals, either through the medium 
of milk or the use of their flesh for human food, and numerous 
investigations have been in progress with a view to establishing the 
facts relating to this important subject. So eminent an authority as 
Prof. Robert Koch, who first discovered the primary cause of tuber- 
culosis, and who first presented tuberculin to the world, while ac- 
companying the announcement of the latter triumph with the 
statement that he considered the disease identical in both man and 
cattle (which view was almost universally accepted by scientists as 
well as the general public), subsequently announced in 1901 that he 
regarded the disease as different in man and in cattle, and that there 
was no practicable need for prohibiting the use of the products of 
tuberculous animals for human food. This latter statement gave 



THE MILK SITUATION- IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 73 

rise to numerous endeavors on the part of scientific men to establish 
the truth or fallacy of the position newly assumed by this eminent 
authority. The results obtained by governmental commissions in 
different countries, as well as by many public and private scientists, 
have been so strikingly in accord, in controverting the position taken 
by Prof. Koch, that it is now the generally accepted opinion among 
savants that the disease is communicable from beast to man, espe- 
cially in the case of children. To what extent such infection occurs 
it is not possible from the nature of things to definitely ascertain, 
but evidence which must be considered as conclusive has been ob- 
tained by the Bureau of Animal Industrj^, as well as by Ravenel and 
a number of French investigators, showing that the percentage of 
cases indicatkig the transmission of the disease is probably consider- 
ably greater than claimed by the authorities who have estimated 
the relative amount of infection from these sources. As vital sta- 
tistics demonstrate that 11 out of every 100 persons who die suc- 
cumb to tuberculosis of one form or another, while of the remaining 
89 more than one-half show tubercular lesions on post-mortem 
examination, the value of imposing every reasonable protection 
against infection may readily be appreciated. Since objective experi- 
ments on living human beings are not practicable, the finding of the 
bovine type of tubercle bacillus in human lesions is the most direct 
and positive proof that tuberculous cattle are responsible for a certain 
amount of tuberculosis in the human family. 

In a series of tests conducted by the British Royal Commission on 
Tuberculosis, 60 cases of the disease among human beings were tested, 
with the result that 14 cases were regarded by the commission as 
having been infected from bovine sources. 

Dr. William H. Park, of New York City, a recognized authority 
in this country on the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, has 
recently found 6 cases of bovine infection in 35 samples of in- 
testinal tuberculosis among infants, and 10 cases due to the bovine 
type of bacillus out of 35 cases of surgical tuberculosis, representing 
altogether about 23 per cent of the cases in children due to bovine 
infection. Of 306 cases reported by Ravenel, 63, or approximately 
20 per cent, were found to be due to the bovine tubercle bacillus. 

Dr. Schroeder, in his interesting article on The Unsuspected But 
Dangerously Tuberculous Cow, issued December 21, 1907,^ sets forth 
the dangers of infection from contaminated milk in a manner which 
the committee deems worthy of repetition. He says (on p. 16) : 

If the public were thoroughly informed of the dangers, amojig which tuber- 
culosis is only one of many, to which it is exposed through the use of impure, 
dirty, and infected milk, the demand for milk of approved purity would rise 
to the magnitude of a concerted national movement and would sweep all ob- 
jections and difficulties out of its way. Inform a man that a single one among 
many loaves of bread — you do not know which — is contaminated with arsenic, 
strychnine, or some other commonly dreaded poison, and he will go very hungry 
before he risks eating any loaf of the lot. He knows what arsenic and 
strychnine are and what he must expect from their introduction into his 
stomach. Yet he continues to use milk and dairy products and permits his 
family to use them without first testing their purity or insisting that the doubt 
about their purity be removed, notwithstanding that they have repeatedly been 
shown to contain poisons fully as objectionable and potent as those above named, 
such as the germs of tuberculosis, typhoid fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, and 

1 Circular No. 118, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 



74 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTKTCT OF COLUMBIA. 

other diseases, and the poisons that are the cause of the high death rate from 
abdominal diseases among children who have not passed the milk-drinking 
period of life. 

There is an important moral side to the milk question which must not be 
ignored. We may have the right— a very doubtful right, to be exact— to neglect 
the dangers to which we as adults capable of judging and acting for ourselves 
are exposed, but we have absolutely no right to neglect the conditions that 
cause suffering and death among children. The failure to act and to act 
quickly and unceasingly until a safe milk for children at least is within easy 
reach of every mother may be characterized as barbarous, if not criminal, 
indifference. 

Schroeder and Cotton, in a recent bulletin of the Bureau of Ani- 
mal Industry, set forth that there is no more active agent than a 
tuberculous cow for the increase of tuberculosis among animals and 
its persistence among man. When it is reasonably estimated that 
human tuberculosis causes over 160,000 deaths a year in the United 
States, the importance of introducing every possible safeguard 
against the extension of the white plague may well be appreciated. 

It is gratifying to note that the work of Schroeder and Cotton at 
the Betliesda Experiment Station of the Bureau of Animal Industry 
was considered sufficiently significant by the British Tuberculosis 
Commission to make it the subject of a special investigation and a 
separate report, the work of the commission fully confirming the 
results obtained by our investigators. It is unfortunate that the 
commission should have failed to expressly acknowledge the credit 
due to these officials of the Government for the important discovery 
that apparently healthy tuberculous cattle frequently expel large 
numbers of virulent tubercle bacilli through the rectum with the 
feces. 

The International Tuberculosis Congress held at Washington, 
D. C, in September, 1908, resolved — 

That preventive measures be continued against bovine tuberculosis and that 
the propagation of this infection to man be recognized. 

In a comprehensive investigation by Dr. William H. Park and his 
associates as to the sources of tubercular infection 7.22 per cent of 
the patients examined proved on post-mortem examination to be in- 
fected with bovine tubercle bacilli, 26 per cent of those under 5 years 
of age showing infection from bovine sources. 

Dr. Theobald Smith, a leading authority on the subject, found that 
10 per cent additional were conclusively demonstrated to be in- 
fected with bacilli of bovine origin, thus demonstrating that about 
17 or 18 per cent of all cases of tuberculosis which were the subject 
of these investigations were traceable to bovine sources. This work 
has been largely clone since 1908, and the concensus of opinion among 
scientific men has since strongly developed in favor of accepting the 
view that tuberculosis is directly transmissible from cattle to man. 

Dr. William C. Welch, of Johns Hopkins University, corroborates 
the statement (based on his observations) that bovine tuberculosis 
causes from 15 to 25 per cent of certain cases of tuberculosis in 
children under 5 years of age. 

In a paper by Dr. Park, director of the research laboratory of the 
health department of New York, presented as recently as May 3, 1910, 
before the National Association for the Study and Prevention of 
Tuberculosis, it was stated that 22 out of 84 cases of tuberculosis in 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 75 

children under 5 years of age coming under his observation clearly 
manifested the bovine type of tubercle bacilli, and bore convincing 
evidence of the communicability of bovine tuberculosis to man. 

In a later recent investigation by Park and Krumwiede in the 
research laboratory of the department of health, New York City,^ the 
actual number of cases examined was 436, the largest number included 
so far in a single investigation. Two hundred and ninety-seven 
related to persons over 16 years of age (278 being pulmonary), only 
1 of which indicated bacilli of the bovine type, but in 54 cases of 
children between 5 and 16 years 9 exhibited bacilli of the bovine type. 
In 84 cases under 5 years of age 22 individuals were infected with 
bovine bacilli. In a total of 1,040 cases of human tuberculosis studied 
and recorded in literature from which pure cultures of tubercle 
bacilli have been obtained and identified Park and Krumwiede place 
686 of these cases in the group comprising patients of 16 years and 
over, and 9 of these patients exhibited bacilli of the bovine type ; 132 
cases in the group of patients between 5 and 16 years old showed 33 
to be infected with bovine bacilli, while in the group including chil- 
dren under 5 years of age, comprising 120 cases, 59 (or admost 50 per 
cent) proved to be of the bovine bacillary type. The larger propor- 
tion of the cases showing the bovine type of bacilli consisted of infec- 
tions of the abdomen and of the glands of the neck, while in not a 
single case of pulmonary tuberculosis have bacilli of undoubted 
bovine origin been found.- 

It has further been demonstrated with scientific exactitude that 
bovine tubercle bacilli are of a most virulent type and when ingested 
by human beings with cow's milk continue their virulence in the 
human body. 

BRITISH TTJBEKCULOSIS ORDER OF 1909. 

Confirmatory of the position taken by the American authorities 
as to the infection of human beings with tuberculosis from bovine 
sources is the action of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries of 
Great Britain in issuing, under date of May 27, 1909. the Tuber- 
culosis order of 1909, setting forth that — 

So far as regards the possibility of the transmission of the disease from 
affected bovine animals to man, the board are satisfied that it must now be 
accepted as a fact that tuberculosis is transmissible by the agency of milk 
used for human consumption. 

The board proceeds further to state that — 

Any action which results in 'the reduction in the number of tuberculous 
bovine animals in the country must reduce the risk of the spread of tuber- 
culosis amongst the community, and if it were possible to eradicate from this 
country [Great Britain] the disease in animals, a material step forward would 
have been talcen in the campaign against the disease in man. 

RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS BY GERMAN AND BRITISH COMMISSIONS. 

In a series of tests conducted by the German commission on tuber- 
culosis, over 10 per cent of the cultures of tubercle bacilli of human 
origin were found to be virulent for cattle, and in a similar investi- 

^ Park, W. H., and Krumwiede, Charles, jr. : The Relative Importance of the Bovine 
and Human Types of Tubercle Bacilli in the Different Forms of Human Tuberculosis, 
Journal of Medical Research, Vol. XXIJI, 205. 

2 Journal of American Medical Association, Vol. LV, No. 26, Dec. 14, 1910, 2238. 



76 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

gation by the British royal commission on tuberculosis, 60 cases of 
the disease in human beings were tested, with the result that 14 were 
determined by the commission to have been infected from bovine 
sources. 

It may be stated with scientific accuracy^ as the result of the 
splendid work of American investigators, corroborated by the re- 
searches of the British and German Government commissions and 
independent investigators, that bovine tubercle bacilli are fairly 
common in human beings, the frequent occurrence of bovine tuber- 
culosis among children of itself emphasizing the importance of elimi- 
nating by the tuberculin test cattle proved to be infected with tuber- 
cular lesions, and insisting upon pasteurization before their product 
is offered for sale. 

RESOLUTIONS BY NATIONAL AND LOCAL ASSOCIATIONS FOR STUDY AND 
PREVENTION OF TLTSERCULOSIS. 

At a recent meeting of the National Association for the Study 
and Prevention of Tuberculosis, held in Washington in April, 1910, 
resolutions were adopted (Appendix AD) urging the efficient 
supervision of dairy herds and of the handling of milk from the 
dairy to the consumer, and emphasizing the importance of a clean 
and pure milk supply as essential to the public health. The reso- 
lutions conclude with a feeble indorsement of the position that, in a 
certain percentage of cases, human tuberculosis is due to infection 
by tubercle bacilli of bovine origin. 

At a meeting of the board of directors of the local association 
for the prevention of tuberculosis, held December 27, 1910, resolu- 
tions offered by Dr. George M. Kober and seconded by Mr. Emile 
Berliner and Dr. G. Lloyd Magruder, were unanimously adopted 
(Appendix AE) reciting that, whereas it has been shown by indis- 
putable evidence that numerous epidemics of typhoid fever and 
other diseases have been traced to contaminated dairy products, that 
a considerable proportion of the cases of tuberculosis occurring in 
children under 5 years of age is the result of infection with the 
bovine tubercular bacillus, and that the mortality among infants fed 
upon cow's milk is very high, the Congress of the United States be 
requested to investigate the relation of dairy products to the public 
health, with a view to the enactment of remedial legislation. 

BACILLI INTRODUCED INTO HUMAN BODY DURING INFANCY. 

A potent factor in support of the belief that tuberculosis is di- 
rectly communicable from cattle to man is the discovery in recent years 
by bacteriologists of certain interrelated species of tubercle bacilli 
showing apparent transition from the bovine to the human types of 
tubercle bacilli and vice versa. It has furthermore been established 
with apparent rationality that the bacilli may be introduced into the 
human body during infancy and remain dormant until some later 
period in life when they are aroused to activity and develop malig- 
nant tuberculosis, their activity remaining latent, in some instances, 
or being arrested until the person arrives at the age of three score or 
more. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN" THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 77 

Dr. Schroeder observes in this connection that by far the largest 
percentage of cases of human tuberculosis results from the ingestion 
of tubercle bacilli during the first five years of infant life, during 
which period the food of the child is restricted exclusively to a milk 
diet, and that the bacilli develop destructive virulence and energy 
often during the " high school " period of education, when the worry 
and mental strain of the child has reduced it to a condition of health 
which makes it impossible to combat the attacks of the germs ; and in 
other cases at the age of approximately 25 years, when the worry and 
anxiety which may be regarded as the natural accompaniment of the 
initiation seriously into one's life work may be supposed to induce 
inability to cope with the development of disease germs; and then, 
again, in certain instances, about the age of 45, when those who are 
failures in life's battle begin to realize the hopelessness of their 
further endeavors toward success. It is significant that, at these 
periods of life, tuberculosis succeeds most effectively in its deadly 
ravages. 

EFFICACY OF TUBERCULIN TEST IN ERADICATING HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS 
FROM BOVINE SOURCES. 

A number of authorities consulted by the committee unite in the 
opinion that the tuberculin test, if generally applied in a given juris- 
diction, will completely eradicate the disease from bovine animals, and 
will remove entirely the possibility of human infection with bovine 
tubercle bacilli. Freeman is authority for the statement that a third 
of the cases of human tuberculosis in persons under 15 years of age 
would probably be eliminated. Winslow predicts that human 
tuberculous infection from milk can be largely controlled by the 
tuberculin test. Dr. Babb, dairy and milk inspector of Topeka, 
Kans., expresses the belief that most human pulmonary tuberculosis 
is gained from the use of milk from tuberculous cows, and that the 
transmission of the disease from this source would be very greatly 
diminished by the enforcement of the tuberculin test in a rational, 
systematic manner. 

Dr. Coit is convinced that the enforcement of the tuberculin test 
will curtail human infection with bovine tubercle bacilli only to the 
extent that tuberculosis is now disseminated by market milk. It will, 
in his opinion, reduce by 25 per cent the number of cases of tubercu- 
losis occurring in children. 

RECOMMENDATIONS BY DR. JOHN R. MOHLER. 

With a view to insuring against the prevalence of tuberculosis 
through infection from bovine sources, the following recommenda- 
tions are proposed by Dr. John E. Mohler, Chief of the Pathological 
Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agricul- 
ture, in a paper entitled " The Importance of a Wholesome Milk 
Supply " : ^ 

1. That all cows on dairy farms producing milk for market purposes be 
tagged, tattooed, or otherwise marked for identification. 



^ The Dissemination of Diseases by Dairy Products and Methods for Prevention, Circu- 
lar No. 153, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, p. 37, issued 
Apr., 28, 1910. These recommendations by Dr. Mohler were previously published in 
almost identical phraseology in Bulletin No. 56, Hygienic Laboratory, Public Health and 
Marine-Hospital Service, pp. 525, 526, issued in March, 1909. 



78 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 

2. That all milk produced on such dairy farms shall either come from tuber- 
culin-tested cattle, which shall be retested at least once a year, or be subjected 
to pasteurization under the supervision of the health authorities in case the herd 
is not tuberculin tested. 

3. That no additions to any herd, whether the herd has been tested or not, 
shall be made in the future without subjecting the additional cattle to the tuber- 
culin test. 

4. That no license for the sale of milk shall in future be granted except to 
applicants having herds free of tuberculosis. 

5. That the milk of cattle showing any of the udder affections above men- 
tioned,^ or anthrax, rabies, gastroenteritis, septic conditions, or clinical symp- 
toms of tuberculosis, shall not be utilized as human food, even though the milk 
be pasteurized. Milk from cows 15 days before and 5 days after parturition 
shall likewise be excluded. 

6. That veterinary inspectors of the health department make frequent visits to 
daries having untested herds, in order that they may discover all advanced cases 
of tuberculosis or udder tuberculosis as early as possible. 

7. That the various States pass laws granting an appropriate indemnity to all 
owners of tuberculous cattle which come under their respective jurisidctions, 
the said animals to be slaughtered in abattoirs having Federal or other efficient 
inspection. 

MILK USED IN DAIRY PRODUCTS SHOULD BE TUBERCULIN TESTED. 

Numerous investigations by recognized authorities, both in Europe 
and in this country, have conclusively demonstrated that tubercle 
bacilli may be present in butter, buttermilk, oleomargarine, and 
cheese, and that butter made in the customary manner and stored 
under ordinary market conditions until time of sale may retain 
virulent bacilli for several months. It is of essential importance, 
therefore, that the restrictions and safeguards applied to milk and 
cream should be extended to the various milk products so far as nec- 
essary to protect the public from the dangers of infection from these 
sources. The requirement that all dairy herds be subjected to the 
tuberculin test, and in addition to this that the milk from such herds 
should be pasteurized before it is used, should apply not only to milk 
and cream used in their raw state, but likewise to all milk and cream 
contained in ice cream, buttermilk, butter, and cheese. 

ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS AFFECTING BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. 

Aside from the imminent danger of communicating this dreaded 
scourge to humanity, there is an economic consideration of great 
importance to the farmers of our country in eradicating tuberculosis 
from their herds. It is believed on good authority that between 15 
and 25 per cent of all the cows supplying milk to the District of Co- 
lumbia are tuberculous. It may be recounted that, during the period 
from April, 1907, to June, 1909, inclusive, the Bureau of Animal 
Industry supervised the testing of 2,471 cattle in herds supplying 
milk to the District, Avith the result that 377, or 15.25 per cent, were 
shown to be tuberculous. Nor is this startling percentage a f^ir esti- 
mate of the extent of tuberculosis among the dairy herds of this vi- 
cinity, since the number of animals tested includes many herds which 
had either been examined previously or which had exhibited such a 
healthy appearance as to remove any suspicions of tuberculosis. 

1 Tuberculosis of tbe udder, botrj-omycosis, mammitis, mastitis, etc. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 79 

_ Statistics show that where the tuberculin test has been established 
either compulsorily or voluntarily on the part of cattle owners, 
tuberculosis is gradually being eradicated, while in localities where 
the tuberculin test has not been applied, the disease is spreading 
rapidly and becoming widely disseminated, the cattle owner being 
confronted with serious and continuous losses. Tuberculin may, 
therefore^ be considered a most beneficial agent to the stock raiser. 

As an indication of the extent of the movement for the elimination 
of tuberculosis among farm animals, it may be stated that 41 States 
(Appendix AF) at present require the application of the tuberculin 
test to cattle brought within their boundaries, this requirement 
usually being limited, however, to cattle for dairy or breeding pur- 
poses; and that 21 States and the District of Columbia (Appendix 
AG) provide for the slaughter of animals found to be affected with 
tuberculosis, and for the payment of an indemnity to owners; while 
a few others give authority for condemnation and slaughter without 
making provision for indemnity. Twenty States and the District of 
Columbia (Appendix AH) provide for the tuberculin testing of 
cattle within the State (not necessarily the subject of interstate com- 
merce). 

USE OF MEAT OF CONDEMNED ANIMALS FOR FOOD. 

It is adduced that it is inconsistent on the part of the Federal au- 
thorities to permit the use for food of the meat of animals condemned 
on account of tuberculosis, while at the same time proposing to pre- 
clude the use of milk derived from such animals. The committee is 
reliably informed by officials of the Bureau of Animal Industry that 
animals may be infected with tuberculosis in certain parts of the 
body, this local infection not permeating the muscular portions or 
other parts of the animal utilized for food purposes. The Depart- 
ment of Agriculture has consequently, in the execution of the meat- 
inspection law, very properly permitted, under rigid inspection, the 
utilization of such parts of carcasses as are definitely and absolutely 
known to be free from contamination with tubercle bacilli. 

The question raised as to the propriety of slaughtering for con- 
sumption animals having localized diseases has been the subject of 
careful and protracted deliberation by the Bureau of Animal In- 
dustry in enforcing the Federal meat inspection regulations, for- 
mulated and promulgated in pursuance of the act of Congress ap- 
proved June 30, 1906.^ It was suggested from several sources that, 
in order to enlist the public support and cooperation of packers which 
is so manifest in the execution of meat-inspection rules in European 
countries, the regulations adopted by the Department of Agriculture 
for controlling the meat industry in the United States should be 
submitted for criticism to a commission of experts not connected 
with the department, whose findings as to the effects of disease upon 
meat with reference to its fitness for human food would command 
the confidence of the packers and dealers as well as of the public 
generally. In pursuance of this suggestion, a commission was des- 
ignated by the Secretary of Agriculture, composed of men whose 

1 Provisions for Federal meat inspection incorporated in Agricultural appropriation act 
lor 1907, approved June 30, 1906. 



80 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

eminence as authorities on the subject in question was generally con- 
ceded, and this commission, after thorough discussion and conference, 
reported its conclusions. The findings constituted in the main a con- 
firmation of the wisdom of the regulations then in force, certain 
minor emendations being suggested by the commission, which have 
been approved by the department and incorporated in the rules for 
the disposition of meats now in operation. 

As felicitously expressed by Dr. Melvin at the preliminary meet- 
ing of the commission, the department is required by law to stand as 
the mediator between the slaughterers and the consumers, and its 
only thought is to do justice to both. It may be observed, he ex- 
plained, that if there was any error in Regulation No. 15 safeguard- 
ing the public health, this was in favor of the public rather than in 
favor of the butchers and packers, and that the requirements of the 
department with reference to the condemnation of diseased animals 
could be made less stringent without danger to the health of the 
consumer. 

It frequently happens that an animal is infected with a localized 
disease which may not impair to the slightest degree the nutritive or 
food value of the parts of the carcass which are customarily eaten in 
a community, and while it is evident that, from an economic stand- 
point, it would be decidedly improper and wasteful to an extreme 
degree to condemn as a whole carcasses affected in certain organs 
only, your committee is convinced that the regulations of the depart- 
ment impose every reasonable safeguard for the protection of the 
health of the public against possible infection fiom diseased meat. 

It should be observed, however, on the other hand, that milk (con- 
sisting as it does of secretions from the mammary glands) from 
any cow afflicted with almost any disease, however localized, is 
fraught with danger of contamination, intermittently at least, by 
death-dealing germs. The committee feels, therefore, that the sepa- 
ration of a diseased animal from a herd of milch cows is justifiable 
in every instance, while the use of portions of the carcass of the same 
animal, when slaughtered, may be advocated as entirely unprejudicial 
to the health of the consumer. Any attempt, therefore, to condemn 
for food purposes cattle in the wholesale manner suggested in some 
quarters would doubtless effect an absolute scarcity of the meat 
supply, resulting in high prices for beef, veal, and other products of 
the cow and calf, and serving to place them entirely beyond the reach 
of the purchaser of moderate means. 

Aside from the generally recognized importance of eradicating 
tuberculosis from among cattle on account of the contamination of 
the milk supjoly derived from infected animals, and while assenting 
to the proposition that the saving of human life affords the highest 
motive for combating tuberculosis among animals, the economic im- 
portance of its elimination with the object of relieving the tremen- 
dous financial loss at present devolving from this cause upon the 
live-stock industry of the country should not be overlooked. This 
phase of the question is treated in a most convincing and capable 
manner in a paper entitled " The Economic Importance of Tuber- 
culosis in Food-Producing Animals," by Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief of 
the Bureau of Animal Industry,^ read before the International Con- 

1 Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of 
Agriculture, 1908, 



THE MILK SITUATIOlSr IN" THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 81 

gress on Tuberculosis in Washington on September 29, 1908. Dr. 
Melvin observes that, while it must be realized that the exclusion of 
tuberculous meat and dairy products from the food supply means 
an appreciable reduction in the quantity of available food, with a 
corresjDonding tendency to an increase in the cost of such commodi- 
ties, no nation is so wealthy that it can afford to sacrifice year after 
year a considerable and increasing proportion of its food supply, 
especially when by proper means the loss can be reduced and in time 
entirely prevented. 

The animals principally infected with tuberculosis, he states, are 
cattle and hogs, the disease being easily communicated from the 
former to the latter by the common practice of giving skim milk to 
the hogs and allowing them to feed on the excrement of the cattle. 
Wlien we consider, in addition to the loss occasioned by the necessity 
of slaughtering cattle and hogs, the considerable depreciation in the 
value of these animals when affected with the disease, if remaining 
alive, as also the effect of decreasing the productiveness of dairy cows 
by diminishing the yield of milk, as well as by shortening their lives, 
and consequently the period during which they produce milk; and 
when we realize, furthermore, that there are doubtless other sources 
of loss chargeable to this disease in live stock, it is conservatively 
estimated by Dr. Melvin that the tribute which the United States 
pays each year to this scourge among its farm animals aggregates 
more than $23,000,000. Consider in addition to this enormous ex- 
action the bearing of animal tuberculosis on human life, and it seems 
imperative that vigorous measures should be promptly adopted to 
eradicate the disease from our herds. 

The work of the Federal Government, as carried on by the Bureau 
of Animal Industry, has thus for been exerted in this connection in 
supplying tuberculin free of charge to State officials, in endeavoring 
to prevent the interstate shipment of tuberculous animals, and in 
tracing, when practicable, the origin of animals found to be affected 
with tuberculosis. 

It has been contended that the rigid enforcement of the tuberculin 
test and the condemnation of unhealthy cattle will produce a tem- 
porary, if not a permanent, shortage in the local milk supply. This 
condition, should it become apparent, will, it is believed by the com- 
mittee, be readily met by resorting to pasteurization to render in- 
nocuous the milk derived from affected cattle and by authorizing the 
delivery and consumption of milk so treated from cattle which have 
not withstood the tuberculin test until such time as may reasonably 
be required to replace with healthy cattle animals found to be dis- 
eased. 

. While the committee places itself on record as unqualifiedly favor- 
ing the application of the tuberculin test, it is especially recommended 
that the test be gradually applied; that is to say, that a reasonable 
amount of time be reserved before the test shall be rigorously exacted, 
and that the herds supplying milk to the District be inspected seri- 
atim, with such gradualness as may be intelligently calculated to 
enable the replenishment of the herds by the replacement of such 
animals as may be eliminated by operation of the test. The District 
Commissioners have, upon the recommendation of Dr. Woodward, 

82444 °~S. Doc. 863, 61-3 6 



82 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 

health officer, wisely consented to the postponement of insistence com- 
pulsorily upon the test in the case of all herds located in Maryland, 
Virginia, and elsewhere outside of the District of Columbia, fur- 
nishing milk for consumption in the District, for such period of time 
as the farmers may reasonably require to prejoare themselves to meet 
the conditions of the test and until the legislatures of the States of 
Maryland and Virginia may have an opportunity to provide adequate 
compensation for animals condemned. It is proposed by the com- 
mittee that a period of two years might appropriately and advan- 
tageously be arbitrarily fixed for the introduction of the test compul- 
sorily among herds supplying milk for consumption in the District. 

The committee concludes its observations on this feature of its 
investigations with the remark that the tuberculin test has been found 
to be a more nearly infallible means for diagnosing tuberculosis than 
any known agency for diagnosing other diseases of men and animals ; 
and since it is the consensus of scientific thought that our dairy herds 
can be freed from tuberculous cows by the systematic application of 
the test and the segregation of aM reacting animals, the committee 
recommends without hesitancy that the compulsory application of the 
test to all animals furnishing milk to the District of Columbia be 
required as rapidly as the exigencies of the situation will allow. 

VI. Maintenance of Low Temperature. 

ESSENTIALITY OF TEMPERATURE NOT EXCEEDING 50° F. 

Since the bacterial content of milk depends, (1) upon its age, (2) 
the number of bacteria contained initially and proliferated, or in- 
troduced during the process of milking and handling, and (3) the 
temperature at which the milk is kept, cleanly milk, quick cooling, 
and the shortest practicable time between milking and consumption 
are important factors in providing a pure milk supply. Not only 
should the milk be cooled immediately, which has been proved be- 
yond peradventure to be an exceedingly important requirement, but 
in order to prevent the rapid multiplication of germ life, it should 
be kept cool until consumed. This necessitates the maintenance of 
low temperature in hauling to the depot, while waiting at the ship- 
ping point, during transportation on the cars, and while being held 
and distributed by the city dealer. In the winter months, the low 
atmospheric temperature renders the keeping of milk below 50° F. 
easy of accomplishment, but in the warm season to maintain the 
desired temperature involves the use of efficient methods of refrigera- 
tion on the part of the dairyman, the transportation company, the 
wholesale distributer, the retail dealer, and, finally, on the part of the 
consumer. 

The rapid cooling of milk after it has been drawn, to a temperature 
of 45° F., and the maintenance of that temperature until the time of 
consumption, not only prevents the multiplication of the bacterial 
flora contained in the milk when drawn from the cow, but actually 
tends to diminish the number of bacteria. 

So eminent an authority as Dr. William H. Park, of New York 
City, gives testimony to the effect that milk rapidly and sufficiently 
cooled remains almost unaltered chemically and bacteriologically for 



THE MILK SITUATION" IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 83 

36 hours, while milk that is insufficiently cooled (that is to say, 
allowed to attain a temperature in excess of 45° to 50° F.) deteriorates 
rapidly. Dr. Park states later that while 45° F. is a desirable stand- 
ard, 50° F. is, in his judgment, much easier to observe and will answer 
fairly well. He assigns the failure to keep milk below the tempera- 
ture of 50° F. as the greatest reason for the deterioration of city milk. 

Dr. Coit asserts that, according to a well-known expert, a quart of 
milk maintained at 60° F. in a refrigerator will grow 19,000,000 
germs in 24 hours. 

The rapidity with which bacteria multiply at a temperature some- 
what slightly above 50° F. has been well illustrated by a recognized 
authority on the subject, who, in an experiment with milk containing 
153,000 organisms per cubic centimeter when exposed to a tempera- 
ture of 59° F., showed a proliferation to more than treble this number 
in a single hour, the milk attaining the almost incredible figure of 
85,000,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter at the end of 24 hours. When 
it is realized that a cubic centimeter corresponds approximately to 
one-fourth of a teaspoonful, the enormity of this increase in a given 
sample of milk can easily be imagined. 

A series of systematic investigations has shown that the tempera- 
ture, in order to retard generation of germ life, should be maintained 
as low, at least, as 50° F. Pathogenic or disease-breeding organisms 
are shown to multiply with remarkable rapidity when milk is main- 
tained at temperatures ranging from 50° to 60° F., and even more 
markedly when 65° F. is reached. Although the practical observance 
of this requirement means the establishment of icehouses on dairy 
farms for the storage of a sufficient supply to maintain this reduced 
temperature from April 1 or earlier to November 1, or later in excep- 
tional instances of mild weather, and the installation of refrigerator 
cars or the jacketing of cans in an efficient manner to keep down the 
temperature, which requirement, if insisted upon, mTist necessarily 
add to the cost of cooling, transporting, and delivering the local milk 
supply, your committee is nevertheless, after careful consideration, 
convinced that the arrangement is necessary in the interest of the 
public health and should be made effective by suitable legislation, 
provided that, so far as transportation is concerned, it be determined, 
upon examination of figures in detail, that refrigerator-car service is 
an economic possibility. 

The requirement should, moreover, extend to the refrigeration of 
the milk while on delivery wagons, so as to continue the reduced 
temperature at a maximum of 50° F. until actual delivery at the 
residence or place of occupation of the consumer. 

Dr. Park entertains the view that it is practicable to maintain a 
temperature not exceeding 50° F. on delivery wagons, provided the 
cans be protected from exposure to the air by boards or canvas and a 
little ice be kept on the cans. 

The committee appends (Appendix AI) in this connection copy 
of a letter addressed, under date of October 9, 1907, by Surg. Gen. 
George M. Sternberg, United States Army, retired, to Dr. G. Lloyd 
Magruder, of this city, giving testimony as to the practicability of 
shipping milk in cans reenforced with a felt jacket for very consider- 
able distances without attaining a maximum of 50° F, 



84 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

The reasonableness of exacting a temperature that shall not exceed 
50° F. is confirmed by the practice in such advanced communities as 
New York and Boston, the regulations of each of which cities specify 
a maximum temperature of 50° F., while Chicago enjoins a tempera- 
ture of 45° F. or less. 

The committee has weighed with the utmost care and deliberation 
the probable effect of compulsorily maintaining a temperature of 
50° F. or less from the time of milking to the actual moment of 
delivery to the consumer, for it is recognized that the initiation of 
such a requirement will necessarily compel every dairyman to install 
on his farm a suitable icehouse, with facilities for carrying a suffi- 
cient store of ice to maintain the milk below the prescribed maximum 
temperature during the season from April 1 to December 1 of each 
year. If this proposal were merely the result of a theoretical step 
toward the improvement of the milk supply, the committee would 
have more hesitancy in coming to a conclusion in the matter, but it is 
so clearly convinced that pathogenic bacteria proliferate with as- 
tounding rapidity when milk is allowed to attain a temperature of 
even 2 or 3 degrees in excess of 50° F. that it is indispensably neces- 
sary, in its judgment, in the interest of the public health, that this 
requirement be gradually put into force, notwithstanding its material 
bearing as respects increased outlay on the part of the producer, and 
with the fullest consciousness of the great benefit which will inure 
from the enforcement of this perhaps seemingly onerous exaction. 

The requirement that milk be kept at a temperature below 50° F. 
should likewise be rigorously enforced with reference to hotels, lunch 
rooms, cafes, and other public places where milk is consumed as a 
beverage in its raw or pasteurized state. 

It has been claimed that, owing to the germicidal qualities of raw 
milk, the number of bacteria is reduced when kept under certain con- 
ditions of temperature free from contamination, which contention is 
advocated in defense of raw milk as opposed to pasteurized milk. Dr. 
Park, who studied this question in 1901, concluded that freshly drawn 
milk contains a slight and variable amount of chemical substances 
which are capable of inhibiting bacterial growth, and that at tern-' 
peratures under 50° F. these substances act efficiently for from 12 to 
24 hours, provided the milk be not filthy, but that at higher tempera- 
tures the inhibiting effect of these chemical substances is very soon 
completely negatived and the bacteria in milk maintained at such 
temperatures will then rapidly increase. Thus the bacteria in fresh 
milk which originally proved 5,000 per cubic centimeter, decreased to 
2,400 in the portion kept at 42° F. for 24 hours, but raised to 7,000 
in that kept at 50° F., to 280,000 in that kept at 65° F., and to 
12,500,000,000 in that portion kept at 95° F. This intelligent deduc- 
tion emphasizes the extreme importance of keeping milk at tempera- 
tures below 50° F. 

NECESSITY FOR ADEQUATE REFRIGERATOR-CAR SERVICE. 

With regard to the objection raised by the producers and dealers to 
the proposal that all milk supplied to the District of Cohnnbia be 
required to be maintained at a temperature not exceeding 50° F. 
from the time of milking until the actual delivery to the consumer, 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 85 

the committee feels that this requirement is impossible of practical 
observance without the installation of an adequate number of re- 
frigerator cars or the provision of a practical and efficient can jacket. 

The committee has had great difficulty in securing from the rail- 
ways entering Washington any definite information which would 
lead to a proper conclusion as to the practicability of providing the 
necessary refrigerator-car service or some alternative means for 
maintaining milk during transportation at a temperature below 
50° F. The Pennsylvania and Southern Railways, and the New 
York Central & Hudson River Railroad Co. were the only ones 
to heed the request of the committee. President Brown, of the New 
York Central lines, regrets that it is impossible to furnish compara- 
tive figures, for the reason that the cost of refrigeration varies on 
different parts of his lines, being governed, he says, by weather con- 
ditions, the kind of container in which the product is shipped, the 
length of haul, facilities for rapid handling at destination, etc. The 
conditions in the District of Columbia are, furthermore, he maintains, 
different from those in New York State. 

Mr. J. R. Wood, passenger traffic manager of the Pennsylvania 
Railroad Co., has, through reference from President McCrea, fur- 
nished the committee with certain data relating to the subject of its 
inquiry. He explains that three factors enter into the cost of haul- 
ing milk under refrigeration, namely, the length of the haul, the 
temperature of the milk when placed in the car, and the circumstance 
whether the cars are to be loaded ali at one point or at intervals 
between originating point and destination. If the class " Rf " 
refrigerator car is to be used for the purpose proposed, the initial 
icing would, he estimates, require 7,400 pounds. After precooling, 
4,000 pounds would be sufficient to maintain the milk under a tem- 
perature of 50° F. for a distance of 300 miles; that is to say, a 
24-hour run. If, however, the car is to be opened at different points 
to receive milk, the temperature will fluctuate according to outside 
conditions. The cost for icing a car with 12,000 pounds of ice will 
approximate $15 (that is on a basis of $2.50 per ton of ice, including 
necessary labor). By using the same cars m this milk service, the 
bunkers would retain a percentage of the ice from one trip until the 
next, and the car would thus require on the same basis as above an 
average of only about 3,000 pounds of ice at a cost of $4. The cost 
per gallon for refrigerated milk will depend on the number of gal- 
lons loaded in a car. The length of the haul, he states, would make 
no material difference in the cost of refrigeration, due to the fact 
that the requisite amount of ice and the necessary space for loading 
would need to be provided from the starting point of the car to the 
places of receiving and discharging its load. 

It is interesting in this connection to note the present cost per 
gallon of milk shipped over the Pennsylvania lines from varying 
distances to Washington, namely, less than 30 miles, 1| cents per 
gallon ; between 30 and 60 miles, 2 cents per gallon ; over 60 and not 
exceeding 90 miles, 2^ cents per gallon. Double rates are charged 
for the shipment of cream. 

It is contended by the officials of the railways transporting milk 
into Washington that the length of the hauls and the aggregate 
amount of shipments do not justify the expense of providing and 
maintaining the necessary number of refrigerator cars for this serv- 



86 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

ice unless such increase in the rates of transportation be exacted as 
would make the retail price of milk to the consumer prohibitively 
high. The committee appends copies of correspondence with the 
New York Central and the Pennsylvania Railways relating to this 
phase of its investigations (Appendix D). Officials of the Southern 
Railway have informally assured the committee of their desire to 
do everything possible to further the committee's recommendations, 
but they feel that it is absolutely impossible, without the imposition 
of prohibitive traffic rates, to maintain the necessary service. Milk 
is at present hauled over the several branches of the Southern Rail- 
way at a flat rate of 2^ cents per gallon, which includes the return of 
the can or other receptacle to the shipper. 

FEASIBILITY OF PROVIDING ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF ICE. 

Aside from the conditions affecting the feasibility of introducing 
an appropriate service of refrigerator cars, it is contended by the 
producers of milk that it is not practicable without a decided advance 
in the price of milk received by the shipper to install and equip the 
necessary ice houses for maintaining the low temperature from the 
time of milking to the instant of actual delivery on board the train. 
An examination of bulletins furnished through the courtesy of Prof. 
Willis L. Moore, Chief of the United States Weather Bureau, shows 
that it has been possible, with the exception of one winter, during 
the past 30 years to collect from ponds, natural or artificially pro- 
vided for this purpose, an abundant supply of ice 4 inches or more in 
thickness, to enable the farmer to lay up a sufficient store to meet 
this requirement of refrigeration from April 1 to December 1, the 
interval during which in this latitude it is necessary to provide arti- 
ficial means of maintaining a maximum temperature of 50° F. This 
deduction is confirmatory of a letter on the same subject from the 
Chief of the Weather JBureau under date of December 29, 1906 
(Appendix AJ). 

It is claimed by local wholesale and retail dealers, furthermore, 
that the insistence upon this requirement will have the effect of driv- 
ing all of the small dealers out of business, as they allege that the 
■public is neither willing nor able to pay the increased price which 
must necessarily be established in order to meet this proposed restric- 
tion. 

So much for the mercantile side of the question. As to its scien- 
tific aspects, it is a matter of general agreement among authorities 
on the subject of milk production and distribution that, although milk 
obtained from the cow under the most careful conditions contains a 
minimum number of bacteria, these bacteria multiply with alarming 
rapidity when milk is subjected to temperatures in excess of 50° F., 
and this observation applies with equal force to pasteurized and to 
raw milk. 

The failure to keep milk at a temperature below 50° F. provides 
favorable conditions for rapid multiplication of bacteria. Milk is a 
good culture medium for various pathogenic organisms which rapidly 
increase in high temperatures, making such milk dangerous, espe- 
cially for infants. Dr. Wyman, Surgeon General of the Public 
Health and Marine-Hospital Service, asserts that if milk happens to 
contain a small number of typhoid bacilli or other organisms a great 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 87 

increase in these organisms will take place if the milk be not kept 
below 50° F. The moment that a higher temperature than 50° F. 
is approached the proliferation of deleterious as well as other germs 
increases with astounding celerity, it being demonstrated by reliable 
authorities, as already stated, that a temperature of even 52° to 55° 
F., for example, encourages a much more rapid development of bac- 
teria than 50° F. Some authorities suggest specifying as low as 45° 
F., but there is a substantial agreement among those qualified to speak 
in favor of 50° F. as a maximum temperature for maintaining milk 
from the time of milking till delivery to the consumer. Dr. Melvin, 
Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, observes in this connection 
that the specification of that temperature would require the use of 
ice in summer, but that this is not believed to be commercially im- 
practicable, except j)ossibly during the summer in warm climates, 
where the producer is unable to provide ice. This requirement, he 
states, has been met by the city of Atlanta, Ga., and if it is practicable 
there it should certainly be practicable for the city of Washington. 
The feasibility of meeting this situation will, it is observed by Surg. 
Gen. Stokes, depend among other things upon the facilities granted 
by the railroads and the amount of capital put into the business. 

Dr. Hamill, of Philadelphia, expresses the view that from 40° to 
50° F. is the maximum temperature at which milk should be kept to 
give the best results when commercially used. He is of the opinion 
that it is practicable to maintain a maximum temperature of 50° F. 
from time of milking to city delivery to the consumer, provided the 
producers, the railroad companies, and the dealers can be compelled 
by law to adopt proper methods. On the other hand, it is stated by 
the health officer of Columbus, Ohio, that 50° F. is too low for market 
milk under ordinary conditions as experienced in Columbus, a 65° F. 
rule having been in force in that city for two years past. 

If the temperature could be fixed primarily to satisfy the con- 
venience and advantage of the producer and dealer, this higher 
temperature could well be determined upon, but the committee is 
fully impressed, after consulting the authorities on the subject, that 
the fixing of 65° F. as the maximum temperature would not accom- 
plish the end desired, and that this higher temperature would permit 
of rapid multiplication of disease-breeding germs in milk. If the 
somewhat low temperature specified be not enforced by stringent 
regulations of the health authorities, all other precautions (save, 
perhaps, the tuberculin test) tending to the production of a pure 
milk supply and the elimination of the danger of infection through 
contamination of the milk will be negatived to such an extent as to 
almost totally defeat the purpose of the requirement. 

The committee is strongly inclined to believe, therefore, that, not- 
withstanding the claims put forward by the producers and dealers as 
to the prejudicial effect upon their business and the possibility, if not 
likelihood, of a considerable shortage in the milk supply, the interests 
of the public health demand that this requirement be put into effect 
and rigidly enforced. 

PRESCRIBED HOURS OF DELIVERY NOT FEASIBLE. 

The committee has considered, in tliis same connection, the prac- 
ticability of assuring the maintenance of the prescribed temperature 
by limiting the hours of delivery, especially at residences, so as to 



88 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

avoid the exposure of the milk to the rays of the sun or to warm air 
when standing on the doorstep. While it is undoubtedly desirable, 
in the judgment of the officials of the Bureau of Animal Industry, 
that milk should not be permitted to remain on the doorstep in warm 
weather long enough to allow a material rise in its temperature, the 
feasibility of specifying certain hours for its delivery is questioned. 
Some of the persons consulted by the committee are dubious as to 
whether such regulations would be capable of enforcement, while 
others suggest that the milk be so placed as to shelter it from the sun. 
In the opinion of Dr. Goler, health officer of Kochester, N. Y., milk 
should not be permitted to be delivered to the consumer prior to 6 
o'clock a. m., while Dr. Walter S. Wheeler, health commissioner of 
Kansas City, Mo., alleges that in some cities regulations prescribe 
from 12 o'clock midnight to 8 o'clock in the morning as the hours for 
city delivery. 

In Wheeling, W. Va., the distributor of certified milk is not al- 
lowed to leave it on the doorstep, but must place it in an ice chest or 
in the hands of an adult member of the family. 

Dr. J. M. Houston, bacteriologist of the Washington branch of the 
White Cross Milk Co., is decidedly of the opinion that milk should 
be required to be delivered after 7 a. m., so that it can be taken into 
the home and not exposed to contamination on the doorstep and to 
the rays of the hot sun in summer and to freezing in winter. He adds 
that if this plan be effectuated, the dealer would not be embarrassed 
so largely by complaints of stolen milk and by the inefficient class of 
help on which he must depend for earlier deliveries. 

Dr. Hamill, of Philadelphia, considers it very important to pre- 
scribe definite hours for the city delivery of milk, the dealer being 
required to deliver the milk at such hours as to enable the consumer 
to receive it into his home immediately upon delivery. Dr. Park 
favors the limitation of hours of city delivery during the warm 
months, so that milk would not, at least, remain more than 30 minutes 
exposed to a temperature above 55° F. Dr. J. P. Kennedy, health 
officer of Atlanta, Ga., thinks that the subject could best be controlled 
by issuing from the health department printed slips of instructions, 
to be delivered at intervals by dairymen to their customers. 

The committee is not prejDared to commend as feasible the speci- 
fication of certain fixed hours for delivery, since, in its judgment, to 
exact this requirement would compel a large supplemental outlay on 
the part of distributors for additional delivery wagons and help, and 
would possibly make the retail cost of milk prohibitivel}^ high, im- 
posing a hardship on the milkman and possibly embarrassing the 
plans of the householder. 

TEMPERATURE FOR MILK PRODUCTS. 

The fact that cream is shown to contain pathogenic germs in viru- 
lent form convinces the committee that it is advisable to require this 
to be maintained at a temperature below 50° F., and the committee 
consequently recommends that such a requirement be imjoosed. The 
same observation does not apply, however, to butter and cheese, 
which, owing to their density, are not favorable to the proliferation 
of pathogenic germs at ordinary temperatures, though it should be 
demanded that milk from which these products are made be kept, up 



1H£ Milk situation in the district op Columbia. 89 

to the time of their manufacture, at a temperature not in excess of 
50° F. There would appear to be no reason for a similar speciJ&ca- 
tion concerning buttermilk. 

FREEZING or MILK. 

The committee has examined with interest a report by United 
States Consul T. H. Norton (Appendix AK) of an address by Prof. 
Hempel on the " Treatment of Milk " before the seventy-ninth an- 
nual meeting- of the German Association of Scientists and Physicians, 
held at Dresden, Saxony, in September, 1907, discussing the feasi- 
bility of transporting and delivering milk in a frozen condition. Ex- 
haustive experiments have shown conclusively, Consul Norton states, 
that pure milk when frozen preserves its original properties un- 
changed for weeks. Frozen specimens, kept for over a month in the 
refrigerating room, showed on thawing absolutely no alteration in 
taste, while the fact of a considerable diminution in the number of 
bacteria present was clearly established. Important also, he con- 
tinues, was the circumstance that while frozen the cream remained 
evenly diffused throughout the solidified mass, which is not the case 
when milk is kept at a low temperature in a liquid state. To attain 
good results, he adds further, it is essential that pure, fresh milk, as 
soon as collected from the animal, be rapidly cooled to the freezing 
point. Dirty and contaminated milk, as well as milk in which the 
lactic fermentation has begun, after being frozen, curdles upon melt- 
ing. He offers the suggestion that fresh milk could be frozen in 
the proper containers by submerging them in brine chilled far below 
the melting point of ice, and that, when the milk has not only been 
frozen, but cooled still further to the temperature of the surround- 
ing liquid, the flasks or other containers could be removed, inclosed in 
felt protectors, and conveyed to the consumer. Frozen milk prepared 
under such conditions will, he contends, remain in a solid state for 
a day or more before the temperature of the entire mass can rise to 
the melting point. He further remarks that refrigerator cars would 
obviously be unnecessary for the transportation of milk in this form, 
unless unusually long distances are to be traversed. The compara- 
tively small, cost of freezing and chilling the jnilk supply of a city 
would, he asserts, be more than offset by economy in transportation, 
by the utilization of rem»te and inexpensive pasturage, and by the 
removal of one of the gi-avest causes of infant mortality. 

There is considerable diversity of opinion as to the effect produced 
by freezing on the qualities of milk. Of 24 expressions of opinion 
on the subject, the committee finds 3 proj)onents of the belief that 
freezing has no effect whatsoever, while 5 of the authorities consulted 
maintain that the prejudicial effect is slight, if appreciable at all. 
Surg. Gen. Stokes claims that freezing has little or no influence, 
while Surg. Gen. Torney says that the effect is not injurious unless 
the freezing be long continued, when it would probably diminish the 
germicidal power of the milk.. According to Dr. Melvin freezing 
has the effect of separating the butter fat and causing the fat glob- 
ules to collect into granules. Dr. Duncan, bacteriologist and chief 
inspector of the health department of Birmingham, Ala., contends 
that it changes the character of milk slightly, and that it is not 
always possible to insure a good quality of milk after melting. This 



90 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

practice has, he reports, been tried in some parts of Europe " without 
satisfactory success." Borden's Condensed Milk Co. states that 
freezing itself has really no effect whatever on the quality of milk, 
provided the milk in being restored to its normal condition is care- 
fully mixed. Milk, however, does not, it goes on to state, keep indefi- 
nitely in a frozen condition, as certain forms of bacteria multiply 
even in that condition, while the lactic acid bacteria are entirely 
dormant. Bacteria are not, however, destroyed by freezing, even 
when the frozen condition extends over a period of time. Dr. Pres- 
cott observes that frozen milks are sold in Europe and used with 
apparent impunity. 

Dr. Wiley, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, United States De- 
partment of Agriculture, states that while he has not made experi- 
mental determinations on the effect of freezing milk, he is of the 
opinion that it profoundly modifies its character, perhaps not so 
much in regard to its potability (that is to say, its quality for drink- 
ing purposes) , as to its wholesomeness and nutritive qualities. His 
belief in the matter is, he avers, based on the well-known fact that 
the freezing of wine or beer, or of meats or fruits, profoundly affects 
their character, for which reason, in his judgment, milk, especially 
if intended for the nutrition of infants, should never be frozen. 

VII. Pasteurization. 

PASTEURIZATION AND STERILIZATION DEFINED. 

Pasteurized milk is defined in the Standards of Purity for Food 
Products,^ issued by the Secretary of Agriculture in pursuance of 
authority given by Congress in the food and drugs act of June 30, 
1906, as follows : 

Pasteurized milk is milk that has been heated below boiling, but sufficiently 
to kill most of the active organisms present, and immediately cooled to 50° F. 
or lower. 

Sterilized milk is defined in the same publication as follows: 

Sterilized milk is milk that has been heated at the temperature of boiling 
water or higher for a length of time sufficient to kill all organisms present. 

The term " pasteurization," as applied in a commercial sense, has 
been employed to denote all cases where milk is subjected to heat 
with the view, actually or ostensibly, as the case may be, of eliminat- 
ing all prejudicial germ life, though with the real purpose in many 
instances of complying constructively, though not effectually, with 
the requirements of law and of an awakened public that it be sub- 
jected to the pasteurizing process to give assurance of its freedom 
from live deleterious organisms. So variant have been the methods 
employed for pasteurizing milk, both as to the degree of heat to 
which exposed and the term of exposure, that many authorities have 
suggested the coinage, or application at least, of some new term to 
express pasteurization when effected in the manner agreed by compe- 
tent bacteriologists as calculated to destroy the pathogenic micro- 
organisms without at the same time destroying the nutritive value 
of the milk and its facility of digestion. 

1 Circular No. 19, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 91 

Pasteurization as applied to milk consists properly in heating this 
commodity for a short period of time at a temperature considerably 
below the boiling point (212° F.), followed by rapid chilling, the 
object being not so much to preserve the milk as to destroy the harm- 
ful bacteria and their products. In this connection caution should 
be exercised to distinguish between sterilization as commonly under- 
stood and pasteurization scientifically attained, for in sterilizing the 
milk is heated at least to the boiling point, a temperature which com- 
pletely annihilates all germ life, whether pathogenic or otherwise, 
and which treatment is shown to deprive milk to a certain extent of 
its nutrition and digestibility. 

TEMPERATURE AND LENGTH OF EXPOSURE BEST SUITED TO PASTEURIZATION. 

Varying temperatures and durations of exposure of milk to the 
heating process have been suggested by different observers as best 
calculated to insure the complete destruction of the disease-breeding 
micro-organisms without at the same time destroying the enzymes or 
ferments in the milk, which are generally recognized as playing a 
most important part in facilitating its digestion. Milk treated in 
the proper manner is rich in enzymes, retains entirely the taste of 
fresh milk, and is quite as digestible. The following exposures, 
among others, have been recommended by independent investigators : 
140° F. for 15 minutes, 140° F. for 20 minutes, 140° F. for 40 minutes, 
approximately 154° to 156° F. for 30 minutes, 158° F. for 5 to 10 
minutes, and 158° F. for 30 minutes.^ 

Dr. Coit, who is identified as closely, perhaps, as any other person 
with the development of sanitary milk production in America, rec- 
ommends 140° F. for 40 minutes, 150° F. for 30 minutes, 167° F. for 
20 minutes, or 190° F. for 1 minute, followed by immediate cooling 
to between 40° and 50° F. EiScient pasteurization at these tempera- 
tures and durations does not, according to his observations, destroy 
the digestive enzymes or nutritive principles in milk, though, on the 
other hand, it is destructive of all ordinary pathogenic bacteria and 
also of most other contaminating germs. 

The two main considerations which control the temperature and 
time during which milk should be pasteurized are, first, the thermal 
death points of (1) the pathogenic (disease-breeding) bacteria, and 
(2) the ferments in the milk. The first named must be surely killed, 
so as to eliminate danger, and the latter should not be affected suffi- 
ciently to " devitalize " the milk. So far as may be judged from 
present knowledge, the best temperature is 60° C. (corresponding to 
140° F.) continued for a period of 30 minutes, or 145° F. for 20 min- 
utes, followed by rapid cooling, which, it should be emphatically 
noted, is an essentially important part of the process. There is rea- 
son to believe that a higher degree of heat applied during a shorter 
interval is not as satisfactory, since in commercial pasteurization the 
shorter periods are likely to result in imperfect pasteurization, and it 
is mechanically impracticable to assure the application of a uniform 
temperature in such cases to the entire body of milk subjected to the 
process. The pathogenic bacteria succumb to heat at temperatures 
below those of the ferments in milk, so that in this way the infectious- 

1 Bulletin No. 56, Hygienic Laboratory, Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, d. 
650. ^ 



92 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

ness may be destroyed without injuriously affecting the beneficial 
components of the milk. 

While authorities are not agreed as to the most advantageous 
degree of heat and the period for which this should be applied to 
effect perfect pasteurization, there is a substantial disposition among 
those consulted by the committee in favor of a range of from 140° 
to 145° F. for an exposure of 20 to 30 minutes (which period shall be 
interpreted to exclude the time required to attain the prescribed 
temperature, referring solely to the interval during which the stated 
temperature is actually maintained uniformly throughout the body 
of milk under treatment). From the evidence at hand we may 
therefore safely conclude that the heating of milk to 140° F. for 30 
minutes or 145° F. 20 minutes destroys the pathogenic microorgan- 
isms without injuriously affecting the composition or quality or the 
milk and without sensibly impairing its food value, the milk retaining 
the taste of fresh milk and remaining quite as digestible. 

EFFECT OF PASTEURIZATION ON GERM LIFE. 

As to the effect of pasteurization upon the germ life in milk. Dr. 
Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, observes that, if 
done at temperatures recommended by the bureau (namely, 140° or 
145° F. for 30 or 20 minutes, respectively), while destroying most, 
if not all, of the pathogenic bacteria, the process will not eliminate 
all of the lactic acid bacteria, the advantage of destroying injurious 
germs greatly outweighing any possible loss from the destruction of 
germs that might be considered harmless. 

Surg. Gen. Wyman, of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital 
Service, confirms the statement that pasteurization, if performed at 
a temperature of 145° F. for 20 minutes, destroys pathogenic bac- 
teria, but does not destroy the ferments of the niilk^ which latter are 
understood to play an important role in its digestion and assimila- 
tion. On the contrary, Dr. Crichton, commissioner of health of 
Seattle, Wash., asserts that pasteurization destroys the beneficial 
germs, as it does largely the prejudicial, but that the latter come to 
the front and multiply with such rapidity that, after a certain length 
of time, the milk becomes absolutely dangerous. Pasteurization is 
probably a wise makeshift, he persists, but never to take the place of 
good, clean, natural milk. Dr. Clemmer, health officer of Columbus, 
Ohio, contends that friendly germs are more easily destroyed than 
prejudicial ones. But this view is contradicted by the testimony of 
most authorities consulted by the committee. 

Dr. TTnniill is disinclined to admit that milk contains any germs 
of a beneficial character, but acknowledges that pasteurization if 
properly carried out will destroy all so-called pathogenic — that is 
to say, disease-breeding — organisms. 

According to Dr. Coit, the enforcement of the tuberculin test will, 
as elsewhere stated in this report, diminish human infection only 
to the extent that tuberculosis is now disseminated by market milk ; 
having the effect, in his judgment, of reducing to the extent of about 
25 per cent, the number of cases of tuberculosis occurring in children. 
Human infection from bovine sources would, in his view, be en- 
tirely obviated, however, by efficient pasteurization. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 93 

HELD AND CONTINUOUS PASTEURIZATION. 

The temperatures and durations of exposure above indicated refer 
to what is known as " held " pasteurization, or the " holder " process, 
a specific quantity of milk bein^' retained integrally in what is 
known as the holder, or pasteurizing receptacle, during the pre- 
scribed period of time. The " flash " method, or " continuous " pas- 
teurization denotes where the milk is constantly flowii)<y in and out 
of the pasteurizer, being subjected during the briet interval of 
exposure to more intense heat, though not sufficient to destroy the 
ferments of the milk. It is urged against the latter process that the 
milk in different parts of the receptacle is not subjected uniformly to 
the heat, and that for this reason the pathogenic germs are not as 
certainly killed as by the holder process. 

OBJECTIONS TO COMMERCIAL PASTEURIZATION. 

Much adverse comment has been expressed against commercial 
pasteurization on account of the imperfect and inefficient manner 
in which, according to actual experience, milk has been pasteurized 
for the general market. This criticism has been manifestly just in 
many instances, and has been due in large measure to the introduc- 
tion of " continuous," or " flash," pasteurization. This method of 
so-called pasteurization is fairly characterized as a makeshift or sub- 
terfuge resorted to by dairymen, often innocently and unintention- 
ally, on the recommendation of representatives of certain machinery 
interests promoting pasteurizing apparatus of this character. The 
investigations of the committee have impelled it firmly to the belief 
that this latter method of alleged pasteurization is not only mechan- 
ically impracticable, owing to the impossibility of subjecting the 
milk uniiormly to the specificed amount of heat, but results, in op- 
eration, either in failing to destroy the pathogenic germs by too 
mild an application of heat to certain portions of the volume of 
milk, or in making the heating of all or particular portions of the 
milk in the container so intense as to devitalize it and encourage its 
rapid putrefaction. 

" Held " pasteurization, as has been explained, is the generally 
commended method of retaining the fluid in the tank or receptacle 
for a given period of time, instead of permitting a continuous flow in 
or out of the chamber. In the " continuous," or " flash," process the 
milk. is customarily exposed only momentarily to the heat at a tem- 
perature of from 73° to 74° C. (which is equivalent to from 163.4° 
to 165.2° F.). It will be observed that this degree of temperature 
is considerably in excess of that recommended for pasteurization under 
the " held " process, namely, 140° to 145° F. 

In an article entitled " The Pasteurized Milk Fraud," ^ by Arno 
Dosch, reference is made to the contest which is now being waged in 
Chicago in favor of a purer milk supply and to the fraud whi(!h is 
being practiced upon the public in certain communities by placing on 
sale milk which, though represented to be pasteurized, has not been 
treated according to approved methods of pasteurization, the " flash " 
process being largely resorted to in this connection. In the article 

* Pearson's Magazine, December, 1910, p. 721. 



94 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

mentioned Dr. William H. Park, chief bacteriologist of the New York 
department of health, is quoted on the effect of the law enacted on 
December 8, 1909, regulating, among other things, the pasteurization 
of milk for consumption in New York City. It is represented that 
the law which was to have gone into effect on March 1, 1910, is still 
practically inoperative, owing to the failure of the dealers to provide 
the pasteurizing apparatus required, an extension having been 
granted, delaying actual compliance on their part with the provisions 
of the law. 

The consensus of opinion among the authorities consulted by the 
committee in the course of its investigations is largely in favor of 
the practicability of commercial pasteurization. 

COMPULSORY PASTEURIZATION. 

The sentiment among the health officers consulted by the committee 
appears to be opposed to compulsory pasteurization. In most in- 
stances, however, where objection is registered no reasons are as- 
signed. Dr. Woodward, health officer of the District, sees no reason 
why compulsory pasteurization should not be practicable, the health 
department having, he states, for some time had under consideration 
the feasibility of recommending the compulsory pasteurization of all 
milk coming from cows not tuberculin tested. Surg. Gen.- Stokes 
advocates compulsory pasteurization. 

Dr. Woodward directly affirms that in the present state of the pro- 
duction and sale of milk commercially pasteurization seems to be the 
only way of safeguarding the public health against milk-borne dis- 
eases. The sale of raw milk answering to the classification of certi- 
fied milk should not, however, in his judgment, be forbidden. 

Dr. Park suggests the following precautions, additional to the 
tuberculin test, in the absence of compulsory pasteurization : General 
hygienic rules, examination of feces before the return of typhoid 
convalescents to their employment, inspection of wells, and a report 
of all suspected communicable diseases. 

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PASTEURIZATION. 

Many considerations have been advanced in favor of and in oppo- 
sition to pasteurization, both compulsory and voluntary. 

In a paper entitled " The Bacteriology of Commercially Pasteurized 
and Kaw Market Milk,'" by S. Henry Ayers and William T. Johnson, 
jr., issued November 14, 1910^ (only a few weeks ago), the advan- 
tages and disadvantages of pasteurization are set forth, based upon 
the latest considerations advanced for and against this treatment of 
milk. The objections to pasteurization, generally accepted as well 
founded, are summarized by these writers as follows : 

1. It is believed that the lactic-acid bacteria in raw milk, which eventually 
sour the milk, exert a restraining influence on the peptonizing bacteria, which 
would otherwise cause the putrefaction of the milk. In other words, when milk 
Is pasteurized- and subsequently kept free from lactic-acid bacteria, which are 
easily killed by heat, it will not sour, but will putrefy, due to the development 
of peptonizing bacteria, the spores of which are not destroyed during pasteuriza- 
tion. The peptonizing bacteria, when freed from the restraining influence of 

* Bulletin No. 126, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 95 

the lactic-acid organisms, may increase to large numbers and produce toxins 
and poisonous decomposition products. 

2. The pasteurization of dirty milk, while reducing the bacterial numbers, 
does not destroy the toxins or other products of bacterial growth. 

3. Careless methods of handling after pasteurization may result in serious 
contamination of the milk. 

4. Pasteurization may be used simply to cover up dirty milk. It may encour- 
age dirty methods in production and retard the extension of sanitary super- 
vision. 

5. Milk which has not been sold may be pasteurized, or even repasteurized, 
and its faults hidden. 

6. Bacteria may increase more rapidly in pasteurized milk than in raw milk. 

7. Undesirable changes may be produced by heating, which result in making 
the milk less digestible, particularly in the case of infants. 

The paper concludes with the statement that commercially pas- 
teurized milk always sours, because of the development of lactic-acid 
bacteria which, on account of their high thermal death point, survive 
pasteurization, and perhaps in some cases because of subsequent in- 
fection with acid-forming bacteria during the cooling and bottling; 
that the acid development in an efficiently pasteurized milk is about 
the same as that in a clean raw milk ; that the " old " taste which 
sometimes develops is not characteristic of pasteurized milk, but may 
be noticed as well in clean raw milk when held under similar con- 
ditions; that the relative proportions of the groups of peptonizing, 
lactic acid, and alkali or inert bacteria are approximately the same 
in efficiently pasteurized as in clean raw milk; that the peptonizing 
bacteria are present in smaller numbers in the inferior grades of 
commercially pasteurized milk during the first 24 hours after re- 
ceiving than in raw milk of the same quality; that the number of 
peptonizers in a good grade of commercially pasteurized milk on the 
initial count and on succeeding days is approximately the same as 
in a clean raw milk when held under similar temperature conditions; 
that lactic-acid bacteria of high thermal death point are found in 
milk and may be easily isolated by special methods of procedure, 
these heat-resisting lactic-acid bacteria playing an important part in 
pasteurized milk and undoubtedly accounting to a large extent for its 
ultimate souring; that all milk, whether pasteurized or raw, must 
necessarily be infected during cooling and bottling by bacteria in the 
receiving tanks, in the pipes, in the cooler, and in the bottles ; that the 
low bacterial counts obtained from pasteurized milk in these in- 
vestigations show that reinfection must have been very small; that 
it is manifestly unfair to conclude that bacteria increase faster in 
pasteurized than in raw milk, simplj^ from a comparison of the ratio 
of bacterial increase, it being evident from the results of this in- 
vestigation that the bacterial increase in an efficiently pasteurized and 
a clean raw milk is about the same when the samples of milk are 
held under similar temperature conditions ; that the " holder " proc- 
ess of pasteurization is superior to the " flash " process, a tempera- 
ture of 145° F. (62.8° C.) for 30 minutes appearing to be best adapted 
for efficient pasteurization; that pasteurized and raw milk should 
always be bottled and should not be allowed to be sold as " loose " 
milk from stores ; and that pasteurization should invariably be under 
the control of competent men who understand the scientific side of the 
problem. 

One of the chief objections urged against pasteurization is that 
it promotes carelessness and discourages efforts to produce clean 



96 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

milk, the farmers and those who handle milk which is to be pas- 
teurized believing that it is unnecessary to be particular, since the 
dirt that goes into the milk is going to be " cooked " and made harm- 
less. In opposition to this it should be observed that it is not pro- 
posed that pasteurization shall take the place of inspection and im- 
provements in dairy methods, and that, even if pasteurization be 
adopted, no milk should be accepted that does not comply with 
reasonable chemical and bacteriological standards. 

It has been further asserted, in objection to pasteurization, that it 
injures the taste of the milk and increases its cost. Experience 
dictates, however, that the pure, sweet taste of milk is not appreci- 
ably affected by pasteurization, and that the cost of pasteurization 
(including the expense of transporting the milk to and from the 
pasteurizing plant) is so immaterial as to make this objection unten- 
able from a practical standpoint. 

It has, moreover, been contended by the opponents of pasteuriza- 
tion, that it induces scurvy and rickets, but investigations in Ger- 
many, France, and other countries, where artificial feeding of infants 
with heated milk is most popular, do not sustain this assertion. 

VIEAVS OF DE. H. W. WILEY. 

Dr. Wiley, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, United States De- 
partment of Agriculture, expresses the belief that no milk which has 
undergone so-called preparation or modification of any kind is as 
wholesome and nutritious " as the pure article." In his opinion, pas- 
teurization seriously injures milk in its nutritive value, especially for 
infants, and milk should never be pasteurized, he says, " except as a 
choice between two evils." Insanitary milk, if used at all, should, he 
admits, undoubtedly be pasteurized, though in his view " dirty milk 
is just as dirty after pasteurization as it was before." He takes the 
ground that pure, clean, properly handled cow's milk needs no pas- 
teurization and no modification, and no preparation except as indi- 
cated in the modifications of milk under proper medical advice for 
the feeding of infants. He vouchsafes the opinion that large cities 
(under which designation he expressly includes Washington) might 
be able to get a much better milk supply (except for infant feeding) 
than is now afforded by establishing clean, sanitary milk plants in 
regions devoted to the dairy industry, drying the milk to a powder 
by one of the modern sanitary processes, and transporting it to the 
city for speedy consumption. He strongly urges upon every munici- 
pality the establishment of a milk plant under the direct control of 
the municipality, where pure, clean, wholesome, unpasteurized, un- 
modified, and unprepared milk may be kept for the use of infants fed 
artificially, the plant to include among its appurtenances a modify- 
ing chamber under the direction of a competent specialist, to modify 
the pure milk without any other changes to as nearly the composi- 
tion of fresh mother's milk as possible, or to make special modifica- 
tions of milk, under the direction of a physician, for those who are 
diseased. He would go so far, he states, as to make it a penal offense 
for any person, feeding an infant artificially, to use any other food 
than that supplied through these central establishments. He advo- 
cates, as already stated, reducing to a powder milk intended for 
adult consumption, which, though coming from a distance, can, he 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 97 

asserts, be used with safety and without danger of interfering with 
the nutritive processes, the municipal milk supply being reserved 
entirely for the use of infants artificially fed. 

While these averments coming from so eminent an authority on 
matters of pure food as the present Chief of the Federal Bureau of 
Chemistry are entitled to the fullest consideration, the committee is 
prepared to believe that the use of powdered milk as suggested would 
not be satisfactory to the ordinary consumer, and that it has not been 
scientifically demonstrated that milk may be reduced to powdered 
form and retain, when subsequently diluted, the proper proportion 
of butter fat and other ingredients in such status as to render the 
product as assimilable and nutritious as clean, raw milk, or properly 
pasteurized milk of the requisite degree of purity and cleanliness. 

Among the advantages of pasteurization it may be stated that 
proper pasteurization under official supervision reduces to a minimum 
the number of pathogenic live bacteria and eliminates the danger 
of infection from tubercular, typhoid, scarlet fever, diphtheria, and 
other germs, as well as from diarrhea and other intestinal disorders, 
which are especially common in infants and younger children, par- 
ticularly in the summer months, and which are so fruitful a cause of 
mortality. While the danger of tubercular infection through milk 
may be largely eliminated by the compulsory application of the tuber- 
culin test, this expedient does not safeguard against the communica- 
tion of typhoid fever, diphtheria, and other infectious diseases intro- 
duced into the milk by a bacillus carrier or through contamination in 
other ways in its handling from time of milking to the moment of 
consumption, nor against possible tubercular infection when handled 
by a person suffering with tuberculosis, or when kept amid sur- 
roundings frequented by tuberculous patients. 

Pasteurization appears at the present time to be the only practica- 
ble solution of the milk problem. The objections raised to this treat- 
ment of milk seem to be either theoretical or such as may be readily 
overcome. Milk to be as clean as desired must be obtained from espe- 
cially well-equipped dairy farms and handled exclusively by skilled 
and conscientious persons. The cost of installing such equipment and 
employing such a class of labor would necessarily result in a decided 
increase in the sale price of milk, while pasteurization, especially if 
done on a suitable scale, would not, it is believed, increase the price of 
milk more than a fraction of a cent per quart. 

Since the date of the first attempt at commercial pasteurization this 
treatment of milk has been prescribed in many municipalities in the 
United States. 

While it has been axiomatically averred that " pure milk is better 
than purified milk," and it is clearly recognized that milk cleanly pro- 
duced is better than bacteria-laden and dirty milk, even when sub- 
jected to the process of pasteurization, yet in the existing conditions 
of dairy farming and the comparatively recent application of sani- 
tary methods to the production of milk, a safe product can not, in the 
judgment of the committee, be assured without pasteurization, for 
while in its opinion the pasteurization even of cleanly produced milk 
does not impair to any appreciable degree its wholesomeness and at- 
tractiveness as an article of diet, pasteurization, properly adminis- 
tered, of uncleanly milk, or milk which has not been produced with 

82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-3 7 



98 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTKICT OF COL'/MBIA. 

the utmost care arid circumspection, is certain to render the product 
innocuous, and is consequently entitled to unqualified indorsement. 
The time may come when dairy farming will be systematized and 
advanced to such a state of perfection that pasteurization will be a 
needless recourse, but such a happy condition of affairs is not likely 
to ensue for many years to come, and until it eventuates pasteuriza- 
tion must of necessity be generally practiced as a means of safeguard- 
ing the public health and gradually, but effectively, decreasing the 
alarming rate of mortality resulting from tuberculosis, diphtheria, 
typhoid and scarlet fevers, and various gastrointestinal diseases, wkich 
latter present so formidable an obstacle to the immunity, especially of 
infant life, from disease and destruction. 

There is a prevailing impression that pasteurization of milk adds 
merit to that important article of diet, but this is only true in so far 
as it negatives and nullifies the harmful effects of certain disease- 
breeding germs. Milk after pasteurization requires the same degree 
of care and attention to prevent contamination as is the case with raw 
milk, and the carelessness likely to result from this dependence upon 
its immunity to further contamination is, in the opinion of the com- 
mittee, one of the weightiest arguments offered against pasteuriza- 
tion. This objection is far outweighed, however, in the minds of the 
committee, by the fact that pasteurization enables one to obtain 
milk — in the condition when it leaves the pasteurizing plant — prac- 
tically, if not entirely, free from live disease-breeding organisms, and 
it then rests with the consumer whether he shall bestow upon it from 
that time on the intelligent care which is necessary to prevent its 
premature deterioration. It may be added that milk in the manner 
in which it leaves the pasteurizing plant, namely, in a sealed package, 
not to be opened until delivered to the home of the consumer, is much 
less liable to contamination after pasteurization than in its journey 
from the disease-breeding surroundings of the farm to the pas- 
teurizer. Since, moreover, long series of laboratory experiments, as 
well as clinical observations, lead us to believe that properly pas- 
teurized milk is quite as digestible as raw milk, the committee is pre- 
pared to recommend pasteurization as the only effective means under 
existing circumstances of diminishing, if not entirely eliminating, the 
danger of infection through the agency of milk with tuberculosis, 
typhoid fever, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and other diseases. 

CHICAGO MILK ORDINANCE. 

An ordinance of January 1, 1909, provides that all milk sold in 
Chicago, beginning January 1, 1914, shall be obtained from tuber- 
culin-tested cows. During the interim of five years, milk not ob- 
tained from tuberculin-tested cows may be sold, provided it be pas- 
teurized according to rules and regulations of the Chicago depart- 
ment of health. Under this ordinance, states Dr. F. O. Tonney,^ 
director of the municipal laboratories of Chicago, about 54 per cent 
of the milk sold in Chicago is now pasteurized and 24 per cent is 
tuberculin tested, and it is anticipated that before the close of the 
present season (autumn of 1910) the remaining 22 per cent will be 

1 " Tuberculosis in Market Milk of Chicago," read in section on preventive medicine 
and public health of the American Medical Association, at St. Louis, June, 1910 ; Journal 
of American Medical Association, Vol. LV, No. 15, Oct. 8, 1910, p. 1252. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 99 

pasteurized, as also much of the tuberculin-tested product. During 
the summer of 1909, when only about 30 per cent of the milk used in 
Chicago was pasteurized, a decrease of 521 was noted during that 
brief period in the deaths from diarrheal diseases reported among 
children under 1 year of age. The average bacterial count of raw 
milk in 1909 was 5,547,502 per cubic centimeter, Avhile in pasteurized 
samples taken from plants, a bacterial count of less than 200,000 
was shown. The writer refers to the extreme importance of prevent- 
ing the practice prevailing in some retail establishments of selling 
left-over samples from the previous day's delivery, which practice 
is responsible, in his opinion, for most of the high counts obtained 
in pasteurization. 

Dr. Tonney contends that, while the effectiveness of pasteurization 
in preventing milk-borne tuberculosis is fullj^ conceded, the milk 
situation in large cities involves so many other factors that tuber- 
culosis of necessity may be regarded as only one among many sources 
of danger, several of which, in his judgment, are even more impor- 
tant from a public-health standpoint. In a large city, says he, there 
must always be present the element of distance between the producer 
and consumer, and this factor gives opportunity for the thousand and 
one sources of contamination occurring as a result of multiplicity of 
handling, time consumed in transit, improper handling durii g 
transit, etc., all of which factors tend to multiply enormously the 
common polluting agencies to which milk is subject. The final 
product which reaches the consumer, he continues, may therefore be 
dangerous from the standpoint of five or six groups of diseases, which 
he enumerates in the order of their importance, as follows: First, 
and by far the most deserving of attention, the group of infantile 
diarrheal diseases, which are responsible for about one-third of the 
death rate among children under 2 years of age in our large cities; 
second, typhoid fever; third, tuberculosis; fourth, scarlet fever; 
fifth, diphtheria ; sixth, a group of miscellaneous infections not par- 
ticularly important in this country, such as cholera, foot-and-mouth 
disease, milk sickness, and others. As tuberculosis, he observes, may 
be eradicated by strict application of the tuberculin test, so may these 
other infections be eradicated hj the strict observance of sanitary 
rules in the production and handling of milk, and since improvement 
in this respect involves an educational campaign and the development 
of an adequate inspection system, he insists that the public, which is 
entitled to immediate protection, must turn to pasteurization, there 
being no other single agency of purification of such wide applica- 
bility. The feasibility^ of compulsory pasteurization has, he con- 
cludes, been demonstrated by the experience of the city of Chicago 
during the past 18 months. 

Dr. Park assigns the same relative importance as Dr. Tonney to 
milk as an infectional factor in the following diseases, namely: (1) 
Typhoid fever, (2) tuberculosis (in children), (3) scarlet fever, (4) 
diphtheria. 

Of all foodstuffs milk is the most difficult to preserve pure and 
handle with success. It requires not only intelligence, but a high 
degree of technical training, as well as unceasing vigilance, to pro- 
duce clean and safe milk. Many believe that this end may be ac- 
complished by official supervision and an effective system of inspec- 
tion, but we can scarcely conceive of any system of surveillance of 



100 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

the milk supply that will prevent its occasional contamination, and 
Avhile pasteurization can not make bad milk good, it can, when prop- 
erly applied, make bad milk harmless (except when derived from 
animals suffering with certain rare specific diseases). 

It should be borne in mind though that pasteurization is not ap- 
propriately to be used for preserving unclean or old milk, but as a 
measure of safety against dangers which no other precaution can 
obviate. For this reason it is especially important that pasteuriza- 
tion should be practiced under proper supervision, so that not only 
may it be insured that the milk is maintained within the proper tem- 
peratures for the prescribed length of time, but what is equally im- 
portant, that the milk, up to the moment when placed in the pastuer- 
izer, shall be cleanly milk and fresh milk and cool milk. 

Dr. M. J. Rosenau, formerly director of the Hygienic Laboratory 
of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service and now director 
of the bacteriological laboratory of Harvard University, states ^ that 
" milk should be produced under clean conditions and kept clean and 
it would not then have to be purified. But," he continues, " we must 
guard against enemies as long as they exist. We would all like to 
do away with armies and navies, but present conditions demand their 
maintenance, and the same is true of harmful bacteria in milk; 
so long as the average market milk is bad and contains these insidious 
foes, the only protection we have is to destroy them with heat." 

It has been contended by the milk producers and dealers in the 
hearings before the committee that pasteurization is objectionable 
for the reason that, unless carefully and scientifically done, its effect 
is to destroy the nutritive qualities of milk, and that, if compulsorily 
insisted upon, it would be directed largely toward preserving filthy, 
impure, and stale milk, instead of being properly employed as an 
agency for eliminating germs which are prejudicial to the health 
of the consumer. It was argued, moreover, that the mandatory 
pasteurization of all milk (except "certified" milk) sold to the 
Washington public would necessarily eliminate the small dealer — 
the merchant of modest means — from the business of supplying 
milk, and reduce the number engaged in this occupation to a few 
men of considerable means, who would thereupon enter into com- 
bination for the purpose of extorting unreasonable prices and foist- 
ing other exactions upon a helpless public. 

COST OF INSTALLING PASTEURIZING PLANTS. 

Examination by the committee into the subject of pasteurization 
evinces the fact that the installation of the ordinary pasteurizing 
plant of the city dealer involves an expenditure of upward of 
$10,000. 

With reference to the cost of establishing a suitable central plant 
for the pasteurization of the Washington milk supply, the com- 
mittee appends a communication (Appendix AM) received in re- 
sponse to its inquiry of December 3, 1910 (Appendix AL), from 
Mr. Loton Horton, of the Sheffield Farms-Slawson-Decker Co., of 
New York City, stating that the company is at present constructing 
the second largest pasteurizing plant in New York City, with a 

1 Bulletin No. 56, Hygienic Laboratory, U. S. Public Health and Marine-Hospital Serv- 
ice, p. 64L 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 101 

capacity for pasteurizing 100,000 quarts of milk in 6 hours, and 
manufacturing 100,000 pounds of ice in 24 hours, besides cooling all 
the milk that comes to the plant. He estimates that a proper build- 
ing for handling our local supply would cost $175,000, and the 
machinery possibly $150,000, it being practicable to realize from the 
manufacture of ice alone, he remarks, a profit of at least 4 per cent 
on the whole investment, reducing the cost of pasteurization to a 
"very trifling sum." 

The introduction of compulsdry pasteurization, if applied to the 
agencies furnishing milk to the District of Columbia, would, in the 
judgment of the committee, necessarily result either in placing the 
milk business in the hands of a few responsible parties or in initiat- 
ing the practice among the small dealers of purchasing their milk 
from pasteurizing agencies, instead of direct from the • farmer as 
heretofore. It is likely that, if pasteurization be required by law, a 
number of additional efficient pasteurizing plants would be at once 
installed under private auspices, both for pasteurizing milk for the 
producer or distributer at a fixed charge and for collecting, pasteur- 
izing, and distributing milk directly through their own respective 
agencies. 

COST OF PASTEURIZATION. 

As to the cost of pasteurization, it may be quoted from a com- 
munication received from one of the largest milk-producing agencies 
in the country that it is cheaper to pasteurize and bottle milk in 
the city in large plants than it is to bottle the milk in the country 
without pasteurization. Pasteurizing machinery can, it is said, be 
obtained from half a dozen or more concerns at a very low cost, and 
where the work may be done properly under official supervision as 
is possible in the city, the public receives the benefit of the purer 
milk supply without a corresponding advance in the retail price. 
The investigations of the committee lead it to believe that the entire 
milk supply of the District of Columbia may be pasteurized when 
adequate time has been afforded for installing a proper plant or 
plants of ample capacity, at a cost of not more than 1 cent per 
gallon. 

EFFECT OF PASTEURIZATION ON THE NUTRITIVE AND DIGESTIVE QUALITIES 

OF MILK. 

There is some difference of opinion as to the effect of proper pas- 
teurization upon the nutritive and digestive qualities of milk, but 
the prevailing view among the authorities consulted by the com- 
mittee is to the effect that there is little or no prejudicial influence 
in this respect. One of the persons consulted, hoAvever, alleges that 
the vitality of the milk is destroyed and another that the nutritive 
value is impaired by the destruction of the ferments or enzymes, 
while yet another contends that pasteurization renders the product 
less nutritive and harder to digest. 

MULTIPLICATION OF GERMS IN RAW AND PASTEURIZED MILK. 

While it is generally understood that harmful germs proliferate at 
least as rapidly in pasteurized milk as in raw milk, recent experi- 
ments by the Bureau of Animal Industry demoi-strate that there is 



102 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

practically no difference in the multiplication of germs in pasteurized 
milk and in clean raw milk of approximately the same bacterial con- 
tent and kept under similar conditions. The important observation 
is made by the bureau that, while the rate of multiplication may be 
more rapid in pasteurized milk than in raw milk " with a higher bac- 
terial content," this is because of the low number of bacteria in the 
pasteurized milk at the beginning of the test, so that the ratio of 
multiplication is much greater compared with the raw milk, in which 
the number of bacteria is already en'ormous. 

VALUE OF PASTEURIZED MILK. 

Dr. Rowland G. Freeman, of New York City, one of the foremost 
authorities in this country, who, indeed, enjoys an international repu- 
tation as an eminent specialist in the treatment of children's diseases, 
in an article published under date of January 29, 1910,^ expresses the 
opinion that at the present time there can be no absolute security in 
any raw milk, and asks why, this being the case, we are not using 
heated milk, in which there is security. 

The situation is succinctly set forth by Dr. G. Lloyd Magruder, a 
local physician, who has devoted himself for many years indef atiga- 
bly to the improvement of the milk and water supplies of our com- 
munity, as follows: 

Even though the danger of contracting tuberculosis due to bovine tubercle 
bacilli from dairy products can be eliminated, if we can obtain milk from 
healthy cows, there still remains the danger of contracting tuberculosis due to 
human tubercle bacilli and other diseases from contaminated milk. Milk can 
be made safe, however, by the proper application of heat. * * * sterilization 
means the killing of all the germs that may be present in milk. Pasteurization 
means the destruction of the disease germs that are of more common occurrence 
in it, such as those of tuberculosis, typhoid fever, diphtheria, etc. The investi- 
gations * * * have shown that the common or pathogenic bacteria are 
unable to retain their life and virulence when they are exposed to a temperature 
of 60° C. or 140° F. for a period of 20 minutes, and that the value of milk as an 
article of food is not perceptibly affected by the designated temperature.* 

Opposition to pasteurized milk, even for infant use, is gradually 
disappearing, and it is becoming a matter of general acceptance that 
raw milk is apt to be dangerous and heated milli is the only safe milk 
for the use of mankind. It has been objected that in pasteurization 
some of the bacterial toxins or poisonous germs are not killed at the 
temperature ordinarily used, but Rosenau^ observes (see Appendix 
F) that the true bacterial toxins are knowa to be destroyed by heating 
to a temperature of 60° C. for 20 minutes, and that if milk contains 
bacterial toxins not destroyed by pasteurization it will contain these 
same poisons if the milk be consumed in its raw state, the heating of 
the milk preventing at least the further formation of such injurious 
substances. 

Theobald Smith, a recognized authority on the subject of milk in 
relation to health, in discussing Rotch's paper on " The pasteuriza- 
tion of milk for public sale," * says : 

It seems to me that the real difficulty of the present condition is the trans- 
mission of specific disease germs, which are not easily controlled by any amount 

1 Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. LIV, No. 5. 

2 Further Observations on the Milk Supply of Washington, D. C, by G. Lloyd Magru- 
der, M. D., read in the section on preventive medicine and public health, American 
Medical Association, St. Louis, Mo., June, 1910. 

3 Circular No. 153, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 
* American Journal of Public Hygiene, Vol. XVII, May, 1907, p. 200. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 103 

of cleanliness, and these specific germs, one and all of them, may be destroyed 
by the average pasteurization. 

W. T, Sedgwick, another acknowledged authority, observes as 
follows : ^ 

When all is said and done, I agree with Prof. Smith that we have got to pas- 
teurize milk. Cooked milk is the only safe, and always will remain the only 
safe, milk for the use of mankind. Little by little the idea is spreading that 
raw milk is apt to be dangerous milk. 

While there is some variance among authorities whether it may be 
substantiated upon subsequent examination that milk has been prop- 
erly pasteurized, the view is apparently well defined that this may be 
done. The Surgeon General of the Public Health and Marine-Hos- 
pital Service takes the ground, however, that this is not practicable 
except by a bacterial examination of the milk both before and after 
pasteurization. Dr. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Indus- 
try, assents to the proposition that the bacterial count is a good index 
to the efficiency of pasteurization. 

PASTEURIZATION DOES NOT DISPENSE WITH NECESSITY FOR TUBERCULIN 

TEST. 

Authorities are practically a unit in the belief that pasteurization, 
if introduced, would not dispense with the necessity for the tuberculin 
test. The Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry explains that the 
tuberculin test is an important function in eradicating tuberculosis 
of animals for the economic benefit of the live-stock industry, as well 
as for the conservation of the supply of milk. Dr. Park maintains 
the position that pasteurization relieves the necessity for the applica- 
tion of the tuberculin test so far as the safety of milk is concerned. 
Dr. Coit is emphatic in his view that pasteurization, if generally 
insisted upon, would not do away with the necessity for the tuberculin 
test, since, as he observes, tuberculosis is the most insidious germ 
carried by milk. Surg. Gen. Stokes, of the Navy, advocates the 
enforcement of the test coincidently with pasteurization if introduced, 
for the reason that the eradication of bovine tuberculosis is a neces- 
sary sanitary measure. The committee begs to observe in this con- 
nection that, while pasteurization destroys the preponderant germ 
life of the milk, the dead germs are not removed from the product, 
and it is manifestly advantageous that the tuberculin test, as well as 
any other precautions tending to reduce to a minimum the amount of 
germ life existent in the milk offered for pasteurization, should be 
insisted upon. It is additionally urged that, while pasteurization 
destroys the tubercle bacilli, it does not remove the toxins, the forma- 
tion of which should, therefore, be jealously avoided. 

COMMUNICABILITY OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS TO HUMAN BEINGS. 

Quite the contrary is the situation with reference to the effect of 
pasteurization, if compelled, in obviating the possible infection with 
tuberculosis through the medium of milk or meat from affected ani- 
mals. There is stanch support among the authorities consulted by 

1 Journal of Massachusetts Association of Boards of Health, Vol. XIV, February, 1904, 
p. 4L 



104 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLtTMBIA. 

the committee for the pronunciamento that the danger of contracting 
disease from milk contaminated up to the moment of pasteurization 
is removed by that process and that if the product be afterwards 
handled in accordance with well-defined precautions, including the 
maintenance of a temperature below 50° F., there is absolute safety 
in its ingestion and its potability is considerably enhanced. Dr. 
Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, takes the positive 
ground that efficient j^asteurization would greatly reduce the danger 
of all kinds of infection and minimize the prospects of subsequent 
contamination of the milk. Surg. Gen. Torney tersely notes that " it 
would prevent the transfer of these infections from the farm to the 
city." Ravenel corroborates this pronouncement when stating that 
proper enforcement of pasteurization would entirely prevent all in- 
fection, and Winslow supplements this with a caveat that the milk 
be kept clean after treatment. Wliile this substantive approval of 
pasteurization as a means of purifying milk is largely concurred in 
by the health officers who have assisted the committee, there are a few 
exceptions. Dr. Kennedy, health officer at Atlanta, Ga., for example, 
states that, in his judgment, milk does not need pasteurization, and 
that for a city of the size of Atlanta pasteurization has been found 
by him to be harmful rather than beneficial in its results; and Dr. 
Goler, health officer of Rochester, N. Y., adds that pasteurization as 
practiced in that city is only used to preserve dirty milk. Dr. Levy, 
chief health officer at Richmond, Va., while harmonizing with the 
view that pasteurization would decrease the amount of infection from 
diphtheria, typhoid fever, scarlet fever, and tuberculosis " to the 
fullest extent if properly done," couples this affirmation with the 
admonition " that pasteurization may do great harm in other direc- 
tions." Mr. Corbin Thompson, one of the representatives of the 
Dairymen's Association, takes the extreme view that infection with 
the diseases mentioned would not be diminished by compulsory pas- 
teurization, but, on the contrary, would be increased. 

BACILLUS CARRIERS. 

Though it is generally admitted that cleanliness in the production, 
transportation, and distribution of milk is a potential factor in insur- 
ing against the causation of disease through the agency of milk, it is 
pointed out by the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, the Sur- 
geon General of the Navy, Surg. Gen. Wyman, of the Public Health 
and Marine-Hospital Service, and other advisers of the committee 
that while cleanliness will greatly reduce the danger of infection it 
will not entirely remove such danger, since it is now very generally 
recognized that the germs of disease may be conveyed by cleanly 
persons in their clothing or otherwise, and especially by persons 
knows as " bacillus carriers " and those having " walking cases " of 
disease. It is also essential, of course, that the milk be initially de- 
rived from noninfected cows. It is the recognition of these possible 
sources of contamination and infection that furnishes the strongest 
argument in favor of pasteurization and the tuberculin test. 

EFFECT OF PASTEURIZATION ON THE PRICE OF MILK. 

In support of the prediction that pasteurization if generally com- 
pelled would not increase substantially or even perceptibly the retail 
price of milk, it may be cited that notwithstanding the ordinance 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 105 

of the Chicago Department of Health enjoining the sale or delivery 
of any but pasteurized milk the price of milk delivered to house- 
holders in Chicago is now said to be only 8 cents per quart. 

Dr. Park estimates that the proposed additional sanitary require- 
ments for the improvement of the milk supply would have the fol- 
lowing effect on the retail price of milk: The tuberculin test would 
occasion the loss of 15 per cent of cattle; pasteurization and the ob- 
servance of a maximum bacterial count, the maintenance of tempera- 
tures not exceeding 50° F., and advanced stabling requirements would 
add one-half to 1 cent to the retail price of each quart of ordinary 
city milk. 

It may reasonably be assumed, therefore, that an increase locally 
to 10 cents per quart the year round for good wholesome milk deliv- 
ered for consumption in the District of Columbia would be ample 
to enable both producers and dealers to continue their operations at 
a satisfactory profit. 

PRICES OF SEVERAL GRADES OF MILK. 

The price charged for " certified " milk, which may fairly be said 
to approximate on the average 20 cents per quart, makes it impos- 
sible for the man of moderate means to avail himself of this grade of 
milk. While what is known as " inspected " milk can be produced 
at a lower price, this would necessarily still cost more than milk as 
ordinarily produced, namely, about 15 cents per quart, so that the 
masses would perforce resort to the third class of milk recommended 
by the Washington milk conference, namely, " pasteurized " milk, 
thus enabling them to secure a safe and wholesome supply of this 
important commodity at but a trifling advance in price over the 
present common market milk. 

PASTEURIZATION TENDS TO PRESERVE MILK. 

The same observations regarding raw milk as compared in its 
keeping qualities with condensed milk apply equally to pasteurized 
milk. It may be stated as an economic consideration, aside from the 
aspect of the public health, that pasteurization improves the keeping 
qualities of the milk, and it is estimated that the expense of install- 
ing a suitable equipment for pasteurizing, even if left to individual 
enterprise, would be compensated for by the averting of loss resulting 
otherwise from the souring of milk. 

In order to meet the necessary requirements, pasteurizers should be 
efficient in operation, permitting a definite quantity of milk to be 
heated to a definite temperature for a definite length of time. The 
milk should be heated uniformly throughout, and the apparatus 
should be simple in construction, easily cleaned, and arranged to 
safeguard against reinfection of the milk. Provision should, fur- 
thermore, be made for rapid cooling. The pasteurization should be 
done under the immediate and alert supervision of health officials. 

PASTEURIZATION IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS. 

Pasteurization is being practiced, either compulsorily or otherwise, 
in a number of jurisdictions in this and foreign countries, notably in 
Germany, France, and Denmark. It was estimated in 1909 that 25 



106 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

per cent of the total amount of milk supplied to the city of New 
York, aggregating approximately 1,500,000 quarts daily, was pas- 
teurized, and that in the neighborhood of 123,250 of a total of 368,489 
quarts of milk arriving in Boston daily was subjected to commercial 
pasteurization. 

The rules adopted for the regulation of milk production and sale in 
the city of Chicago distinguish between " continuous " pasteuriza- 
tion — that is, a continuous flow of milk through the heating or heat- 
retaining chamber^and " held " pasteurization, which applies when 
the milk is retained during the pasteurization in such a manner that 
the process does not constitute a continuous flow ; but in both instances 
it is required that the pasteurized product show that over 99 per 
cent of the bacteria and all pathogenic bacteria have been destroyed. 
The rules require a uniform heating to 140° F. for 20 minutes, to 
150° F. for 15 minutes, to 155° F. for 5 minutes, to 160° F. for 1^ 
minutes, or to 165° F. for 1 minute, the time calculated from the 
period when the entire quantity reaches the specified temperatures, 
the pasteurized product to be immediately cooled thereafter to a 
temperature of 45° F. or less, without exposure to the air or other 
contamination. 

The additional regulations for the sale and care of milk in New 
York City, adopted April 22, 1908, provide, inter alia, that pasteuri- 
zation of milk must be carried on under a permit issued therefor by 
the board of health, that the milk be at once cooled and placed in 
sealed sterilized containers and delivered sealed, plainly marked 
" Pasteurized," with an indication of the date and hour when the 
pasteurization was completed, the degree of heat employed, and the 
length of time exposed to the heat. It is expressly enjoined that 
pasteurized milk be delivered to the consumer within 24 hours after 
pasteurization. 

An examination into the requirements of this and other jurisdic- 
tions convinces the committee that the practice of compelling the 
pasteurization of all milk consumed in the District of Columbia 
(except " certified " milk) is not only a reasonable and desirable re- 
quirement, but is essentially necessary to the conservation of the 
public health. 

LOCATION OF PASTEURIZING PLANTS. 

The committee has been somewhat perplexed in arriving at a 
proper conclusion as to whether the proposed pasteurizing plants 
would be located to better advantage within the geographical limits 
of the District of Columbia or at such centrally situated points 
throughout the sections of Maryland and Virginia from which the 
milk supply of the District is principally received as would best ac- 
commodate the producers shipping to Washington. 

As regards the convenience of the farmer, a correct solution of the 
matter would perhaps depend chiefly upon whether his farm hap- 
pened to be located nearer to the railroad from which shipment is 
now made to Washington or nearer to the site of a proposed plant, 
since the situation would practically resolve itself into the determina- 
tion whether he could reach the railroad station with greater facility 
than he could deliver his product over to the pasteurizing plant in 
his own locality. When we consider the element of labor, it is rea- 



THE MILK SITUATION IK THE DISTEICT OP COLUMBIA. 107 

sonable to assume that such force as might be needed to conduct the 
operations of a given plant could be commanded at lower wages in 
the country than if the plant were located within the District. It is 
possible, furthermore, that if the plant be located in a rural com- 
munity a number of farmers patronizing the same plant would make 
it practicable to concentrate their shipments and enable the securing 
of better rates for refrigerator-car service than could otherwise be 
obtained. 

If it be insisted that the milk be maintained at a temperature not 
exceeding 50° F. from time of milking to time of delivery at the pas- 
teurizing plant, there would be no appreciable deterioration of the 
milk when maintained at such temperature if the pasteurization be 
deferred until the milk reaches Washington instead of being prac- 
ticed at the point of shipment. The establishment of the pasteuriz- 
ing plant or plants within the boundaries of the District would mani- 
festly facilitate the administration and inspection by the health de- 
partment and involve less public expenditure than would otherwise 
be requisite. There is the additional consideration as to whether it 
would be feasible to establish a sufficient number of plants throughout 
the sections of the country in which the dairy farms are located to 
enable the farmers to conveniently send their supplies of milk to 
these plants. Dairy farms, and indeed farms generally, have been 
located with reference as a rule to their proximity to existing rail- 
roads and the transportation facilities thereby afforded. It is pos- 
sible that without providing an impracticably large number of pas- 
teurizing plants certain farms now sending their product to Wash- 
ington would be entirely eliminated from the situation; though, on 
the other hand, it might be argued that the installation of sucH plants 
would serve as an impetus for the establishment of a number of 
new dairy farms, or the conversion of a number of general farms 
partly or wholly into dairy farms. 

After carefully weighing the several considerations in favor of and 
opposed to the location of the proposed pasteurizing plants in the 
District, the committee concludes that, in its judgment, the interests 
of the public generally will be best subserved by requiring that the 
pasteurizing plant or plants be located within the limits of the 
District of Columbia, where they may be under the continuous 
supervision of representatives of the health department. This view, 
that the pasteurizing plant or plants should be located within the 
city or in close proximity rather than on the farm, is indorsed by an 
overwhelming majority of the authorities consulted by the committee. 

PRIVATE LOCAL PLANTS NOW IN OPERATION. 

The committee files herewith (Appendix AN) a list of the milk 
pasteurizing plants already in operation in the District of Columbia. 
It feels obliged to add in this connection that it can not state with 
definiteness whether all of these plants entirely conform in every 
respect with the specifications concerning the degree of heat, length 
of exposure, and other requisites for proper pasteurization. 

MAINTENANCE OF PLANTS UNDER PUBLIC OR PRIVATE AUSPICES. 

As to whether such pasteurizing plant or plants should be con- 
ducted under private auspices or maintained by the municipality, 
the committee feels that since it may be anticipated that this serv- 



108 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

ice could be rendered with equal efficiency and doubtless as eco- 
nomically, if not more so, if left to private enterprise, and ui view 
of the further consideration that, in its judgment, the State should 
not be charged with supplying the material wants of the citizen where 
this can be done with equal efficiency and economy through individual 
agency, there is no valid reason why the responsibility should be 
saddled upon the community. In the judgment of the committee 
the establishment of the propose^! plant or plants under municipal 
ownership is, therefore, neitlier necessary nor desirable. The ma- 
jority of those consulted by the committee oii the question incline to 
the opinion that a municipal pasteurization planfe or plants is neither 
practicable nor expedient. 

In this connection the justice and propriety of permitting the con- 
densing and pasteurizing plant which has already been established, 
with a considerable pecuniary outlay, at Frederick, Md., largely 
through the energy and public spirit of residents of Washington, 
and with a view to furnishiiig to the city a clean, wholesome milk 
supply (and possibly other plants already operating in connection 
with the local milk supply), to continue their operations in prove- 
nancing the Washington market, is urged by the committee. 

SUGGESTION OF A MUNICIPAL DAIRY. 

It has been suggested that a centralized dairy farm and distribu- 
ting agency, conducted under municipal auspices, would constitute an 
advance in the methods of furnishing the District milk supply as at 
present handled. The committee is not prepared to look with favor 
upon such a proposal, for the present at least. 

GENERAL MILK-DELIVERY SERVICE RECOMMENDED. 

The committee ventures to suggest, however, as a means of lessen- 
ing the cost of supplying milk to residents of Washington, and 
thereby offsetting to some extent the slightly increased cost of pro- 
duction, due to the proposed general insistence on the tuberculin test 
and pasteurization, that a general milk-delivery service be organized 
by the local dealers, and that a concerted effort be made in this man- 
ner to obviate largely the enormous duplication and waste of re- 
sources and labor resulting from the present individualistic system of 
delivery. As many as 40 milk wagons, with horses and drivers, may 
be conservatively estimated, to be engaged in the actual delivery of 
milk to residents on opposite sides of a single city street from corner 
to corner. This enormous waste of energy could, in the judgment of 
the committee, be husbanded to decided material advantage. Such 
an organized delivery would be somewhat in the nature of the de- 
livery system patronized in common by many of our local stores, 
though perhaps best owned and managed by the milk dealers them- 
selves. 

ALLEGED MONOPOLY OF MANUFACTURE OF PASTEURIZING MACHINERY. 

With regard to the contention of the milk dealers that pasteuriz- 
ing machines are possibly controlled by a monopoly, it has not trans- 
pired during the investigations of the committee that evidence of any 



THE MILK SITUATION" IN" THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 109 

such combination has reached the attention of any person consulted. 
Dr. Prescott, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, disclaims 
knowledge of any " arrangement " which may exist between the dif- 
ferent manufacturers, while the Bureau of Animal Industry pro- 
claims that there are 8 or 10 pasteurizing machines on the market, 
with every appearance of strong competition in the sale of the dif- 
ferent makes. Borden's Condensed Milk Co. observes in this par- 
ticular that, since patents have expired on many of the machines, it 
would be very difficult to exert control over them, inasmuch as any 
manufacturing concern could undertake to place them on the market 
without infringement of patent rights, and each dealer could, in fact, 
manufacture his own pasteurizing apparatus. 

VIII. Bacterial Content. 

PRACTICABILITY AND DEFINITENESS OF BACTERIAL COUNT. 

It has been argued before the committee that a prescribed bac- 
terial content is not only commercially but scientifically impracti- 
cable, and that it is impossible to estimate with any degree of pre- 
cision the number of bacteria in a given sample of milk. Wlien the 
methods of ascetaining the bacterial content are inquired into, it is 
easy to understand how, by dilution with sterilized water of the 
sample of milk to be analyzed, and the counting of the number of 
observed bacteria in a minute portion of this diluted quantity, cal- 
culated with reference to the whole volume, a close approximation 
of the actual number of germs may be made. It may now be stated 
with positiveness that there is a comparative coincidence of the re- 
sults obtained when the same media are employed and the same con- 
ditions of analysis followed. A standard for use in such examina- 
tions has been recommended by a committee of the American Asso- 
ciation of Medical Milk Commissions for use in bacteriological ex- 
aminations of certified milk.^ Under the improved standards 
adopted for making bacteriological examinations, it may be stated 
with confidence that investigators working independently arrive at 
approximately the same conclusions. 

While qualitative determinations of the bacterial species in milk 
would be a complex and difficult method to adopt as a routine pro- 
cedure, it is otherwise with quantitative counts, which determina- 
tions are comparatively easy to obtain and are of invaluable assist- 
ance to the progressive dairyman. Tl>e committee is convinced, 
after an examination into this phase of the subject, that such latter 
deductions are scientifioally practicable, and may be reasonably 
taken into account as evidencing unsatisfactory conditions of cleanli- 
ness, age, and antecedent temperature of milk offered for sale. 

With reference to the discussion as to whether it is practicable, 
with due regard to the rights of the producer or dealer, to insist upon 
a prescribed bacterial count. Dr. Goler, health officer of Eochester, 
N. Y., remarks : 

What right has the dealer to talk about right as against the lives of children? 

1 Bulletin No. 56, Hygienic Laboratory, Public Healtli and Marine-Hospital Service, p. 
453. 



110 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

While Dr. Crichton, commissioner of health of Seattle, Wash., 
adds : 

It is not right to the legitimate and honest dealer unless we do insist upon a 
bacterial count, because it gives a dishonest, filthy dealer a chance to sell dan- 
gerous milk and to unjustly compete with a man striving to produce good, pure, 
wholesome milli. 

The feasibility of indicating the maximum number of bacteria 
allowable in milk offered for consumption is now almost universally 
accepted, provided, as suggested by the Chief of the Bureau of Ani- 
mal Industry, the number fixed be not unreasonably low. Surg. Gen. 
AVyman observes that for pasteurized milk a maximum bacterial 
standard is indispensable, and probably even more important than 
inspection. The bacterial count is, he adds, an index to the efficiency 
of the methods used for the production of a safe milk and. is a check 
likewise upon the efficiency of the inspection service. 

NUMBER OF BACTERIA REASONABLY ALLOWABLE. 

The general milk supply of the city of Washington averaged 
11,270,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter in the summer of 1907 and 
22,134,000 during the summer of 1906. While the number of bacteria 
in milk is not quite as important, from the standpoint of public 
health, as are the species represented and the nature of the bacterial 
products, it may be stated with satisfaction that cleanliness and a lib- 
eral use of ice will result in minimizing the total number of bacteria, 
and thus afford a degree of protection against the dangerous species 
and their toxic products. Milk containing few bacteria will contain 
proportionately few or no harmful varieties. And it should be added 
that most of the prejudicial bacteria do not thrive at all at the low 
temperature at which milk should be kept in order to keep down the 
total bacterial content. While milk freshly drawn under ordinary 
circumstances almost invariably contains bacteria, even when the 
most careful precautions are exercised against contamination the 
organisms in such carefully collected milk are shown to be harmless 
to animals used in laboratory tests, and we may assume that the pres- 
ence of such organisms in reasonable numbers does not render milk 
harmful to man. 

As to the maximum number of bacteria which should be specified 
as allowable, there is a considerable range of speculation, the figures 
suggested by the authorities consulted by the committee extending 
from 10,000 to 3,000,000 per cubic centimeter. A large percentage 
of those who have given the committee the benefit of their advice, 
however, favor the imposition of 100,000 as a maximum content. 
The committee is inclined to the belief, though, that at this stage in 
the development of a purer milk supply for the District of Columbia, 
the specification of that number would perhaps be unnecessarily re- 
strictive, and recommends that, for the present at least, 500,000 be 
agreed upon as the maximum number allowable for raw milk (not 
certified), and 100,000 for pasteurized milk. In the judgment of 
the committee, it may develop in years to come that these numbers 
should be decreased, especially if pasteurization be uniformly insisted 
upon, and that the dairymen may then without difficulty readjust 
conditions to meet what would noAv be regarded as an onerous re- 
quirement. It has been demonstrated to the satisfaction of the com- 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 111 

mittee that, with reasonable precautions, it is feasible to maintain 
an average content of 20,000 to 50,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter 
for raw milk, and the insistence, therefore, that raw milk delivered 
for consumption in our own community ^should contain not more 
than 500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter is, in the opinion of the 
committee, a reasonable requirement and calculated to have an im- 
portant influence in protecting the consumer from uncleanly and un- 
wholesome milk. 

This requirement as to number of bacteria per cubic centimeter 
applies, of course, to market milk, certified milk for infant feeding 
and other clinical purposes being obviously restricted to a much 
lower maximum, the standard established by Dr. Henry L. Coit, 
namely, 10,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, being regarded by 
almost unanimous consent as the best for the latter purposes. The 
committee coincides in the feeling that this maximum number should 
be prescribed for the District of Columbia for certified milk. 

Dr. William H. Park, of New York City, is authority for the 
statement that any intelligent farmer can, by the use of sufficient 
cleanliness and by applying adequate refrigeration with practically 
no increase in expense, supply milk 24 to 36 hours old which will 
not contain in each cubic centimeter over 50,000 to 100,000 bacteria. 
He adds, further, that when only moderate cleanliness is observed, 
such as can be employed by any farmer without increasing appre- 
ciably his expense (that is to say, by the employment of clean pails, 
straining cloths, cans, and bottles; clean hands and a fairly clean 
place for milking, and by maintaining in decent condition the cow's 
udder and flanks), the milk when first drawn will average in hot 
weather not over 30,000 and in cold weather not over 25,000 bacteria 
per cubic centimeter. This same milk, if cooled to and kept at a tem- 
perature of 50° F., will not contain at the end of 24 hours over 
100,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. Dr. Park further observes that 
the maximum number of bacteria to be determined upon as advan- 
tageously allowable depends on the size of the city or town, for the 
reason that the longer the haul the poorer the bacterial quality of the 
milk. In his judgment, certified milk should average under 10,000 
bacteria per cubic centimeter ; pasteurized, under 50,000 ; and common 
market milk, under 100,000 in winter and under 500,000 in summer. 

Dr. Hamill, who has devoted large attention to the study of the 
relation of milk to the problems of public health, believes that it 
should be the aim of every municipality to so safeguard its milk 
supply as to attain a maximum standard of 100,000 bacteria to the 
cubic centimeter. 

The practicability of establishing a maximum bacterial content for 
milk commercially used may be assured from the fact that Boston, 
Rochester, and other communities have prescribed standards ranging 
from 100,000 to 500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. 

The regulations for the grading and sale of milk promulgated by 
the Boston Board of Health, specify, among other things, that no 
person shall sell or deliver any milk or cream containing more than 
500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. 

Among the rules regulating the pasteurization of milk and milk 
products adopted for the city of Chicago is the requirement that milk 
and skimmed milk shall not contain more than 100,000 bacteria per 
cubic centimeter from May 1 to September 30, and not over 50,000 



112 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

bacteria per cubic centimeter between October 1 and April 30; also 
that cream and ice cream shall not contain more than 200,000 bacteria 
per cubic centimeter during the first-named period and not over 
100,000 bacteria during the remainder of the year. 

Dr. Woodward believes that, in the present state of the production 
and vending of milk, 500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter repre- 
sents a fair standard for good, raw milk. In the case of pasteurized 
milk, the standard should, in his judgment, be fixed not in excess of 
50,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. He goes on to add that, if 
bacteriological standards are to be fixed by law, it might be well to 
provide generally that no milk should be sold having a higher bac- 
terial content than that claimed for it by the vendor. 

Although a maximum bacterial count of 500,000 per cubic centi- 
meter of raw milk is recommended by the committee as proper to be 
established for the District of Columbia, an examination of the 
limitations placed in other jurisdictions and of the opinions of 
recognized authorities on the subject induces the committee to the 
deduction that a specification of 100,000 bacteria per cubic centi- 
meter would perhaps be better calculated to afford the desired 
assurance against possible infection from contaminated milk; but 
the committee defers in this regard to the judgment of the local 
health officer, and of the members of the Washington milk conference, 
who favored the fixing of 500,000 bacteria as the maximum allowable. 

It has been represented before the committee that a maximum 
bacterial content should not be prescribed for the reason that it is 
physically impossible for the producer or dealer to verify or dis- 
prove the analyses depended upon for prosecution by officers of the 
law. WTiile it is the practice in taking samples of milk to leave 
one portion with the dealer or storekeeper and retain the other for 
official examination, it is obvious that the sample reserved by the 
merchant might easily be so handled or contaminated that its bac- 
terial content would differ from that shown by the analysis of the 
officials representing the Government ; but such comparative analysis 
made at the instance of the dealer might in all probability be rea- 
sonably expected to result unfavorably to his interests, since, owing 
to the treatment accorded the milk, the sample reserved by the dealer 
for examination would likely show a higher bacterial count than 
that evidenced by the official analysis. The delay in obtaining the 
result of such bacterial examinations, in addition to the necessities 
of administration, affords an added reason why this consideration 
should not be permitted to interfere with the promulgation of a 
regulation or enactment of a law providing for a maximum content 
of 500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. 

CONCLUSIVE HAKMFULNESS OF HIGH BACTERIAL CONTENT. 

There has been some question as to whether the harmfulness of a 
high bacterial content has been definitely established, but there can 
be no successful contradiction, in the minds of the committee, that 
such a showing unquestionably indicates insanitary conditions. 

The authorities consulted by the committee agree that, as set forth 
by Dr. Levy, chief health officer of Richmond, Va., the bacterial 
count, when applied under standard conditions, furnishes thoroughly 
reliable comparative figures, affording positive indication that some- 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 113 

thing is wrong — either dirty production, failure to cool the milk 
promptly and eiRciently and to keep it cool, or that it has been kept 
too long. 

In the report of the committee of the American Public Health As- 
sociation suggesting standard methods for the bacteriological exam- 
ination of milk, it is stated that — 

A high bacterial count in milk indicates lack of cleanliness in production or 
lack of care after production. Age of the milk is also an important factor, 
and in interpreting results the distance milk has to be brought, etc., should be 
taken into consideration. Thus a count of 100,000 bacteria to a cubic centi- 
meter should be considered a serious contamination in milk which may be 
delivered to the consumer within a few hours of production, while a count of 
no higher than 100,000 in milk produced, at a distance and, say, 24 to 36 
hours old is evidence of ordinarily good care. To produce a milk averaging 
under 10,000 bacteria to the cubic centimeter requires the utmost care and 
watchfulness of each detail. 

The report, in referring to leucocytes, states that these bacteria 
are present in all normal milks, and that their number occasionally 
fluctuates greatly without apparent cause. Milk from animals suffer- 
ing from udder inflammations, it asserts, most constantly shows a high 
leucocytic content, and is without question unfit for human consump- 
tion; and while a leucocytic count of 500,000 or more to the cubic 
centimeter in the case of a single animal may be transient and 
negligible, when found in mixed milk it is sufficient evidence to 
warrant the exclusion of such milk from the market until satisfactory 
veterinary inspection of the herd may be made. 

Dr. Coit, the father of the American medical milk commissions, 
states that a high bacterial content may indicate, in addition to 
filthy dairy surroundings and careless collection and handling, a 
diseased udder. It does not, he maintains, require expensive equip- 
ment to obtain clean milk; in Kentucky, for example, five dairies, 
with whitewashed barns and ordinary domestic cleanliness, being ap- 
proved and certified by a medical milk commission, with counts 
never above 4,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. 

STANDARDS FIXED IN PURSUANCE OF FEDERAL FOOD AND DRUGS ACT. 

In pursuance of authority granted by the food and drugs act of 
1906, the Bureau of Chemistry of the United States Department of 
Agriculture has prescribed the following requirements for market 
milk in interstate commerce : 

It must be the fresh, clean, lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milking 
of healthy cows, properly fed and kept, excluding that obtained within 15 days 
before and 10 days after calving; and must contain not less than 8.5 per cent 
solids not fat and not less than 3.25 per cent of milk fat. Bacteriologically it 
must not contain more than 500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter for market 
milk; not more than 100,000 for inspected milk; not more than 10,000 for 
certified milk. 

In enforcing these standards, the kind of bacteria present in milk 
may modify judgment as to its quality, and, when practicable, sani- 
tary inspection of dairies and creameries furnishing the product is 
also taken into consideration. 

UNIFORM PROCEDURE IN BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS. 

With a view to securing approximately uniform results as to the 
content shown by bacteriological examinations, a committee was ap- 

82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-3 8 



114 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

pointed by the laboratory section of the American Public Health 
Association in 1905 to study the various methods used for the bac- 
teriological examination of milk and to recommend a uniform pro- 
cedure. In 19.07 the committee prasented a preliminary statement, 
treating the subject matter in considerable detail. In 1908 a report 
of progress was submitted to the annual meeting of the laboratory 
section covering some points on which no recommendations were made 
in the preliminary statement. These two preliminary reports have 
been favorably received and the technique recommended has been 
adopted. The final report presented in 1910 was practically but a 
restatement of methods theretofore tentatively recommended. The 
latest report is comprehensive in character, embracing recommenda- 
tions on every feature connected with the bacteriological examination 
of milk, including carefully prepared directions concerning the col- 
lecting of samples, the quantity of milk required for analysis, collect- 
ing apparatus, means of identifying samples, temperature, media, 
plating, incubation and counting, milk sediments, tests for special 
bacteria, gas production, and interpretation of results. 

The report explains fully a feature which is most mystifying to 
the layman, namely, the method of diluting the samples and esti- 
mating with reasonable accuracy the millions of bacteria often in- 
cluded in a single cubic centimeter of milk. Our curiosity is inten- 
sified when we are told that a cubic centimeter represents in volume 
about 16 drojDS, or one- fourth of a teaspoonful. The report suggests 
a uniform, systematic manner of stating the results of bacteriological 
counts, below 50,000 being distinguished by five-thousandths, be- 
tween 50,000 and 100,000 by ten-thousandths, between 100,000 and 
500,000 by fifty-thousandths, between 500,0p0_ and 5,000,000 by hun- 
dred-thousandths, and above 5,000,000 by millions. The actual count 
under the microscope is facilitated by ruling off a square millimeter 
of the counting chamber into 400 smaller equal squares. 

COMPULSORY PASTEURIZATION WOULD NOT DISPENSE WITH NECESSITY 
FOR PRESCRIBED BACTERIAL COUNT. 

There is most substantial accord among the authorities consulted by 
the committee with the proposal that compulsory pasteurization 
should not be permitted to do away with the requirement of a pre- 
scribed bacterial content, which latter, in the judgment of those hav- 
ing knowledge of the subject, is an indispensable accompaniment to 
regulations compelling pasteurization. The bacterial count is an ab- 
solute index not only of the efficiency of pasteurization, but likewise 
of the conditions under which the milk has been kei)t after pasteur- 
ization. The Surgeon General of the Army observes that the neces- 
sity for a prescribed bacterial content is not thus obviated for the 
reason that pasteurization does not make dirty milk clean and does 
not destroy the toxins which msij develop in old milk. Dr. Melvin 
aptly observes that the bacterial count is an important aid in bring- 
ing about sanitary conditions on dairy farms, and should not be 
abandoned even though compulsory pasteurization be adopted. Free- 
man remarks that compulsory pasteurization adds to the necessity 
for a prescribed bacterial content, for the reason that commercially 
pasteurized milk is usually recontaminated to a greater or less extent 
before it is disposed of. Dr. Winslow adduces that the advisability 



THE MILK SITUATIOIST IN" THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 115 

of regulating the maximum bacterial content is not at all altered by- 
compulsory pasteurization. The milk must, he asserts, be kept as 
clean as possible before pasteurization, then pasteurized for com- 
plete safety, and then properly handled afterwards. The Walker- 
Gordon Laboratory in this city states that, in its judgment, compul- 
sory pasteurization would greatly increase the necessity for careful 
supervision of the bacterial content, so as to insure against the more 
dangerous organisms that might survive the pasteurization. Dr. 
Prescott, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, remarks that 
compulsory pasteurization would not eliminate the necessity for a 
prescribed bacterial content, but that it would make it possible to 
establish it at a lower level, say, 50,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. 

NECESSITT FOR ADDITIONAL PRECAUTIONS. 

The necessity for additional requirements as to cleanliness, fresh- 
ness and purity of milk, the failure to observe which may be de- 
tected by the bacterial count is apparent^ when we realize that, in 
addition to being warm, much of the milk of Washington City is 
dirty ,^ 121 of the samples examined showing a visible deposit of dirt 
in the original container after standing several hours, which was 
found upon microscopic examination to be composed of fecal matter, 
hairs, straw, and all manner of extraneous substances that have no 
place in clean milk. When we consider that the solid impurities 
that reach the consumer are only a fraction of the total solid impuri- 
ties with which milk has been in contact (since other larger bodies 
have been previously removed by the process of straining to which 
it is subjected before it is poured into the containers in which it is 
sold), we may readily appreciate the fact that the condition of milk 
offered for sale is even more dangerous than its superficial appearance 
indicates. 

It is additionally urged by Dr. Woodward, health officer, that the 
bacteriological examination of milk as it reaches the city will enable 
the identification of farms which are persistently sending in milk 
containing such relatively large numbers of bacteria as to surely 
indicate faulty methods of milking and handling milk. 

APPARENT ANOMALY AS REGARDS SOUR MILK. 

It is a matter of curious interest why sour milk and its products 
are considered a safe food to be consumed raw, when stale sweet 
milk is looked upon with suspicion. This apparent anomaly may be 
explained by the circumstance that, for a long time after milk is 
drawn, all the bacteria in it increase in number, this increase being 
more or less rapid and depending chiefly on the temperature at which 
the milk is kept, and some of these bacteria may be the kinds that 
produce disease. Finally, however, when milk sours the harmless 
lactic-acid bacteria and the lactic acid which they produce tend to 
destroy the other microorganisms, including the disease-producing 
bacteria, so that by the time the milk is sour it is practically free 
from harmful germs. 



1 See Bulletin No. 35 of the Hygienic Laboratory, Public Health and Marine-Hospital 
Service, p. 71. 



116 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

IX. Care of Milk in the Home. 

PRECAUTIONS RECOMMENDED. 

Too miicli attention can not be given to the projjer treatment of 
milk in the home, which subject is handled most capably in a bulletin 
issued by the Department of Agriculture as late as August 30, 1910,^ 
in which it is set forth that the contamination of milk in the home 
results generally from (1) placing it in unclean vessels, (2) expos- 
ing it unnecessarily to the air, (3) failing to keep it cool up to the 
time of use, and (4) exposing it to flies. Among the items of care 
which should be scrupulously exercised by the housekeeper to pre- 
vent contamination of the milk, the following are particularized : 

Milk from the grocer or baker, kept by the dealer in a can open 
much of the time and possibly without refrigeration, is dangerous 
and should be avoided. Never buy bulk milk from a grocery store. 
Never buy milk for the baby from a grocery store. Store milk has 
often been kept over from the day before. Such milk is dangerous 
as a food for babies. 

If it is impossible to get bottled milk, do not set out over night an 
uncovered vessel to collect thousands of bacteria from the street dust 
before milk is put into it, but have the milk delivered personally to 
some member of the family if possible. If this be impracticable, set 
out a bowl covered with a plate, or, better still, use a glass preserving 
jar into which nothing but milk is put, which jar should have a glass 
top with the rubber band omitted. A pitcher can not be tightly cov- 
ered on account of the projecting spout. 

Milk tickets or written instructions intended for the dairyman are 
likely to become more or less soiled, and if used should not be placed 
in the bowl or jar. 

The milk should never be exposed to the sun for any length of 
time. It frequently happens that milk delivered as early as 4 
o'clock in the morning remains outdoors until 9 or 10 o'clock. Al- 
though this practice is to be condemned, if it be inconvenient to re- 
ceive the milk soon after its delivery, the housekeeper should indicate 
to the driver a sheltered place or provide a covered box in which the 
milk pail or bottle may be left. It is important that the milk 
should be taken into the house as soon as possible after delivery, par- 
ticularly in hot weather. 

The milk should, upon receipt, be placed in the refrigerator at 
once and allowed to remain there when not using from it, constant 
endeavor being exercised to keep the milk at all times, except when 
actually on the table, at a temperature not exceeding 50° F., for the 
reason that harmful bacteria increase with astonishing rapidity once 
milk rises above this temperature. .Unless the milk bottle is kept 
in actual contact with the ice, it will be colder at the bottom of the 
refrigerator than in the ice compartment, since the cold air settles 
rapidly. 

Milk should be kept in the original bottle until needed for imme- 
diate consumption ; do not pour it into a bowl or pitcher for keeping ; 

1 " The Care of Milk and Its Use in the Home," by George M. Whitaker, L. A. Rogers, 
and Caroline L. Hunt, Farmers' Bulletin No. 413. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 117 

pour out only the amount which will be consumed at one meal ; care- 
luUy wipe or rinse the bottle, especially its mouth, before pouring 
milk from it ; see that dust or dirt which may have gathered thereon 
or on the cap will not get into the milk; do not pour back into the 
bottle milk which has been exposed to the air by being placed in other 
vessels; keep the bottle covered with the paper cap as long as milk 
is in it and when not actually pouring from it ; do not expose uncov- 
ered milk in the refrigerator; if the paper cap has been mutilated, 
cover the bottle with an inverted tumbler. Keep the refrigerator 
clean and sweet ; see that the outlet for water formed by the melting 
ice is kept open and that the space under the ice rack is clean. The 
refrigerator should be scalded each week. 

As soon as the milk bottle is empty rinse it in lukewarm water and 
place it in an inverted position to drain. Do not use it for any other 
purpose than for milk. 

All utensils with which milk comes in contact should be rinsed, 
washed, and scalded every time they are used; do not employ for 
this purpose dishwater which has been used for washing other utensils 
or wipe them with an ordinary dish towel — it is better to boil them in 
clean water and set them away undried. 

Eemember that exposure of milk to open air invites contamination, 
not only from, odors and bacteria-laden dust, but also from flies, 
which scavengers are a prolific source of contagion in conveying 
germs of typhoid fever and other diseases from the sick room or from 
excreta to the milk. 

Do not keep milk over 24 hours even if it seems to be sweet, since 
milk may become unfit for human food and deleterious to health be- 
fore it sours. 

The foregoing suggestions should be observed with regard to 
pasteurized milk, as well as with ordinary raw milk, for while effi- 
cient pasteurization destroys disease germs and affords a safeguard 
against certain dangers, it can not be regarded as an insurance against 
future contamination of milk. 

To the foregoing might appropriately be added the following : 

Do not boil the milk — that is to say, allow it to attain a temperature 
as high as 212° F. — since the milk is devitalized thereby, and not only 
its nutrition but its digestibility is impaired. 

Do not allow the milk to stand in the kitchen, where the tempera- 
ture is likely to increase rapidly. 

Do not mix " old " and " new " milk together ; that is to say, do 
not subject the new supply to contamination with the increased num- 
ber of bacteria which may be expected to exist in the supply pre- 
viously received. 

If a case of typhoid fever or other contagious disease breaks out 
in your house notify the health authorities (through your physician) 
at once, and also your milkman. During such illness do not allow 
the dairyman to take away milk bottles from your house until after 
recovery of the patient, since one of these bottles might otherwise be 
the means of carrying the disease to some other household. 

It should be recog-nized as the duty of every householder, especially 
of every parent, to ascertain at the health department in the District 
Building the record of the dairyman from whom his or her supply of 



118 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTKICT OF COLUMBIA. 

milk is received. It may not be generally known that every consumer 
of milk is privileged to consult at the health office the record of his 
individual dairyman, affording an available and easily accessible 
means of protecting himself and his family from greater imminence 
of danger from infection through the agency of milk than may other- 
wise be necessary. It has been the practice for some years past to 
maintain, by the use of score cards, a tangible record of the intelligent 
cleanliness exercised by each local dairyman in the conduct of his 
business, and the committee recommends, especially where there are 
children in a family, that the parent avail himself by consulting the 
health office records of this means of ascertaining whether his family 
is securing the quality of milk to which it is entitled. 

As previously indicated, the committee is disposed to recommend, 
as suggested by the Washington milk conference of 1907 and by the 
special committee on the Straus Laboratory recently appointed by 
the District Commissioners, that these records of the health depart- 
ment be periodically published in the daily press. 

OBSERVANCE OF PRECAUTIONS BY CONSUMERS. 

An inquiry propounded by the committee as to whether, in the 
view of persons consulted, requirements could reasonably be made by 
the District authorities compelling consumers to exercise caution in 
handling milk when received at the home, develops an expression of 
the belief that such a proposal would be impracticable. Borden's 
Condensed Milk Co., however, offers the suggestion, in this connec- 
tion, that consumers be compelled to thoroughly clean and scald any 
and all utensils containing milk, which containers are to be returned 
to the dealer. The Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry ob- 
serves that educational work is believed to be the best method of 
inducing consumers to exercise caution in handling milk, and invites 
attention to the recently published bulletin of the Department of 
Agriculture, above referred to, which is well adapted for this pur- 
pose and which is being widely circulated.^ 

X. Infant Feeding and Infants' Milk Depots. 

cow's MILK AS INFANT FOOD. 

The dairy cow fills a unique place under the conditions of our 
present civilization, since her living body is the source of milk, the 
most important of all human foods and absolutely essential for all 
infants during the first few years of life (except while nursed at the 
mother's breast). Even when children have matured beyond the 
period during which milk is an essential article of food, its use as a 
beverage and in the manufacture of butter, cheese, and ice cream is 
an almost indispensable element in their dietary. 

The complex demands of modern living and the necessity on the 
part of many mothers of earning a livelihood, often making it im- 
practicable for them during the hours of daily toil to nourish their 
offspring, has created in recent years an essential demand for cow's 

1 " Care of Milk and Its Use in tlie Home," Farmers' Bulletin No. 413, U. S. Depart- 
ment of Agriculture. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 119 

milk for infant feeding, prepared in some cases in accordance with 
certain prescribed formulae intended to approximate as nearly as 
possible the composition of mother's milk. 

ESTABLISHMENT OF INFANTS' MILK DEPOTS. 

To meet this necessity, milk depots have been established, largely 
under philanthropic auspices, in many of the principal cities of 
America and Europe. The first depot in the United States was in- 
stituted in 1889. The movement was accelerated in 1892, when Dr. 
Henry L. Coit, of Newark, N. J., formulated a plan for the produc- 
tion of pure milk under the auspices of medical milk commissions. 
In 1893 the Medical Society of Essex County, N. J., adopted the plan 
and organized the first medical milk commission in the United 
States. The commission contracted with a dairyman^ (for terms of 
agreement see Appendix AO) to produce milk according to the 
standards of purity formulated by Dr. Coit in connection with the 
original plan. 

A recent report by Asst. Surg. Gen. J. W. Kerr, of the United 
States Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service,- presented before 
the American Association of Medical Milk Commissions on June 6, 
1910, recites that 28 cities in the United States are now supplied with 
infants' milk depots and milk dispensaries for the relief of the poor, 
many of these institutions maintaining substations for the distribution 
of milk and imparting advice with respect to infant hygiene. 

It may be noted in this connection that the local Straus pasteuriza- 
tion laboratory has six substations geographically distributed with a 
view to meeting the convenience of the largest number of patrons of 
the poorer classes. The milk is received at the local laboratory before 
8.30 a. m., and is modified and pasteurized before 11 a. m., affording a 
much more rapid delivery into the hands of the consumer than is the 
practice among local dairies in the distribution of unmodified and 
unpasteurized milk. A physician is in attendance also during certain 
hours daily to indicate the formula best suited for each particular 
infant. 

CERTIFIED MILK. 

The standards of purity formulated by Dr. Coit in 1893 gave rise 
to the term " Certified milk," and the precedent then established has 
since been followed in many cities of the country, not less than 63 
commissioners having since been organized to encourage the production 
of pure milk for clinical purposes. Without the establishment of 
these voluntary supervisory commissions it would be impossible to 
provide jDractically for the production of certified milk, which latter 
high-grade product has grown to be so important a factor in facili- 
tating the healthy growth of infants and in accelerating the recupera- 
tion of invalids. 

Specific bacterial standards for pure milk have been adopted, 
limiting the number of bacteria allowable and inhibiting the pres- 
ence of pathogenic organisms. The numerical standard fixed in most 

^ Bulletin No. 56, Hygienic Laboratory, Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, 
March, 1909, pp. 615-619, inclusive. 

2 Public Health Reports, No. 50, Washington, 1910. 



120 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTKICT OP COLUMBIA. 

cases for certified milk is a maximum of 10,000 bacteria per cubic 
centimeter. The requirements fixed upon for certified milk contem- 
plates especially that none but healthy cows shall be employed ; that 
extraneous contamination of their milk shall be reduced to a mini- 
mum; that the milk shall be cooled to 45° F. to prevent bacterial 
growth; and that it shall reach the consumer before noticeable bac- 
terial changes have occurred therein. 

BREAST FEEDING DECIDEDLY PREFERABLE TO BOTTLE FEEDING. 

The committee wishes to emphasize in the most forceful manner 
the extreme importance of feeding, at the mother's breast, as opposed 
to artificial feeding with cow's milk. It is a well-known fact that 
the rat© of mortality during the first year of infants fed on human 
breast milk is markedly less than among bottle-fed babies. The 
milk of the cow is directly responsible for the death of a very con- 
siderable percentage of infants. Nature did not intend the young of 
one species to be raised upon the milk of another, much less did it 
intend that that milk should be dirty, stale, and bacteria-laden. 

Cow's milk may be prejudicial to health either because the milk 
is physiologically unsuitable, as for infant feeding, or because it 
has become a medium of infection through contamination with 
various disease germs. Milk of inferior nutritive value, furthermore, 
must indirectly have a deleterious influence on the health of the 
infant, and particularly so when, as in the case of babies, milk is 
exclusively used as food. During the first year of its life a child 
consumes, it is estimated, about 500 quarts of milk. There is abun- 
dant evidence to show that the proportion of deaths among infants 
would be greatly reduced if they received the food nature designed 
for them, namely, mother's milk. An eminent authority on the rela- 
tion of mortality to artificial feeding of infants concludes that, 
taking the period of the first year of life, the number of deaths 
resulting from epidemic diarrhea among breast-fed babies is not 
much more than one-tenth the number occurring among artificially- 
fed infants. There is no doubt that the nursing of all infants by 
healthy mothers would contribute tremendously to the reduction of 
the infantile death rate. It has been said that there is only one other 
period in life in which the chance of death is greater than in the 
case of infants under 1 year of age, and that is in persons over 90 
years old. This comparison emphasizes the extreme importance of 
providing milk, especially for infant consumption, which shall be 
physiologically suitable for assimilation and as free as possible from 
impurities. 

It should be animadverted to in this connection as emphasizing 
the important influence of providing milk free from impurification, 
that during the period elapsing since the passage of the local milk- 
inspection law in 1895, the annual death rate of infants in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia has decreased from 194 per 100,000 population to 
86 per 100,000.^ This marked diminution may fairly be attributed 
in large measure to the beneficent effects of this law. 

172 per 1,000 In 1909, increasing to 86 in 1910. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 121 

MODIFIED MILK. 

The term " Modified milk " is claimed to have been originally used 
by the Walker-Gordon Laboratories, to describe milks that have by 
the addition of water and milk sugar, and at times barley water and 
limewater, been mechanically changed in their chemical consti- 
tuents to fill physicians' prescriptions, and to increase or decrease 
these constituents according to an exact method, so that physicians 
may be enabled to order a milk that can be adjusted to meet the 
needs of the individual case for which it is prescribed. If the child 
be artificially fed, there is reason to believe that milk, when modified 
to conform as nearly as possible to the composition of mother's milk, 
comes nearest to supplying the demands of the infant, and it is to 
meet this very considerable and constantly increasing dem^and that 
certain formulae hav^ been prepared for feeding the infant during 
the successive stages of its early existence. 

NUTRITIVENESS OF MODIFIED MILK. 

No adequate comparison can be made between modified milk (raw 
or pasteurized) and ordinary market milk as regards its nutritive 
qualities, since milk is customarily modified according to physicians' 
prescriptions for special use, and while designed in many instances 
to furnish a more easily digested and assimilated food than whole 
milk, is supposably, in other instances, less digestible than milk in 
its natural state. Aside from is facility of digestion ordinarily, 
modified milk is prescribed with a view to furnishing the maximum 
amount of nutritive food which may be absorbed without prejudice. 
Modified milk may, it should be added, contain a greater or less pro- 
portion of each nutrient found in raw milk. Its use is especially 
recommended for infants, invalids, and convalescents. The Straus 
Laboratory, of this city, contends that modified milk is as nutritious 
and more so than raw milk, since it is an attempt to reproduce 
mother's milk as closely as possible, and is changed to suit the vary- 
ing ages and strength of babies. 

Dr. G. Lloyd Magruder, of this city, has addressed a letter to 
President Taft, asking that the Department of Agriculture and the 
Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service of the Treasury Depart- 
ment be directed to investigate the relative, merits of raw and pas- 
teurized milk for infant feeding. It is believed that a careful ex- 
amination into this important subject by these departments of the 
United States Government would be of inestimable value in affording 
an authoritative basis for harmonizing the differences of opinion 
which have existed for many years past on this vital question. 

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MODIFIED MILK TO DETERIORATION. 

As to the relative susceptibility to deterioration. Dr. Melvin states 
that there is probably no difference between modified and whole (raw 
or pasteurized) milk in this respect, if both are obtained and handled 
under similar conditions. 



122 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 
RELATIVE COST OF MODIFIED MILK. 

Modified milk is as a rule higher in price than whole milk, being 
naturally more expensive since it is prepared in accordance with 
physicians' formulas, and requires expert knowledge in its modifica- 
tion. The Straus Laboratory in Washington states that the addi- 
tional ingredients called for, the time required, and the necessity of 
trained help in modifying makes its cost much more than would be 
demanded for whole milk. This statement is corroborated by the 
Walker-Gordon Laboratory of this city, which announces that modi- 
fied milk is much more expensive in that intelligent persons must be 
trained for its preparation. The health officer of Cleveland, Ohio, 
reports that it costs from 2 to 9 cents per quart in excess of ordinary 
market milk. 

The following schedule of prices for whole 'milk, modified milk, 
and barley water, sold by the Washington branch of the Straus 
Pasteurized Milk Laboratories, has been furnished through the 
courtesy of Miss Eeba J. Hurn, local representative: 

Whole milk: Per pint, 4 cents; per quart, 8 cents. 
Modified milk : 

No. 1, 8-ounce bottle, 1^ cents ; per quart, 6 cents, on same basis. 

No. 2, 6-ounce bottle, li cents; per quart, 8 cents, on same basis. 
Six bottles a day's feeding. 

No. 3, 3-ounce bottle, 1 cent ; per quart, 10§ cents, on same basis. 

No. 4, 3-ounce bottle, 1 cent ; per quart, lOf cents, on same basis. 
Eight bottles a day's feeding. 
Barley water : 

3-ounce bottle, 1 cent ; per quart, lOS cents, on same basis. 

6-ounce bottle, li cents ; per quart, 8 cents, on same basis. 

Park asserts that even if it were possible to bring all milk up to 
a prescribed standard of purity, which would make it safe to be 
ingested unheated by an infant, it would in his judgment be an 
absolutely unwise procedure on account of the cost, which would be 
increased far more than the value of the milk for most purposes for 
which this commodity is used. "Most of us who have studied the 
question," he says, "believe that proper pasteurization under rigid 
inspection is the method by which a safe, wholesome milk supply can 
be provided." 

infants' MILK DEPOTS. 

The committee refers with especial pleasure to the magnificent 
work being accomplished by infants' milk depots throughout the 
country and the decided stimulus accorded to the movement by the 
public-spirited generosity of Mr. Nathan Straus, of New York City, 
whose practical philanthropy has resulted, either directly or inci- 
dentally, in instituting since 1892 10 principal depots for the dis- 
tribution of modified and pasteurized milk.^ 

It is interesting to note that, prior to the movement inaugurated 
by Mr. Straus in New York City in 1893 for dispensing pasteurized 
milk, the annual death rate of children under 5 years of age in 
the metropolis was 96.2 in every 1,000, and in June, July, and August 
(when exceptional care was required to be taken to properly cool the 

1 Straus depots have been established in New Yr-k City, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. 
Louis, Newark, N. J., and Washington; also in Munich, Karlsruhe, and Sandhausen, 
Germany, and Dublin, Ireland. Mr. Straus donated, besides, the plant installed at the 
depot, already in operation, at Liverpool, England. 



THE MILK SITUATIO]Sr IN THE DISTRICT OF COLTJMBIA. 123 

milk) the death rate was 136.4 for each 1,000. With the increased 
use and distribution of pasteurized milk the death rate in New York 
City had already in 1906 dropped to 55 per 1,000, and for the months 
of June, July, and August of that year averaged 62.7 per 1,000. The 
milk supply was from the same farms and the same kinds of herds 
as before, and distributed in the same way, the only difference being 
that the bottles were sterilized and the bacteria in the old, dirty, 
warm milk had been killed by the heat applied to pasteurize it, this 
being followed by proper cooling. The extent of the work of the 
New York agency may be appreciated when it is stated that in the 
year 1906 17 of these Straus stations dispensed 3,142,252 bottles and 
1,078,405 glasses of pasteurized milk. 

The milk of the Straus pasteurizing laboratories is prepared in 
accordance with formulae recommended by the foremost specialists in 
the treatment of children's diseases, Formula No. 1, prescribed by 
Dr. Arthur E>. Green, containing milk, cane sugar, salt, and oat 
water; Formula No. 2, by Dr. Rowland G. Freeman, containing milk, 
limewater, milk sugar, and filtered water; Formula No. 3, by Dr. A. 
Jacobi, comprising milk, barley water, cane sugar, and table salt; 
Formula No. 4, by Dr. Freeman, consisting of skimmed milk, milk 
sugar, limewater, and filtered water; and Formula No. 5, by Dr. 
Green, including cream, milk, limewater, milk sugar, and filtered 
water. The several formulae are prescribed in sequence for infants 
at successive stages of their development, from date of birth to time 
of weaning or later. Barley water, prepared in accordance with a 
specific formula, is also separately supplied by these laboratories. A 
more detailed statement of the formulae employed by the Straus 
local infants' milk depot is submitted herewith (Appendix AP). 

The committee has inspected the Washington Straus depot and is 
impressed with its importance in conserving the life and health of 
infants who, for one reason or another, are obliged to be fed other 
than at the mother's breast. While it is not deemed wise to en- 
courage the artificial feeding of babies, the necessity for the main- 
tenance of this establishment or some similar agencies must be con- 
ceded. In other communities depots of this character have been in- 
stituted at the initial expense of Mr. Straus and other philanthropists, 
and later taken over and maintained at public or private expense 
under the supervision generally of municipal health officials or medi- 
cal milk commissions. It is understood that, having demonstrated 
locally the great usefulness of this enterprise, its promoter will, unless 
its maintenance be assumed by our municipality or by private sub- 
scription, close its doors and deprive the citizens of Washington, 
rich and poor alike, of this splendid instrumentality for reducing 
the death rate of infants in this community. 

The committee adverts to the fact that apparent indifference has 
been manifested on the part of Washington physicians generally, 
toward utilizing the facilities afforded by the Straus Laboratory for 
supplying modified milk for infant feeding. It is hoped that this 
seeming apathy toward the use of modified milk prepared under 
scientific, skillful direction, will be superseded gradually by active, 
earnest cooperation on the part of the medical fraternity in sup- 
porting this worthy foundation, or similar establishments operating 
on a commercial basis, which latter, it is understood, are prepared to 
render efficient service to the public in this direction. 



124 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
DISPOSAL OF LOCAL STRAUS DEPOT. 

At the suggestion of the Washington representative of the Straus 
Pasteurizing Laboratories, a public hearing was held by the Dis- 
trict Commissioners on November 30, 1910, to discuss what action 
should be taken with regard to the proffer to the District govern- 
ment by Mr. Straus of the plant established at 1319 H Street NW., 
in this city, with the sole restriction that milk furnished therefrom 
should be dispensed as a charity and not as an ordinary commercial 
enterprise. At the close of the hearing, the commissioners appointed 
a committee to examine into the matter and make recommendations 
as to the proper course to be pursued by them in the premises. This 
committee was composed of Gen. George M. Sternberg (chairman), 
Mr. E. J. Stellwagen, Mr. Hennen Jennings, Dr. George M. Kober, 
Mr. Arthur C. Moses, Mr. Walter S. Ufford, Mr. George S. Wilson, 
Dr. H. F. Sawtelle, and Mr. J. Louis Willige. The committee, in 
its report submitted under date of December 7, 1910, a copy of which 
is appended (Appendix AQ) , recommends to the commissioners that 
Mr. Straus be prevailed upon, if possible, to continue the existing 
plant until such time as provision may be made for furnishing an 
ample and safe supply of pasteurized and modified milk through 
commercial channels under the direct supervision of the District 
health department, the committee deeming it impracticable for the 
District government itself to undertake the management of such a 
plant with advantage. The committee suggests the desirability, 
however, of utilizing the existing plant for the conduct, under the 
Department of Agriculture or the Public Health and Marine-Hospital 
Service, of investigations relative to the value of pasteurized and 
modified milk for infant feeding. 

In the event that the Straus Laboratory be not continued as a 
charity, it is suggested that the providing of proper food for infants 
among the indigent classes be supported by generous contributions 
toward the funds for maintaining such existing agencies as the diet 
kitchen, the Citizen's Relief Association, the Associated Charities, 
and the Instructive Visiting Nurse Society. 

The report proceeds to recommend prompt and adequate legisla- 
tion for supplying a clean, pure, wholesome milk supply for the 
Nation's Capital, and urges that the inmates of foundling asylums, 
hospitals, and other institutions supported wholly or in part from 
public funds be furnished with milk conforming to the classification 
recommended by the Washington milk conference in 1907. It is 
further advocated, as favored by the conference, that the health of- 
ficer be required to publish the ratings of dairies, which information 
it is understood is currently in the possession of the health depart- 
ment, but up to the present time not published, though conveniently 
accessible to any citizen of Washington who may call at the District 
Building for the purpose of consulting the records. 

The report concludes with an indorsement of the recent recom- 
mendation submitted by the health officer that six visiting nurses be 
appointed to give instruction in the public schools regarding matters 
affecting the health of pupils. 

Since the above hearing, Mr. Straus addressed a letter to Senator 
Gallinger, chairman of the Senate Committee on the District of 
Columbia, stating his willingness to continue the laboratory in Wash- 



THE MILK SITUATION IE" THE DISTRICT OE COLUMBIA. 125 

ington several months after January 1, 1911, if requisite in order to 
allow opportunity for Congress to take over the establishment under 
governmental control. 

As a result of the recent agitation on the subject, a bill (S. 9716) 
was introduced in the Senate by Mr. Gallinger authorizing the ac- 
ceptance by the United States Government as a gift, of the Nathan 
Straus Pasteurized Milk Laboratory. The bill was referred to the 
Senate District Committee, from which it has not yet been reported. 
The measure proposes to appropriate the sum of $15,000, or so much 
thereof as may be necessary, to be immediately available for ex- 
penditure until June 30, 1912, in the maintenance and operation of 
the laboratory, the sum allotted to be expended under the supervision 
of the Surgeon General of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital 
Service " for the purpose of demonstrating, with the cooperation of 
the health officer of the District of Columbia, the practical utility of 
infants' milk depots in the reduction of infant mortality." A copy 
of the bill is subjoined (Appendix AK). 

While the chamber of commerce committee apjareciates to the full- 
est extent the valuable results achieved through the benefaction of 
Mr. Straus in placing this practical object lesson before the eyes of 
our community, it feels obliged to advert at the same time to the fact 
that essentially important work in educating the public to an ap- 
preciation of the value of and necessity for a sanitary milk supply, 
especially for infant feeding, has been carried on for many years by 
the Department of Agriculture and the Public Health and Marine- 
Hospital Service and by Dr. G. Lloyd Magruder, Dr. George M. 
Kober, Dr. Woodward, the District health officer. Gen. George M. 
Sternberg, Mr. Emile Berliner, and other well-known public-spirited 
Washingtonians. 

As an evidence of the practical work accomplished locally in this 
direction the committee appends (Appendix AS) a report on the 
Infants' and Children's Dispensary connected with the Settlement 
House of southwest Washington, covering the period from April 13, 
to October 1, 1908, two years before the establishment of the local 
Straus Laboratory. This dispensary has been continuously in ex- 
istence since its organization and is doing excellent work. During 
the first five and one-half months of its career there were treated in 
the dispensary 261 infants and children. During this period 41 babies 
were supplied with modified milk. Modified milk was also dispensed 
at this early date by the Neighborhood House, also located in south- 
w^est Washington. 

The committee feels that, so far as ministering to the material 
wants of infants in this jurisdiction in providing a proper supply of 
pasteurized and modified milk is concerned, this can probably be 
accomplished at much less expense through the utilization of exist- 
ing commercial agencies, such as the establishments of Mr. George M. 
Oyster, jr., the Walker-Gordon Laboratory, and the White Cross 
Milk Co., than by the maintenance of the plant so generously in- 
stalled by Mr. Straus. It is strongly advocated, however, that a 
special fund be inaugurated by popular subscription, liberally en- 
dowed and supported by our citizens and possibly supplemented by 
appropriations from Congress, to be devoted exclusively to reimburs- 
ing such commercial agencies for pasteurized and modified milk fur- 
nished upon order in deserving cases to infants whose parents are 



126 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

unable to provide, in part or wholly, the cost of the necessary supply 
of wholesome and nutritious milk, appropriately suited to the infant's 
needs. 

While (in the absence of facilities for securing milk prepared at 
regularly established depots in accordance with specially adopted 
formula)) pasteurization at home of milk for infants' use, in ap- 
paratus of which several economical patterns are obtainable in the 
open market, is qualifiedly recommended, its preparation in this way 
requires such intelligent and careful manipulation that it is, in the 
opinion of the committee, better and cheaper to purchase m.ilk already 
pasteurized under competent supervision, from infants' milk depots 
or from properly equipped commercial establishments. 

IMPORTANT FUNCTION OF VISITING NURSES. 

In this connection the committee feels that a noteworthy adjunct 
of the local Straus Laboratory, and one which could hardly be ex- 
pected to obtain in association with a commercial agency furnishing 
modified milk on a purely business basis, is the stationing of a regis- 
tered physician at the laboratory at certain specified hours, to give 
advice free of charge to parents concerning the proper treatment of 
infants and to prescribe the formula of milk best suited for the 
infant at the particular period of its growth. Commendable service 
is rendered in this direction by the Instructive Visiting Nurse Society, 
which details nurses to the several settlement houses and to the 
homes of parents for the purpose of imparting practical instruction 
regarding the bathing, clothing, feeding, and other care of infants. 
The extreme efficacy of this practical information and active assist- 
ance extended by the Instructive Visiting Nurse Society in reducing 
infant mortality is especially recognized, authorities agreeing that 
proper clothing, bathing, and medical attention constitute as impor- 
tant a factor in the successful rearing-of the infant as the provision 
of suitable food in appropriate measure. 

Dr. Woodward especially recommends that arrangements be made 
for the instruction of mothers in caring for their infants. This can, 
he stated, be done in no other connection so well as in conjunction 
with the free distribution of milk to persons unable to pay for it and 
the distribution of milk at reduced prices to persons who are unable 
to pay the ordinary market price for milk of proper quality and 
composition. 

The committee recurs to the fact that the superior value of maternal 
nursing can not be overestimated, it being stated on reliable authority 
that were mothers able universally to nurse their children from one- 
third to one-half of the deaths of infants would be prevented, the 
enormous loss of life occurring among artificially fed infants being 
undoubtedly due in major portion to bad milk and its improper use 
as an article of diet. Mothers should be encouraged in every pos- 
sible way to nurse their infants, regardless of financial or social 
status, for it has been conclusively proved by extended series of care- 
ful systematic investigations that the mortality among bottle-fed 
infants is vastly greater than among those that are breast fed. When 
breast feeding is clearly impossible, however, a fulsome supply of 
pure cow's milk, modified to meet the special needs of the infant, 
should be rendered available for both rich and poor, and mothers 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 127 

should be instructed at the same time regarding the special require- 
ments necessary to successful artificial feeding, including the care 
of milk in the home. From both economic and sanitary viewpoints 
infants' milk depots should be provided for improving the physical 
well-being of the children who are destined to become active, pro- 
creating members of the population of the future. 

XI. Prepared Milks. 

WHAT MAY BE PROPERLY CLASSED AS PREPARED MILKS. 

Dr. H, W. Wiley, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, Department 
of Agriculture, in defining prepared milk, states that there is a wide 
variation of ideas which may be properly entertained concerning 
" prepared " milk, but that he is inclined to the following : 

Natural milk which has not been treated other than by straining, cooling, and 
bottling would not be entitled to the term " prepared milk." All milk which 
has been modified in its composition in any way by changing the properties of 
its ingredients or by sterilization or pasteurization should be designated as 
prepared milk. Milk which is used in connection with other foods in a dried 
or semiliquid state, is not prepared milk, but milk used in compounding other 
foods. 

. For the purposes of this report, however, the committee is pleased 
to regard prepared milk as embracing condensed, evaporated, and 
powdered milks. As a matter of convenience, skim milk is also 
included within this chapter. , 

CONDENSED OR EVAPORATED MILK. 

Condensed or evaporated milk may, according to information fur- 
nished by the Bureau of Animal Industry, be defined as milk from 
which a considerable portion of water has been evaporated, and to 
which, in the case of sweetened condensed milk, sugar (sucrose) has 
been added. 

Condensed milk, synonymously known as evaporated milk, is de- 
fined in the Standards of Purity for Food Products,^ issued by the 
Secretary of Agriculture in pursuance of authority given by Con- 
gress in the food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, as follows : 

Condensed milk, evaporated milk, is milk from which a considerable portion 
of water has been evaporated, and contains not less than 28 per cent of milk 
solids, of which not less than 27.5 per cent is milk fat. 

Surg. Gen, Wyman is authority for the statement that in the United 
States Borden's " Eagle " brand of condensed milk may be taken as a 
type which is said to be prepared by heating fresh cows' milk to 100° 
C. to destroy the bacteria and evaporating the remaining milk in a 
vacuum at a low temperature to a little less than one-quarter of its 
original volume, the finished product being usually preserved in tin 
cans, after having added about 6 ounces of cane sugar per j)int. 

Sweetened condensed milk is defined in the Standards of Purity 
for Food Products^ as follows: 

Sweetened condensed milk is milk from which a considerable portion of water 
has been evaporated, and to which sugar (sucrose) has been added, and con- 
tains not less than 28 per cent of milk solids, of which not less than 27.5 per 
cent is milk fat. 



* Circular No. 19, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 



128 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

It will be remembered that condensed milk, unsweetened, must con- 
tain, to meet the requirements of the Federal pure food and drugs 
act, the same minimum percentage of solids (including milk fat) as 
sweetened condensed milk. 

Considerable agitation has been discernible in many communities 
concerning the relative merits of these prepared milks compared, 
especially so far as their nutritiveness and digestibility are concerned, 
with raw or properly pasteurized milk. It is stated by the Bureau 
of Animal Industry that some prepared milks are not as nutritious 
as raw or properly pasteurized milk, this depending largely upon the 
character and method of preparation, Surg. Gen. Wyman believing 
that the proper solution of this question involves the consideration of 
the individual preparation. 

NUTRITIVENESS OF CONDENSED MILKS. 

According to Dr. Wyman condensed milk in the United States is 
usually low in fat content and excessively rich in sugar. Properly 
diluted, he says, the best grades of condensed milk ought to contain 
the same nutriment as the original milk from which it was made, 
plus or minus whatever is added or removed when finally put up in 
packages. He adds the caveat, however, that this does not imply 
the same food value as the original milk. 

It is declared by Winslow that substitutes are much more dangerous 
for infants than pasteurized milk, while Dr. Prescott, of the Massa- 
chusetts Institute of Technology, asserts that condensed milk is not 
as well balanced a ration as raw milk, since it is likely to be deficient 
in fats. Dr. Crichton, commissioner of health of Seattle, Wash., 
observes that most prepared milks are not as nutritious as raw or 
properly pasteurized milk; that they are harder to digest; are cus- 
tomarily made from inferior milk, impure in many instances, and 
containing sugar in unknown quantities, and are consequently unsat- 
isfactory as food for children and unappetizing and disagreeable in 
taste. 

In comparing the nutritiveness of raw and properly pasteurized 
milk as opposed to prepared milks. Dr. Coit, rating raw milk at 100, 
assigns a value of 20 to condensed milk and 10 to powdered milk. 

On the other hand, Borden's Condensed Milk Co. asserts that 
prepared milk of a recognized standard brand, manufactured and 
cared for under conditions existing in high-grade factories, is practi- 
cally a concentrated " properly pasteurized milk " and has all the 
nutritive qualities of such milk. " Used in the manner in which it 
is," states this company, " it undoubtedly is as nutritious, or at least 
so nearly so, as to be on a most debatable ground." 

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CONDENSED MILKS TO DETERIORATION. 

What are known as " condensed " or " evaporated " milks have 
been somewhat largely represented in our markets for many years 
past. These milks are customarily prepared by evaporating the 
water from whole milk until a consistency is reached which (gen- 
erally, though not necessarily, by the addition of sugar) tends to 
preserve the milk, its viscosity rendering impossible the multiplica- 
tion of pathogenic germs and effectually safeguarding the product 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 129 

from deterioration, even when the receptacle is kept open for a 
reasonable length of time. It should be observed, however, that 
when diluted to the consistency of liquid milk, as commonly used on 
the table, sweetened condensed milk is in certain respects nearly as 
susceptible to contamination from various sources as raw or pas- 
teurized milk, and when exposed to the air its use should conse- 
quently, as a matter of security, be circumscribed with the same pre- 
cautions as are recommended for the treatment of raw or pasteurized 
milk. 

In the judgment of authorities consulted by the committee, con- 
densed milk is not so susceptible to deterioration as raw milk, 
especially if a considerable amount of sugar be added. Condensed 
milk will, according to Dr. Melvin, keep much longer than raw or 
pasteurized milk, even after being opened, and there is authority for 
the statement that if sealed it should resist deterioration indefinitely. 
Surg. Gen. Wyman of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Serv- 
ice specifies that condensed milk either deteriorates or at times 
contains toxic substances, children having been made very ill from 
using cans of a certain brand. Such brands as contain a high per- 
centage of sugar ought, he observes, to keep much better than raw 
milk, on account of the well-known preserving properties of sugar. 
Mr. Scott, inspector of milk of Providence, R. I., offers the assurance 
that condensed milk is undoubtedly not as susceptible to deterioration 
as raw milk, " because if evaporated to the proper density, the 
bacteria can not grow, as food can not be absorbed by them." 

EFFECT OF SANITARY KESTEICTIONS ON DEMAND FOR PREPARED MILKS. 

It has been suggested that insistence upon additional requirements 
concerning milk, such as the tuberculin test, maintenance of low 
temperatures, etc., would lead to the use of prepared milks and other 
substitutes for raw or pasteurized milk. The committee has endeav- 
ored to elicit information from as many sources as possible tend- 
ing to prove or disprove this assertion. There has been an appg^rent 
reluctance on the part of most of the health officers and experts 
consulted by the committee to vouchsafe an opinion on this point, 
and while approximately 30 per cent of those approached are strong 
in the belief that the public will not be compelled to resort to such 
preparations, one authority believes that there would be a tendency 
in that direction, while another inclines to the assumption that such 
substitutes would be very considerably used. 

The Bureau of Animal Industry ventures the assertion that, if the 
requirements be gradually introduced, there would probably be no 
influence on the market in this direction, but that sudden enforce- 
ment might make it necessary for a limited time to use prepared 
milks. The health officer of Atlanta, Ga., states that no such results 
have transpired in that city, but that on the other hand bad milk 
certainly leads to this expedient. The health officer of Lynchburg, 
Va., takes an optimistic view of the situation, and refers to the fact 
that judicious inspection in that city has resulted in an extremely 
enlarged demand for fresh milk, the consumption being almost thrice 
what it was some time ago. The health officer of Topeka, Kans., 
observes that people naturally prefer the fresh article when they 
can get it. 

82444°— S. Poc. 863, 6X-3 9 



130 THE MILK SITUATION IN" THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
PKICE OF PREPARED MILKS. 

The committee has deemed it important in weighing the probable 
effect of promulgating regulations for the further improvement of 
our milk supply, not only to arrive at some concrete idea of the prob- 
able extent of consequent utilization of prepared milks as substitutes 
for the natural product, but also to inquire into their ingredients 
and to ascertain the prices commanded by these preparations when 
diluted for use, for comparison with the cost of the raw or pasteurized 
product of corresponding volume. There is a somewhat general 
impression prevailing among persons consulted by the committee 
that the prepared milks are higher in price than the current market 
rates for raw or pasteurized milk, and that they would probably offer 
no inducement to buyers in competition with the fresh product. 
Investigations made by the Boston Board of Health show that if 
condensed milk is diluted with only enough water to constitute milk 
of the Massachusetts standard, the cost exceeds the price of ordinary 
milk and in some instances equals the price of inspected milk and 
exceeds that of some brands of certified milk. 

The conclusion is reached by the Bureau of Animal Industry that 
condensed milk can not be employed economically where whole milk 
is procurable. The health officer of Richmond, Va., is authority for 
the statement that prepared milks are much higher in cost than raw 
milk at 10 cents per quart, the prevailing Richmond price, Borden's 
Condensed Milk Co. says that on the average, when prepared milks 
are increased to equal volume with whole milk and contain the same 
ratio of solids, their cost is approximately the same and in some cases 
lower. 

CONCENTKATED MILK. 

What is known as " concentrated " milk, supplied by the White 
Cross Milk Co. to the people of Washington, is derived by placing 
normal milk in a concentrator maintained at a temperature not ex- 
ceeding 140° F. A blast of filtered air is then forced through the 
milk with great velocity for a period of about three hours, during 
which period the harmful bacteria are destroyed and the greater part 
of the water is carried off by evaporation, the quantity of milk being 
reduced to one- fourth of its original volume. This process not only 
removes the pathogenic germs from the milk, but preserves its natu- 
ral flavor, and the condensation makes it a much less favorable 
medium for subsequent contamination and for the proliferation of 
pathogenic microorganisms. The rather recent commercial practice 
of concentrating milk in this manner has the advantage of reducing 
the cost of transportation on account of the reduced bulk, enables a 
single dairy wagon to quadruple its capacity, and serves to preserve 
the milk for a longer period than is possible with raw milk, and in 
other respects makes it practicable to supply this important product 
at substantially the same retail price as demanded for raw milk of 
ordinary quality. Concentrated milk is especially suited for ship- 
ment into distant lands where raw milk is unobtainable, and for use 
on steamers at sea. The fact that it lends itself readily to dilution 
makes it useful also, when slightly thinned, as a substitute for cream 
in coffee. Another advantage resulting from the introduction of this 



THE MILK SITUATION" IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 131 

process is the feasibilitjr of locating condensers at points too remote 
from centers of population to make the shipment of sweet raw milk 
mechanically possible, and thus reducing it to a state in which it 
may be transported for longer distances and compete in price with 
the raw product supplied by dairy farms in proximity to the cities, 
the smaller bulk compensating for the longer distance of trans- 
portation. 

POWDERED MILKS. 

Whole and skim milk is being reduced to powdered form for use 
by bakers, confectioners, and others, its reduction to this form making 
it especially adaptable to preservation without deterioration for very 
considerable periods of time. It may be stated in behalf of the 
skimmed product that, while it lacks the amount of butter fat and 
when powdered is in many cases totally deficient in this component 
of whole milk, it possesses, with imperceptibly diminished degree, 
the other ingredients of whole milk which are essential factors in its 
nutrient value. While what are known as powdered milks are prin- 
cipally restricted to the evaporated product relieved of its butter fat 
(though certain makes of powdered milk are represented to contain 
a due proportion of butter fat as well as the other constituents of 
whole milk, except, of course, the water, which has been removed), 
their utilization for economic purposes is fast being realized, and it 
may be claimed strongly in their favor that they are in many respects 
free from contamination, which is an ever-present source of danger 
when whole milk or milk in its raw state in liquid form is handled, 
especially in bulk. It is believed that the powdered product is 
destined eventually to fulfill a demand on the part of the poorer 
classes, who are enabled to procure milk in this form, when diluted 
volume for volume, at a cheaper cost than otherwise. 

SKIM (skimmed) or SEPARATED MILK. 

Skim milk is defined in the Standards of Purity for Food Prod- 
ucts,^ issued by Secretary of Agriculture in pursuance of authority 
given by Congress in the food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, as 
follows : 

Skim milk is milk from which a part or all of the cream has been removed 
and contains not less than 9.25 per cent of milk solids. 

Condensed skim milk is defined in the Standards of Purity for 
Food Products ^ as " milk from which a considerable portion of water 
has been evaporated." It is doubtless to be understood under this 
definition that the milk has been partially or wholly relieved of its 
cream before condensing. 

CONSmERABLE ECONOMIC VALUE OF SKIM MILK. 

There is much popular misapprehension as to the efficaciousness of 
skim milk, which has for years past enjoyed a very considerable 
degree of opprobrium on account of its being offered for sale as whole 
milk, thus defrauding the purchaser of the full amount of butter fat, 

* Circular No, 19, Bureau of Chemistry, U. g. Department o? Agriculture, 



132 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

removed in the separation of cream, to which he is entitled. It is a 
matter of interesting information, however, that skim milk is begin- 
ning to play an important part in the economic latter-day consump- 
tion of milk. There are many farms throughout the vast territory of 
the United States situated so remote from the centers of population 
that the transportation of milk derived from their herds in its raw 
state to available markets is utterly impracticable, the cost of trans- 
portation and the length of time necessarily consumed en route 
making it impossible to compete with the product of farms more 
advantageously located geographically with reference to commercial 
centers. For this reason an enormous amount of raw milk, after the 
cream has been separated for butter making, has been fed to ho^s and 
other farm animals. This vast waste product, relatively speaking, is 
now, by the process of aeration, being partially condensed or pow- 
dered, making it profitable, on account of its reduced bulk and better 
keeping qualities, for transportation to market. 

In favor of skim milk it may be supplemented that a much larger 
number of bacteria are found in cream than in the bottom milk, one 
sample of milk examined containing 500 times as many bacteria in 
the cream. When milk is. placed in the generally used centrifugal 
separator, the great mass of bacteria rise with the cream, a lesser 
number being carried down with the sediment. The intermediate 
milk, therefore, contains markedly fewer bacteria per cubic centimeter 
than the cream or sediment layers. 

XII. Milk Products. 

A discussion of the local milk situation would be incomplete with- 
out an allusion to the conditions affecting milk products, namely, 
butter, buttermilk, cheese, ice cream, and oleomargarine. It has been 
conclusively demonstrated that pathogenic organisms persist in ,these 
products with virulence, often for many months, and that it is of 
the utmost importance that milk employed in the preparation of these 
products be clean and wholesome, and meet in every particular the 
requirements demanded of milk in its natural state. Tubercle bacilli 
concealed in butter, buttermilk, and other dairy products are dis- 
tributed throughout these products in such a way as to insure their 
ingestion by the consumer wherever the sale of milk from tuberculous 
cows is permitted. 

CREAM. 

The same conditions affecting milk apply, generally speaking, to 
cream, which is merely cow's milk with an excessive amount of fat, 
the other ingredients being substantially the same in character and 
amount as in raw milk. 

Cream is defined in the Standards of Purity for Food Products,^ 
issued by the Secretary of Agriculture in pursuance of authority 
given by Congress in the food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, as 
follows : 

Cream is that portion of milli, rich in milk fat, which rises to the surface of 
milk on standing, or is separated from it by centrifugal force, is fresh and clean, 
and contains not less than 18 per cent of milk fat. 

J CU'Cular No, ].9, Bureau of Chemistry, U, S. Department of Agriculture, 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 133 

Evaporated or clotted cream is defined in the Standards of Purity 
for Food Products ^ as " Cream from which a considerable portion of 
water has been evaporated." This product is often referred to, locally 
at least, as " double cream." 

ICE CREAM. 

The conditions under which ice cream is manufactured in many 
instances in the District of Columbia are not at all satisfactory, and 
radical improvements are necessary to insure purity and freedom 
from contamination. Many cases of violent poisoning are due to 
insanitary conditions surrounding the ice-cream factory, to the 
storage of the product for an improper length of time, and to the 
lack of care in keeping the utensils and receptacles cleanly and not 
sterilizing them to destroy bacterial life. The danger of ptomaine 
poisoning from cream and ice cream may be entirely obviated by 
using a wholesome raw product, manufacturing it in perfectly clean 
surroundings, and disposing of it within a reasonable length of time 
after manufacture. Cream and ice cream sold in the District have 
been shown by examination to contain a number of bacteria far in 
excess of what should be found in such products derived from pure, 
uncontaminated, fresh materials. 

Thickeners do not appear to be generally used in the production 
of ice cream in the District. The sooner ice cream is consumed after 
making the better, and the chief objection to the use of thickeners is 
that it enables the ice cream to be kept for a longer period of time 
than is healthful. It also aids in the expansion of the volume of 
cream to proportions entirely beyond the actual amount of nourish- 
ment represented. Inasmuch as ice cream is sold exclusively by vol- 
ume and not by weight, this expansion can only be regarded as a 
deception practiced upon the consumer. The use of such substances 
in the manufacture of ice cream is not a commercial necessity, and if 
permitted, thickeners should be restricted to materials which are 
wholesome and unobjectionable, and the fact that they have been 
employed should be required to be plainly stated on the label of the 
package or other receptacle in which ice cream is sold. 

Since, furthermore, ice cream is definitely understood by the public 
to contain certain ingredients, and is prescribed frequently by physi- 
cians as a diet for invalids and convalescents, the term should be 
reserved solely for the frozen product composed of pure, fresh cream, 
sugar, and flavor. It should be required, moreover, that ice cream 
represent a definite percentage of butter fat corresponding to the 
established standards, 12 per cent being recommended for ice cream 
flavored with fruits, and 14 per cent as requisite for the vanilla type 
of ice cream. 

It is believed that the specification of these requirements to con- 
trol the manufacture of ice cream for sale and consumption in the 
District of Columbia would materially assist in conserving the 
health of the public from injury from this source of infection.- 

1 Circular No. 19, Bureau of Chemistry, TJ. S. Department of Agriculture. 

* The committee is indebted for this information to the Interesting and comprehensive 
chapter on " Ice cream," by Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. 
Department of Agriculture, in Bulletin No 56 of the Hygienic Laboratory, Public Healtb 
and Marine-Hospital Service, p. 251. 



134 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

BUTTERMILK. 

Buttermilk is defined in the Standards of Purity for Food Prod- 
ucts/ issued by the Secretary of Agriculture in pursuance of authority 
by Congress in the food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, as " The 
product that remains when butter is removed from milk or cream in 
the process of churning." 

NECESSITY FOR MAINTAINING MILK PRODUCTS AT LOW TEMPERATURES. 

In response to an inquiry addressed to the Bureau of Animal 
Industry as to whether there is reason for requiring that butter, 
cheese, and other milk products be maintained at low temperatures, 
the committee is informed that while low temperatures retard and 
inhibit the growth and multiplication of pathogenic germs they can 
not be relied upon to destroy such germs, and the requirement that 
dairy products be held at low temperatures would therefore not 
remove the danger. The bureau recommends the pasteurization of 
cream or milk before making into butter or cheese as the best method 
of accomplishing the object desired. 

REMEDIAL LEGISLATION RECOMMENDED. 

Reference is made elsewhere in this report (p. 76) to the resolutions 
unanimously adopted by the board of directors of the local Associa- 
tion for the Prevention of Tuberculosis on December 27, 1910 (Ap- 
pendix AE ) , reciting that it has been shown by indisputable evidence 
that typhoid fever and other diseases are traceable to contaminated 
dairy products, and urging that Congress investigate the relation of 
dairy products to the public health with a view to the enactment of 
remedial legislation. 

XIII. Summary — Recommendations. 

The recommendations of the committee may be summarized as 
follows : 

1. That unless washing, bottling, and capping machines, and other 
apparatus and the maintenance of a separate salesroom be uniformly 
insisted upon, no demerit be recorded by the health department 
against the small dealer not possessing these appurtenances. 

2. That the requirement of concrete floors (over which a movable 
wooden or other covering may be placed) be continued in force. 

3. That specific approval be secured from Congress for proposed 
changes of large importance in the regulations affecting our local 
milk industry. 

4. That Congress provide a suitable increase in the number of in- 
spectors to fully meet the requirements of the milk-inspection service. 

That the regulations issued by the District Commissioners on 
April 21, 1903, prescribing under penalty that any person in the 
District of Columbia who receives milk or cream tor sale shall, 
immediately after emptying the receptacle in which such milk or 
cream has been received, thoroughly rinse such receptacle so as to 

» Circular No. 19, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of AgricuUure. 



THE MILK SITUATION JN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 135 

free the same from all remnants of milk and of cream, or cause such 
receptacle to be so rinsed, be amended by eliminating the words " for 
sale," so as to extend this requirement to consumers and all other 
persons, as well as to dealers. 

5. That all cases of communicable disease among dairy farmers 
and their assistants, outside the District of Columbia furnishing milk 
to the Washington market, be required to be reported to the District 
health department. (The act of March 2, 1895, already authorizes 
the health officer to suspend or revoke permits for shipping into the 
District milk from dairy farms exposed to infection by diphtheria, 
scarlet fever, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and other infectious and 
contagious diseases.) 

6. That the health department continue its method of exacting 
a reasonable standard as opposed to an ideal standard for rating 
dairies and dairy farms. 

7. That no investigation be authorized of the administration of the 
District health department as proposed by the Dairymen's Associa- 
tion, the department being, in the view of the committee, singularly 
free from conditions demanding such an investigation. 

8. That the classification of milk suggested by Dr. A. D. Melvin 
and recommended by the Washington milk conference of 1907 be 
approved for the District of Columbia by specific legislation. 

9. That the additional recommendations of the Washington milk 
conference of 1907 be approved for the District of Columbia, except 
that regulations intended to safeguard the District milk supply, if of 
large importance, be specifically authorized by Congress; that the 
necessary plant or plants for pasteurizing the local milk supply be 
not maintained by the District government; that all milk not "cer- 
tified" or "inspected," intended for local consumption, be required 
to be pasteurized ; that in pasteurization milk be required to be heated 
to a temperature of 145° F. for 20 minutes or 140° F. for 30 minutes; 
that milk, even from tuberculin-tested cows, unless " certified " or 
" inspected," ' be compulsorily subjected to pasteurization; that the 
health department be required to publish periodically, though not 
daily, the ratings of dairies and dairy farms; and that parents and 
guardians be urged to use only " certified " milk or properly pasteur- 
ized or " modified " milk as a food for infants, at least under the age 
of 3 years. It is believed that the requirements specified will dis- 
pense with the necessity of boiling milk to be consumed. 

10. That all milk supplied for the use of hospitals, foundling asy- 
lums, and other institutions within the District of Columbia sup- 
ported wholly or in part by public funds, be required to comply with 
the classification recommended by the Washington milk conference of 
1907, subject to the exceptions noted by this committee under recom- 
mendation 9. It is understood that the recent order of the District 
Commissioners under date of November 8, 1910, specifies that milk 
for such institutions be either properly pasteurized or derived from 
tuberculin-tested herds. The committee recommends that the Dis- 
trict Commissioners issue promptly an amendment to this order 
specifying that raw milk even from tuberculin-tested herds be re- 
quired to be pasteurized (unless " certified " or " inspected " in con- 
formity with the provisions of the classification of the Washington 
milk conference of 1907) , since the tuberculin test insures only against 
tuberculosis. 



136 THE MILK SITUATION" IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

11. That favorable action be had on Senate bill 4986, introduced by 
Mr. Gallinger on January 10, 1910, authorizing, among its provi- 
sions, the commissioners to promulgate and amend from time to time 
regulations governing the production and sale of milk, cream, and 
ice cream in the District of Columbia. As above recommended, 
however, changes of large importance in the regulations governing 
the milk supply should, in the judgment of the committee, be the 
subject of specific legislation by Congress. 

12. That the action of the Department of Agriculture in compelling 
all milk furnished to employees at the several buildings under the 
control of the department within the District to Columbia to com- 
ply with the classification recommended by the Washington milk 
conference as defined in Circular No. 114 of the Bureau of Animal 
Industry be extended to embrace all executive departments and 
independent establishments of the Government located at Wash- 
ington. 

13. That a similar order be issued by the District Commissioners 
covering milk furnished to employees in buildings under the control 
of the District government. 

That the suggestions' 21 in number, by Mr. E. H. Webster, for 
improved sanitary conditions on dairy farms, set forth in Appendix 
O of this report, be adopted generally in separate jurisdictions 
throughout the United States. 

That the current regulations of the District health department 
governing dairies and dairy farms be periodically printed on muslin 
or similar inexpensive fabric and required by regulation to be kept 
conspicuously posted in all dairies and barns from which milk is 
supplied for distribution in the District of Columbia. 

14. That legislation be enacted by Congress requiring all tuberculin 
manufactured in one State and offered for sale in another to measure 
up to a prescribed standard. 

16. That official applications of the tuberculin test to farm animals 
be restricted to authorized veterinarians or other skilled persons under 
the supervision of the Federal (xovernment, so far as this coincides 
with the powers gxanted by the Federal Constitution for the regula- 
tion of interstate commerce. 

16. That any attempts to adulterate or otherwise impair the 
efficiency of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent be severely punished, 
and that such punishment extend with equal force to persons con- 
victed of inoculating cattle with the intent and purpose of rendering 
them immune to reaction under the tuberculin test. 

IT. That every druggist or other person dispensing tuberculin be 
compelled to register each sale and maintain a detailed record of all 
such Iransactions for the scrutiny of supervising officials of Federal 
and State governments. 

18. That every veterinarian or other practitioner applying the 
tuberculin test be compelled by law to make an accurate report thereof 
to the duly constituted authority, tagging or otherwise identifying 
each animal tested so as to enable an intelligent observance of the 
provisions of the statutes and ordinances governing such matters. 

19. That, as recommended by the International Commission on the 
Control of Bo\^ne Tuberculosis, all contact between tuberculous and 
healthy cattle and between healthy cattle and stables, cars, etc., which 
may contain live tubercle bacilli be prevented, live-stock shippers 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 137 

being enjoined to see that all cars used in the shipment of cattle are 
thoroughly cleansed and disinfected before use. 

20. That the sale or exchange of animals affected with tuberculosis, 
except for immediate slaughter or for breeding purposes under 
official supervision, be inhibited under penalty of law. 

21. That all animals exposed to tuberculosis be retested at intervals 
of six months to one year. 

22. That the tuberculin test be not applied to any animal having a 
temperature higher than normal. 

23. That any animal having given one distinct reaction to tuber- 
culin be thereafter regarded as tuberculous, though if the disease be 
arrested, as evidenced by later successful withstanding of the tuber- 
culin test, such fact be taken into account. 

24. That a positive reaction to tuberculin in any properly conducted 
test, official or otherwise, in any animal in any herd, shall be con- 
sidered evidence sufficient upon which to declare the herd to be in- 
fected until such time as a subsequent test or elimination of animals 
shown to be diseased shall demonstrate the herd to be free from 
tuberculosis. 

25. That owners and veterinarians be compelled by law to report 
the existence of tuberculosis in a herd, whether such information 
result from clinical examination or from the tuberculin test. 

26. That some system of marking, for purpose of identification, be 
adoj^tecl with regard to all cattle 3 years old or over shipped for 
slaughter. 

27. That, except when purchases are made from disease-free herds 
tested by a properly qualified individual, persons buying for breeding 
purposes or milk production limit their purchases to animals suc- 
cessfully withstanding the tuberculin test, and that in order to facili- 
tate the compliance with this suggestion official authorities adopt such 
regulations as will prevent the entry into their respective territories 
of cattle for breeding purjjoses or milk production unless accompanied 
by satisfactory tuberculin-test charts. 

28. That, with a view to securing uniformity in legislation regard- 
ing the control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis, the laws of the 
United States, Canada, and other American countries governing the 
admission of animals from without their borders be made stringent 
and as uniform as possible, as well as those regulating the interstate 
and interprovincial movement of cattle. 

29. That in order to make cattle as resistant as possible to infec- 
tion with tuberculosis, they be stabled in clean, disinfected, and 
properly ventilated and lighted barns, giving them abundant clean 
water, nutritious food, and a sufficient amount of daily exercise in 
the open air; and that such other conditions be provided as are well 
known to contribute to the health of animals, including the twice 
daily removal of manure from stables and the installation of water- 
tight floors and proper drainage. 

30. That the expense of applying the tuberculin test, when com- 
pulsorily made, devolve upon the Government (State or municipal). 
That in accordance with the " half-and-half " principle of appropri- 
ating for the needs of the District Government, the cost, so far as 
the testing of cattle located within the District boundaries supplying 
milk to the Washington market is concerned, be provided one-half 



138 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

from the Federal Treasury and one-half from the revenues of the 
District of Columbia. 

31. That, in the judgment of the committee, the scale of com- 
pensation to owners for cattle condemned as a result of the tuber- 
culin test, set forth in the order of the District Commissioners dated 
November 26, 1909, " For the suppression and prevention of tuber- 
culosis in cattle," v^hich scheme of compensation coincides with the 
views of the officials of the United States Department of Agricul- 
ture, be approved as best adapted to insure justice to the herd owner. 

32. While the committee unqualifiedly favors the application of 
the tuberculin test, it especially recommends that the test be applied 
gradually, the herds supplying milk to the District being inspected 
seriatim with such gradualness as may be intelligently calculated to 
enable the replacement of infected animals with healthy ones, thus 
avoiding a possible shortage in the District milk supply. For this 
purpose it is proposed by the committee that a period of approxi- 
mately two years, or say January 1, 1913, might appropriately and 
advantageously be fixed for the introduction of the test compulsorily 
among herds supplying milk for the Washington market. 

33. That milk, from the time of cooling immediately after derived 
from the cow, until actual delivery at the residence of the consumer, 
be required to be maintained at a temperature not exceeding 50° F. 
(provided it be feasible to secure the necessary refrigerator-car serv- 
ice for transportation from the farm to the city). This requirement, 
in the judgment of the committee, should be gradually put into 
force. The maintenance of a temperature not exceeding 50° F. 
should be required, furthermore, in the handling of cream, and of 
milk and cream used in the manufacture of butter, cheese, and ice 
cream. 

34. That the establishment of ice houses on dairy farms for the 
storage of a sufficient supply to maintain, during the warm season 
from April 1 (or earlier) to November 1 (or later in exceptional 
instances of mild weather), milk at a temperature not exceeding 
50° F., and the installation of an adequate service of refrigerator 
cars or effectually jacketed cans necessary to maintain a temperature 
continuously below 50° F., be insisted upon, provided it be deter- 
mined after detailed examination of items of expense that refriger- 
ator-car service is a rational economic possibility. 

35. That to meet the restrictions proposed in recommendation num- 
bered 33, milk be required to be kept refrigerated while on delivery 
wagons. 

36. That the pasteurization of all milk, not " certified " or " in- 
spected " in conformance with the requirements of the classification 
recommended by the Washington milk conference of 1907, be insisted 
upon, and that for this purpose it be required that an exposure of 
the milk uniformly at a temperature of 140° F. (60° C.) continu- 
ously for a period of 30 minutes (or 145° F. for a period of 20 
minutes) be enforced, with the understanding that the periods of 
30 or 20 minutes referred to shall not include the interval during 
which the milk is attaining the specified temperature. That com- 
pulsory pasteurization as proposed be arranged to take effect on 
January 1, 1913. 

37. That what is known as " flash " or " continuous " pasteuriza- 
tion be not permitted, since it is mechanically impossible to subject 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 139 

the milk uniformly to the requisite amount of heat during the short 
interval generally determined upon for this method of pasteuriza- 
tion. 

38. That a provision of law be enacted and rigidly enforced pro- 
hibiting the sale of milk, especially in retail establishments, left 
over from the previous day's delivery. 

39. That in addition to the compulsory pasteurization of milk, not 
" certified " or " inspected " in accordance with the specifications of 
the Washington milk conference of 1907, the tuberculin test and the 
proposed specification of a maximum bacterial content and a maxi- 
mum temperature of milk offered for sale in the District of Columbia 
be also insisted upon. 

40. That pasteurization be required to be done under permit issued 
by the District health department, and that the milk be at once 
cooled and placed in sealed sterilized containers and delivered sealed, 
plainly marked " Pasteurized," with an indication on the label of the 
date and hour when the pasteurization was completed; furthermore, 
that pasteurized milk be delivered to the consumer within 24 hours 
after pasteurization. 

41. That unless the provision of an adequate refrigerator-car 
service proves impracticable, making it impossible to maintain milk 
in transit at 50° F. or less, the plant or plants for pasteurizing the 
District milk supply (with the exception of one already established 
at considerable expense by the White Cross Milk Co. at Frederick, 
Md., and possibly others already in operation in connection with 
the local milk supply) be required to be located within the limits of 
the District of Columbia. 

42. That the contemplated pasteurizing plant or plants be con- 
ducted under private auspices and not maintained by the District 
government, the establishment of such plants under municipal owner- 
ship being, in the opinion of the committee, neither necessary nor 
desirable. 

43. That a general milk delivery service be (H-ganized by local 
dairymen with a view to eliminating unnecessary expenditure in 
delivering milk owing to duplication of capital invested and labor 
involved. 

44. That, for the present at least, 500,000 be agreed upon as the 
maximum number of bacteria allowable for raw milk (not " certi- 
fied ") , 100,000 for pasteurized milk, and 10,000 for " certified " milk 
offered for sale in the District of Columbia. 

45. That in the judgment of the committee a high bacterial con- 
tent, especially if repeated in the milk from a given farm, unques- 
tionably indicates insanitary conditions — either uncleanliness on the 
farm, maintenance at a temperature above 50° F., staleness of the 
milk, or a diseased condition of the cow's udder from which the 
milk furnished is partially derived. 

46. That milk be not permitted to be sold in bulk at grocery or 
similar retail establishments; that the public be admonished not to 
buy " bulk " milk from a retail store (not a dairy) , and that milk 
for babies' use be not purchased from grocery or other establishments 
where it may possibly have been kept over from the day before. 

47. That the furnishing of pasteurized and modified milk for in- 
fant feeding can probably be accomplished at much less expense 



140 THE MILK SITUATION IK THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

through existing commercial agencies than by the maintenance of the 
local Straus Pasteurizing Laboratory. 

48. That in the event that the local Straus Infants' Milk Depot be 
not continued as a charity, a fund be liberally supported by the pub- 
lic, perhaps aided by congressional appropriations, from which modi- 
fied milk or other proper food for infants among the indigent classes 
may be furnished. Such fund could perhaps be best administered in 
connection with existing agencies such as the diet kitchen, the Citi- 
zen's Relief Association, the Associated Charities, and the Instruc- 
tive Visiting Nurse Society. 

49. That in the judgment of the committee it is better to purchase 
milk already pasteurized under competent supervision from infants' 
milk depots or from properly equipped commercial establishments, 
than to attempt its pasteurization at home in apparatus of which 
several economical patterns are obtainable on the market. 

50. That every encouragement should be extended by the residents 
of Washington to the Instructive Visiting Nurse Society, which is, 
through giving practical instructions to parents and others at the 
home of the infant concerning its proper feeding, bathing, clothing, 
etc., accomplishing marvelous results in reducing infant mortality in 
the District of Columbia, and that every facility be offered for the 
instruction of mothers in caring for their infants. 

51. That the excellent work being done by what are known as 
" settlement houses " in educating the indigent classes to a proper 
recognition of the value of appropriate food for infants' use, and in 
otherwise encouraging the proper treatment and development of in- 
fants of the dependent poor, be liberally assisted by our citizens. 

52. That mothers, regardless of their financial or social status, be 
encouraged in every possible way to nurse their infants, it having 
been conclusively proved by extended series of careful investigations, 
that the mortality among bottle-fed infants is vastly greater than 
among those that are breast fed. 

53. That when breast feeding is clearly impossible, however, a ful- 
some supply of pure coav's milk, modified to meet the special needs 
of the infant, be rendered available for both rich and poor, and that 
mothers be instructed in the same connection regarding the special 
requirements necessary to successful artificial feeding. 

53-|. That the President of the United States be requested to direct 
the Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of Public Health and 
Marine-Hospital Service of the Treasury Department in cooperation, 
to investigate the relative value of raw and pasteurized milk for in- 
fant feeding, with a view to arriving at a finally authoritative settle- 
ment of this controversial subject among sanitarians and physicians 
generally. It is believed that the solution of this question as regards 
infant feeding would also have an important influence in determining 
the relative merits of raw and pasteurized milk for adult con- 
sumption. 

54. That the precautions concerning the care of milk in the home, 
suggested on pages 116 to 118, inclusive, of this report, be diligently 
observed by consumers of milk. 

55. That milk intended for use in preparing milk products, namely, 
butter, buttermilk, cheese, ice cream, and oleomargarine, be required 
to comply with the stipulations herein specified for milk in its raw or 
pasteurized state. 



THE MILK SITUATION" IIST THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 141 

56. That , the designation " ice cream " be reserved solely for the 
frozen product composed of pure, fresh cream, sugar, and a flavor ; 
that it represent a definite percentage of butter fat corresponding 
to the established standards, namely, 12 per cent for ice cream fla- 
vored with fruits, and 14 per cent for the vanilla type of ice cream; 
and that it be required to be manufactured in cleanly, sanitary sur- 
roundings and disposed of within a reasonable length of time after 
manufacture; furthermore, that the use of thickeners, if permitted, 
be restricted to materials which are wholesome and unobjectionable, 
and the fact that they have been employed be required to be plainly 
stated on the label of the package or other receptacle in which ice 
cream is sold. 

57. That in order to bring the public to a proper appreciation of the 
importance of clean, wholesome milk, and the necessity for intelligent 
care in its treatment in the household, a brief circular be prepared 
and distributed by the health department containing suggestions for 
the proper care of milk in the home, alon^ the lines indicated in the 
committee's recommendations on this subject. 

58. That this report, if approved by the chamber, be transmitted 
to the Senate and House of Eepresentatives with a request that it 
be printed and that its recommendations, so far as applicable to the 
District of Columbia and likewise so far as pertinent to the Federal 
powers over food commodities entering into interstate commerce, be 
embodied in suitable legislation; that a copy of the report be for- 
warded to the District Commissioners ; and that the publishers of the 
Washington newspapers be appealed to to promote as fully as prac- 
ticable the dissemination among the local public of infomiation con- 
cerning sanitary milk production and its preponderant advantages 
to the community. 

59. That a special committee be appointed by the chamber to urge 
before the Commissioners of the District and before the committees 
of Congress the expediency of the proposed legislation. 

Respectfully submitted. 

J. Louis Willige, Ghairman. 
Geo. W. White. 
Benj. W. Guy. 

T. C. DULIN. 

Wm. D. Hoover, 
January 30, 1911. 



APPENDIXES. 



APPENDIX A. 

SERIES OF QUESTIONS ADDRESSED BY THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE OF THE 
WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE TO HEALTH OFFICERS, ETC., 
ELICITING INFORMATION CONCERNING THE SUBJECT OF ITS INQUIRY. 

The AVashington Chamber of Commerce, 

Washington, D. C, November 8, 1910. 
Dear Sir : In order that the special committee appointed by the chamber of 
commerce to investigate the milk situation in the District of Columbia may 
have the fullest information obtainable for use in its deliberations, I venture 
to inclose a list of questions, with the request that you will kindly furnish re- 
sponses to such of the inquiries as you may iind it practicable to answer. 

Assuring you that any information that you may be good enough to supply 
will be of great value to the committee in arriving at intelligent conclusions, I 
am, thanking you in advance for your courtesy, 
Respectfully, yours, 

J. Louis Willige, Chairman. 

Information Requested by Special Committee Appointed by Washington 
Chamber of Commerce to Investigate the Milk Situation in the District 
of Columbia. 

tuberculin test. 

1. What advantages in your judgment will result from the enforcement of the 
tuberculin test? 

2. To what extent is the tuberculin test reliable? 

3. What effect in your judgment would its enforcement have on the price of 
cattle? 

4. In your judgment, should the expense of the test be defrayed by the Gov- 
ernment or the owner? 

5. What is the approximate expense of applying the tuberculin test? 

6. What length of time is required in applying the test? 

7. Granting that the test should be applied only by governmental authorities 
or qualified agents duly authorized thereby, would it be practicable and ad- 
visable to restrict the use of tuberculin and its application to such authorized 
olBcials or agents? 

8. Should the owner be compensated for cattle condemned, and on what basis 
of payment? 

9. In the absence of compulsory pasteurization, should tests other than the 
tuberculin test be required to safeguard against typhoid, diphtheria, and other 
deleterious germs? 

10. Assuming that the tuberculin test is, indicative only of tuberculous condi- 
tions, are there any other tests which should be applied for the detection of 
typhoid, diphtheria, scarlet fever, or other germs? 

BACTERIAL COUNT. 

1. Is the bacterial count reliable, and an indication of unsatisfactory condi- 
tions ? 

2. Do bacteriologists working independently arrive at approximately the same 
results in examining samples of a given milking? 

143 



144 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTKICT OP COLUMBIA. 

3. Is it feasible to indicate the maximum number of bacteria allowable? 

4. What number In your judgment should be specified in this connection? 

5. Is it possible for the producer or dealer to verify or disprove the bacterial 
count reported? 

6. What does a high bacterial content indicate? 

7. Is the harmfulness of a high bacterial count scientifically established 
beyond question? 

8. Is it practicable, with due regard to the rights of the producer or dealer 
to insist upon a prescribed bacterial count? 

MAINTENANCE OF LOW TEMPERATURES. 

1. At what maximum temperature should milk be kept to give the best results 
for commercial uses? 

2. Is it commercially practicable to maintain a maximum temperature of 50° 
F., from time of milking to city delivery to consumer? 

3. Should hours be prescribed for the city delivery so as to prevent increase 
of temperature while deposited on door steps, etc.? 

4. Could requirements reasonably be made compelling consumers to exercise 
caution in handling of milk? 

5. If so, specify what requirements? 

6. To what extent is the failure to preserve a maximum temperature of 50° 
F. deleterious to milk? 

PASTEURIZATION. 

1. At what temperature should pasteurization be accomplished? 

2. Is pasteurization commercially practicable? 

3. What effect has pasteurization upon the nutritive and digestive qualities of 
milk? 

4. What effect has pasteurization upon the beneficial and prejudicial germs in 
milk? 

5. Does pasteurization tend to preserve milk? 

6. Do harmful germs multiply as rapidly in pasteurized as in raw milk? 

7. Are pasteurizing machines controlled, so far as you know, by a monopoly? 

8. Is a municipal pasteurization plant (or plants), in your judgment, practi- 
cable and desirable? 

9. Should the plant (or plants) be located in the city or on the farm? 

10. Is it possible by scientific observation to ascertain definitely whether milk 
has been properly pasteurized or not? 

11. Would pasteurization, if generally insisted upon, dispense with the neces- 
sity of the tuberculin test? 

12. Would compulsory pasteurization obviate in any way the necessity for a 
prescribed bacterial content? 



1. To what extent, in your judgment, is milk a factor in diphtheria, typhoid, 
fever, scarlet fever, and tuberculosis infection? 

2. To what extent, in your judgment, will this infection be diminished by the 
enforcement of the tuberculin test? 

3. To what extent, in- your judgment, would this infection be decreased by 
compulsory pasteurization? 

4. To what extent is this infection influenced by the prescribed conditions of 
cleanliness on a farm and in the handling and the distribution of milk ? 

5. What effect, in your judgment, will insistence upon the tuberculin test, 
pasteurization, the bacterial ccmnt, the maintenance of a temperature not exceed- 
ing 50° F., and requirements as to stabling and cleanliness in the production and 
distribution of milk have upon the retail price of milk? 

6. Will the insistence upon these requirements result in a temporary or per- 
manent milk famine? 

7. To what extent would such insistence lead to the use of prepared milks and 
other substitutes for raw or pasteurized milk? 

8. Are these prepared milks as nutritious as raw or properly pasteurized milk? 

9. How do prepared milks (including evaporated, condonsed, and powdered) 
compare in price by volume with raw or pasteurized piilk? 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 145 

10. Have you seen any evidence or indication of a milk trust or combine to 
control ravs^-milk production or milk supply of the District of Columbia or 
elsewhere ? 

11. Have you seen indications of a trust to control the production or distribu- 
tion of prepared, condensed, concentrated, or other forms of milk other than 
the raw milk in the District of Columbia or elsewhere? 

12. Is it practicable, in your judgment, to maintain a temperature not exceed- 
ing 50° F. on delivery wagons? 

13. What is condensed milk? 

14. Is it as nutritious as raw milk? 

15. Is it as susceptible to deterioration as raw milk? 

16. Is it as susceptible to deterioration as pasteurized milk? 

17. What are the advantages of concentrated milk? 

18. Is modified milk as nutritious as raw milk? 

19. Is it as digestible as raw milk? 

20. Is it as suspectible to deterioration as raw milk? 

21. Is it as susceptible to deterioration as pasteurized milk? 

22. How does its price compare with that of raw milk? 

23. What effect does freezing have on the qualities of milk? 

24. Have attempts been made, so far as you know, to secure legislation from 
Congress governing the production, transportation, or distribution of milk or 
milk products throughout the United States under the authority for regulating 
commerce between the several States? 

HEALTH DEPARTMENTS. 

1. Please state what regulations, if any, relating to the production, transporta- 
tion, and delivery of milk have been promulgated in your jurisdiction, and also 
what State or municipal laws or ordinances have been adopted relating to the 
same subject? 

2. Is the compulsory insistence on the tuberculin test, in your judgment, 
practicable and advisable? 

3. Is the insistence on a maximum temperature of 50° F. from the time of 
production to the delivery to the consumer practicable and desirable? 

4. Is a prescribed bacterial count feasible and advisable? 

5. If so, what maximum number of bacteria should be specified? 

6. Is pasteurization, in your judgment, advantageous? 

7. Does pasteurization tend to preserve milk? 

8. Is compulsory pasteurization, in your judgment, practicable and advisable? 

9. What effect, in your judgment, would compulsory pasteurization have upon 
the wholesale and retail price of milk in winter and summer? 

10. Is the requirement that cows be stabled on concrete floors practicable? 

11. Does such requirement tend to cause rheumatism in the animal? 

12. What other requirements in addition to the foregoing would you suggest 
with a view to improving condition of milk? 

13. Kindly furnish copies of any data in your possession relating to the 
regulation of milk production, distribution, and consumption which may be serv- 
iceable in the investigations of the chamber of commerce committee. 

14. Are there any regulations in your jurisdiction governing the sale of pre- 
pared, condensed, modified, or powdered milks? 



APPENDIX B. 

ADDRESSES TO WHICH SERIES OF INQUIRIES RELATING TO PRODUCTION, 
TRANSPORTATION, AND DISTRIBUTION OF MILK AND ITS RELATION TO 
THE PUBLIC HEALTH WERE MAILED. 



OFFICIALS OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 

Dr. George H. Torney, Surgeon General, United States Army. 
Dr. C. F. Stokes, Surgeon General, United States Navy. 

Dr. Walter Wyman, Surgeon General, United States Public Health and 
Marine-Hospital Service, Treasury Department 

82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-3 ^10 



146 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

United States Department of Agriculture — Bureau of Animal Industry : Dr. 
A. D. Melvin, Chief; Dr. A. M. Farrington, Assistant Chief; Dr. John R. INIohler, 
Chief of Pathological Division ; Dr. R. W. Hickman, Chief of Quarantine 
Division ; Dr. E. C. Schroeder, Superintendent of Experiment Station ; Mr. B. 
H. Rawl, Chief of Dairy Division ; Mr. L. A. Rogers, in charge of research 
laboratories, Dairy Division; Dr. George M. Whital^er, in charge of market 
milk investigations, Dairy Division. Bureau of Chemistry : Dr. Harvey W. 
Wiley, Chief. 

HEALTH OFFICERS. 

Albany, N. T.* 

Allegheny, Pa.* 

Anaconda, Mont.* 

Annapolis, Md.^ 

Ann Arbor, Mich. : James F. Breakey, health officer. 

Atchison, Kans.^ 

Atlanta, Ga. : Dr. J. P. Kennedy, health officer. 

Atlantic City, N. J.' 

Augusta, Me.* 

Austin, Tex.* 

Baltimore, Md. : Dr. James Bosley, commissioner of health. 

Birmingham, Ala. : E. M. Duncan, bacteriologist and chief inspector, board 
of health. 

Bismarck, N. Dak. 

Boise City, Idaho.* 

Boston, Mass.* 

Bridgeport, Conn.* 

Buffalo, N. Y.* 

Burlington, Vt. : Hugh L. Thomson, milk inspector, and Vermont State food 
chemist. 

Carson City, Nev.* 

Charlotte, N. C* 

Chevenne, Wyo.* 

Chicago, 111.* 

Cleveland, Ohio : C. W. Eddy, chief veterinarian, 

Columbia, S. C* 

Columbus, Ohio : Dr. J. W. Clemmer, health officer. 

Concord, N. H.* 

Dayton, Ohio.* 

Denver, Colo.* 

Detroit, Mich. : Dr. Guy L. Kiefer, health officer. 

Des Moines, Iowa.* 

Dover, Del.* 

Fall River, Mass.* 

Fargo, N. Dak.* 

Frankfort, Ky.* 

Galveston, Tex.* 

Grand Rapids, Mich.* 

Guthrie, Okla.* 

Harrisburg, Pa.* 

Hartford, Conn.* 

Houston, Tex.* 

Indianapolis, Ind.* 

Jacksonville, Fla. : Dr. Joseph Y. Porter, State health officer ; Dr. C. E. Terry, 
health officer. 

Jeffersonville, Mo.* 

Kansas City, Mo. : Dr. Walter S. Wheeler, health commissioner. 

Lansing, Mich.* 

Little Rock, Ark.* 

Los Angeles, Cal. : George H. Hart, chief milk inspector. 

Louisville, Ky.* 

Lynchburg, Va. : Dr. Mosby G. Perrow, health officer. 

Madison, Wis.* 

Memphis. Term.* 



'^ No response received. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 147 

Minneapolis, Minn.^ 

Milwaukee, Wis/ 

Mobile, Ala/ 

Montclair, N. J. : Dr. C. H. Wells, health officer. 

Montpelier, Vt/ 

Nashville, Tenn/ 

Newark, N. J/ 

New Orleans, La/ 

Newport, R. 1/ 

New York, N. Y/ 

Oklahoma City, Okla/ 

Olympia, Wash/ 

Omaha, Nebr/ 

Paterson, N. J/ 

Philadelphia, Pa/ 

Pittsburg, Pa/ . 

Portland, Me/ 

Portland, Oreg. : C. H. Wheeler, health officer. 

Providence, R. I. : Walter O. Scott, inspector of milk. 

Raleigh, N. 0/ 

Richmond, Va. : Dr. E. C. Levy, chief health officer. 

Rochester, N. Y. : Dr. George W. Goler, health officer. 

Salem, Oreg.^ 

San Francisco, Cal. : Dr. W. F. McNutt, jr., health officer. 

Savannah, Ga.^ 

Scranton, Pa. : J. M. Wainwright, city bacteriologist. 

Seattle, Wash. : Dr. J. E. Crichton, commissioner of health. 

Springfield, Mass/ 

Springfield, 111/ 

St. Joseph, Mo/ 

St. Louis, Mo/ 

St. Paul, Minn.^ 

Syracuse, N. Y. : Dr. D. M. Totman, health officer. 

Tallahassie, Fla.^ 

Toledo, Ohio.^ 

Topeka, Kans. : Dr. George F. Babb, dairy and milk inspector. 

Trenton, N. J.^ 

Washington, D. C. : Dr. William C. Woodward, health officer. 

Wheeling, W. Va. : Dr. William Hay McLain, commissioner of health. 

Wilmington, Del.^ 

Worcester, Mass/ 

SPECIALISTS ON SANITARY MILK PRODUCTION. 

Dr. Hermann M. Biggs, general medical officer, department of health. New 
York City/ 

Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J. 

Dr. Rowland G. Freeman, New York City. 

Dr. T. Alexander Geddes, Kensington, Md. 

Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Dr. William H. Park, New York City. 

Dr. S. C. Prescott, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass. 

Dr. Mazyck P. Ravenel, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. 

Dr. V. C. Vaughan. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 

Prof. Frank F. Wesbrook, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn/ 

Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York City. 

producers' and dealers' associations. 

Dairymen's Association of the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia ; 
W. A. Hartranft, president; A. S. Trundle, treasurer and representative. 

Milk Producers' Association of Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Colum- 
bia; John Thomas, president, Ednor, Md. 

* No response received. 



148 THE MILK SITUATION IK THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 
DAIRIES AND MILK COMPANIES, 

Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York City. 

Nathan Straus Pasteurized Milk Laboratories, Washington, D. C. ; Miss Reba 
J. Hum, manager. 

Sharon Dairy, Washington, D. C. ; Corbin Thompson, proprietor, 

Sheffield Farms-Slawson Decker Co., New York City ; Loton Horton, president. 

Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C. 

White Cross Milk Co., of New York City, 

White Cross Milk Co., of Baltimore and Washington ; J. M. Houston, bac- 
teriologist. 

TRANSPORTATION COMPANIES, 

New York Central & Hudson River R. R. Co. ; W. C. Brown, president. 

Pennsylvania Railroad Co. ; J. R. Wood, passenger traffic manager. 

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co.^ 

Southern Railway Co. ; W. W. Finley, president. 

Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co.^ 

Atlantic Coast' Line,^ 

Seaboard Air Line.* 



APPENDIX C. 

RESPONSES RECEIVED FROM PHYSICIANS, HEALTH OFFICERS, DEALERS, 
MANUFACTURERS, AND OTHERS QUALIFIED TO SPEAK AUTHORITATIVELY 
ON THE SEVERAL SUBJECTS EMBRACED WITHIN THE INQUIRY OF THE 
SPECIAL COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY THE WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF 
COMMERCE TO INVESTIGATE THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF 
COLUMBIA. 



* Tuberculin Test. 

Question 1. — What advantages in your judgment xoill result from the enforce- 
ment of the tuberculin test? 

ANSWERS. 

The principal advantage resulting from the enforcement of the tuberculin 
test is the elimination of the germs of tuberculosis from milk and tjie conse- 
quent elimination of a great source of danger to the health of consumers, 
especially infants. This test can also be used in a rational way to eradicate 
tuberculosis from cattle with good economic results to the live-stock industry. 
(Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

Gradual eradication of tuberculosis in dairy cattle, (Surgeon General 
U. S. Army.) 

It will give us an accurate estimate of the amount of tuberculosis present 
in a given herd of cattle. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

The enforcement of the tuberculin test would reduce the amount of tuber- 
culosis among dairy cattle, and free the milk supply from tubercle bacilli, with 
the probable result that the incidence of tuberculosis among hogs fed on 
creamery skimmed milk would be reduced and the incidence of infection with 
the bovine tubercle bacilli among human beings would be practically elimi- 
nated. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

The removal of the greater part of tuberculosis, from the herds and the re- 
moval of all advanced cases. Animals should only be added to herds after 
reliable test. (Dr. William H. Parks, New York, N. Y.) 

Eventual eradication of bovine tuberculosis. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, 
N. J.) 

1 No response received. 



THE MILK SITUATION" IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 149 

A marked diminution in infant mortality. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New Yorli, 
N. Y.) 

Eradication of tuberculous cows from dairy herds, and consequent protection 
of children against bovine infection. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

Decrease in tuberculosis, human and bovine. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New 
York, N Y.) 

Establishing a dairy herd free from tuberculosis. Removing one of the most 
important sources of infection from tuberculosis to human beings. Of great 
advantage to owners of herds from an economic standpoint, by increasing the 
health and efficiency of the individual animals, it taking more food stuff to 
produce results in a tuberculous animal than one which is not tuberculous. This 
is true especially where glands of the intestinal tract are involved. In coun- 
tries in Europe, where tuberculosis is prevalent, I have found a large per cent 
of nonbreeding heifers, in herds, containing a high per cent of tuberculous 
animals. (Dr. T. A. Geddes, Kensington, Md.) 

Elimination of tubercular cattle. (Health officer Ailn Arbor, Mich.) 

We have been investigating the matter of tuberculosis in our dairies for the 
post two or three years, and are not yet prepared to give definite answers to 
these questions. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

Besides lessening the number of cases of tuberculosis, we would obtain better 
sanitary conditions for the cows. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

Safeguarding of public health from the danger of infection from bovine tuber- 
culosis. Also the eradication of tuberculosis from dairy animals. (Health 
officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Sale of less milk from tuberculous cows. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Eradication of bovine tuberculosis and consequent diminution of possibility 
of infection of people using raw milk. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

The prevention of the conveyance of bovine tuberculosis to man; (2) the 
economic interest of the dairyman in preserving the health of cattle. (Health 
officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Decrease in tubercle infected milk. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

It will eventually rid the herd of tuberculosis with all the train of benefits 
that follow. Its reaction on the human health will be such as to be expected 
from the use of milk from healthy instead of diseased cattle. (State board of 
health, Fla.) 

Elimination of some cases of tuberculosis and the discovery of other dis- 
eases as a result of the inspection. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Eliminate all diseased cows from herd. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

A great advantage, if you can enforce it. It is hard to enforce and should 
be introduced gradualy, say by publishing in monthly reports the dairies that 
are tested. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Less human tuberculosis among children, especially of the surgical forms. 
Better general health of the herds. Less loss to the farmer after he once has 
a tuberculosis-free herd. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

The removal of diseased cattle from market. The removal of tuberculosis 
germs from milk, and giving us better meat for table use. (Health officer 
Portland, Oreg.) 

Milk from diseased cattle would be reduced to a minimum. (Health officer 
Providence, R. I.) 

If enforced fully it will necessarily exclude all milk from tuberculous cows. 
(Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

The removal of open tuberculosis and the resultant clearing up of cows and 
stables that always follows the test. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

A very considerable advantage. Probably lessening tuberculosis in the 
human. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

The saving of herds and the production of safer milk. (Health officer Syra- 
cuse, N. Y.) 

Elimination of danger of infection of man by bovine tuberculosis. Aid in 
education of the people to greater caution among themselves in respect to 
human tuberculosis. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Would remove to a very great extent the danger of tuberculous infection in 
milk and would tend toward a more careful handling of milk generally. 
(Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

I think the disadvantage would more than countei'act the advantage. (John 
Thomas, Ednor, Md., president Milk Producers' Association.) 

None; on the contrary, milk consumers will be compelled to pay an exorbi- 
tant price for milk. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 



150 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

We do not approve of the enforcement of the tuberculin test for many reasons, 
some of which will appear more fully in our answers to subsequent questions. 

Our first reason for disapproval of the enforcement of the tuberculin test is 
that the scientific world has not yet fully accepted the belief that bovine tuber- 
culosis is transmissible to human beings. Exhaustive examinations have been 
conducted upon this subject, both abroad and in our country, for several years. 
It is claimed by scientists of the highest standing that no primary case of tuber- 
culosis from purely bovine sources has been conclusively demonstrated. Turn- 
ing to the facts produced by those who claim to have discovered the bovine 
bacillus in human beings, we believe that we can sum up the result of their 
investigations in the statement that those who claim that human beings are 
liable to contract tuberculosis from bovine sources through the ingestion of milk 
admit that such cases are very limited in number; and none are claimed to 
have been definitely proved where the contagion has affected a child over 5 
years old, and so small a number of infants under 5 years as to be negligible. 

Second. The enforcement of the tuberculin test and the slaughter of react- 
ing cows would necessarily increase the price of milk. The immediate results 
of this increase of price would be to deprive many people of one of their chief 
staples of food and the probable loss of human lives among children who 
would be apt to die as the result of inanition. 

It is possible that, from an economic point of view, the country will some 
day come to the enforcement of the tuberculin test throughout the whole 
country, but in the present state of the dairy business a general enforcement 
of that test and the slaughter of the reacting cows would produce, first, a great 
financial injury to the dairy business, and, second and more serious, a loss 
to the people of the country in depriving a great majority of a large portion of 
their milk supply. When the time has arrived for the enforcement of the test 
throughout the country we believe that if properly and honestly enforced it will 
produce economic results in helping to protect the dairymen from the loss which 
now follows one of the contagious diseases to which animals are liable. (Bor- 
den's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

Properly applied, the tuberculin test would eradicate tuberculosis from dairy 
herds and most probably cause a marked reduction of this disease among chil- 
dren. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory.) 

Decrease of tuberculosis. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

A higher quality of milk and feeling of security in the community that one 
danger is largely overcome. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

It would give milk free from tubercle bacilli. Ultimate eradication of tuber- 
culosis from dairy cattle. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

None at this time. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Assist in prevention of spread of bovine tuberculosis. (Health officer San 
Francisco, Cal.) 

It would create more demand for raw milk and lessen the need for pasteur- 
ized milk ; also less demand for pasteurized milk would necessitate cleaner 
milk. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Ultimately the eradication of tuberculosis from cattle. (Health officer Wheel- 
ing, W. Va.) 

It will protect the producer from severe losses from tuberculosis in his herd 
that must necessarily follow without the test. It will protect children from 
infection. (Dr. C. J. Marshall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

To allay the fears of the milk consumer, regarding transmission to humans. 
(Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 2. — To what extent is the tuberculin test reliablef 

ANSWERS. 

The tuberculin test applied by a competent person with properly prepared 
tuberculin is exceedingly reliable in the detection of tuberculosis and is by 
far the most reliable agent known for this purpose. This test makes it pos- 
sible to detect tuberculosis in cattle at an early stage when the disease could 
not be discovered in the living animals by other means. The few generalized and 
advanced cases that do not react to tuberculin can be easily detected by visual 
examination. The results of tests made by State and Federal officers with 
tuberculin prepared by the Bureau of Animal Industry covering a period of 
over 15 years show that the lesions of tuberculosis were demonstrated in 98.39 
per cent of reacting cattle which were slaughtered. In the recent work of test- 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 151 

ing all cattle in the District of Columbia 321 reacting animals were slaughtered 
and lesions of tuberculosis were found on post-mortem examination in all but 
5, the percentage of accuracy being 9S.44. Laboratory experiments were made 
by the Bureau of Animal Industry during the past year in testing by microscopic 
examination and animal inoculation the glands of cattle which had reacted to 
the tuberculin test, but in which lesions were not found by ordinary post- 
mortem examination ; and in more than half of the cases tubercle bacilli were 
positively identified. This shows that tuberculosis was really present in these 
carcasses, but in an incipient form, the lesions being too slight for detection 
by ordinary post-mortem examination. It therefore seems that the percentnge 
of accuracy of the tuberculin test is even higher than is indicated by the 
figures above given. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

I agree with resolution No. 2 of International Commission of American 
Veterinary Medical Association that " tuberculin properly used is an accurate 
and reliable diagnostic agent for the detection of active tuberculosis in cattle. 
(Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

In 97 per cent of those giving a positive reaction tuberculosis has been found 
to be present. ( Surgeon General U. S. Navy. ) 

The tuberculin test is a very reliable means of determining active tubercu- 
losis in cows tested. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital 
Service. ) 

Very reliable when test temperatures taken for 18 hours after injections, and 
all cattle showing either doubtful or typical reactions are removed. Even 
slight rises of temperatures which rise and fall gradually are very suspicious, 
e. g., 101.6, 101.9, 102.2, 102.3, 101.8, 101.7, 101.4. (Dr. William H. Park, New 
York, N. Y.) 

If the source of the cattle is known and recent tuberculinization has not been 
made, the tuberculin test is almost infallible in the hands of an expert inspector. 
(Dr. Henry L. Colt, Newark, N. J.) 

A positive result is of great value. A negative result of less value. (Dr. 
R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Within 3 per cent. Long series carefully done show better than this. (Dr. 
M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

Under the following conditions I consider the tuberculin test practically 
infallible : Use United States Department of Agriculture tuberculin. The 
animal must show a normal range of temperatvire preceding the injection of 
tuberculin and must be kept in a normal, quiet condition during the entire 
test. It is very important that the animal to be tested has not been tampered 
with before or during the application of the test, as many unscrupulous owners 
prepare their animals by the different methods that do defeat the object of the 
test. A great deal of criticism heard as to the unreliability and absence of 
uniform results of the tuberculin tests can be attributed to the fact that the 
animal to be tested has been tampered with prior to the application of the 
test. The veterinarian applying the test should have had a large experience 
in animal temperatures. He should have had experience with temperatures 
and physical symptoms presented by animals that have been tampered with, or 
in other words, doped. He should be familiar with the high temperature that 
occasionally appears from causes other than the reaction due to the presence 
of the tuberculin, which appears at a time he expects a typical tuberculous 
reaction. This of times causes confusion to the veterinarian of little experience. 
(Dr. T. A. Geddes, Kensington, Md.) 

Practically always. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

I do not know. (Health officer Baltimore, Md. ) 

In our application of the test all reacting animals showed tubercular 
lesions on post-mortem. Statistics compiled by investigators give 98 to 99 
per cent positive when tests are applied by competent men. (Health officer 
Birmingham, Ala.) 

Nearly all infected animals react, especially those with active disease. 
(Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Infallible if properly applied with reliable tuberculin. (Health officer Cleve- 
land, Ohio.) 

Successful and dependable in 97 per cent of cases in experienced hands. 
(Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Negative except in tubercular cases. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Yes. (State board of health, Florida.) 

I have not had enough experience with it to say. (Health officer Jackson- 
ville, Fla.) 



152 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

To about 95 per cent. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

In the tests in Lynchburg it has been found reliable in every instance. 
(Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Entirely so in the hands of a skilled veterinarian. Of course cases that can 
be detected by physical examination should not be tested. (Health officer 
Montclair, N. J.) 

Tw^o c. c. per cow unless private tests have been made, and then 3 c. c. Out 
of 8,000 tests not one mistake has been made, 1. e., each covp killed showed 
tubercular lesions. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Most reliable test we have. Ninety-seven per cent of cases can be detected. 
(Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Almost absolutely so. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Ninety-seven per cent. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

Ninety-eight per cent. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Only by competent men, backed by State authority. (Health officer Syracuse, 
N. Y.) 

Practically absolute when tests are studied with good judgment as to other 
associated conditions of the animal. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

According to scientists, about 98 per cent of condemned cattle are infected. 
(Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Not sufficiently perfected to be infallible. (John Thomas, Ednor, Md., presi- 
dent. Milk Producers Association.) 

Uncertain. Best authorities agree that the tuberculin test is not a reliable 
diagnostic for tuberculosis. (Sharon Dairy, Washington, D. C.) 

We believe it has been shown that the tuberculin test is reliable to show that 
the cows either have or have had tuberculosis in over 90 per cent of the cases. 

In order to be able to rely upon the tuberculin test we believe that all the fol- 
lowing conditions must be strictly complied with : 

(1) The owner of the cow must be absolutely honest toward the veterinarian. 

(2) The test must extend over a period of several months, so that the possi-' 
bility of previous dosing of the cow can be eliminated. 

(3) The state of health of the cow and the conditions surrounding it must 
be known to the veterinarian by personal examination. 

(4) The veterinarian must be skilled in administering tuberculin. (Note. — 
We believe that only a very few veterinarians and mostly those who have had 
great experience are competent to administer the dose and get accurate results.) 

(5) The tuberculin must have been prepared with the greatest care, and the 
veterinarians must know what the strength of the tuberculin is. (Note. — Com- 
mercial tuberculin is of varying strength and sometimes impure.) 

(6) The dose of tuberculin must be of the right amount and strength. If 
there is an overdose of tuberculin the cows, although healthy, would react. 
(Note. — The tuberculin test is so delicate and so liable to err that it should be 
used to corroborate the clinical evidence of disease and not as a sole test of 
the presence of the disease in apparently healthy cows.) 

(7) Animals suffering from diseases other than tuberculosis will react upon 
the injection of tuberculin. 

We believe the following are the inaccuracies of the tuberculin test : 

(1) A cow which may have had at some time during her life a slight infec- 
tion of tuberculosis and had entirely recovered, and the lesion calcified and 
healed, will still react to the tuberculin test, although she is perfectly healthy 
at the time of the test. 

(2) A diseased cow which has been injected with tuberculin within a period 
of three months previous to the test will not react. 

(3) A diseased cow, which is fed with febrifuge (antiperitic), just before the 
dose, will not react. 

(4) Healthy cows, if excited at the time of the test, will react. 

(5) If the test is administered in hot weather, and the cows are driven from 
the fields into the stable during the time of the test, healthy cows may react. 

(6) In advanced cases of tuberculosis no reaction is obtained upon the injec- 
tion of tuberculin. 

(7) A cow may not react if infected during the period of incubation, which 
ranges from 8 to 50 days. 

(8) It may be that timothy bacilli will cause reaction, and those bacilli, 
so far as we know, are harmless. 

It is believed by many authorities that the injection of tuberculin is dan- 
gerous to healthy cows, in that it may cause latent tuberculosis to develop into 



THE MILK SITUAl:iO]Sr IN THE DISTRICT OF COLITMBIA. 153 

acti^^e tuberculosis, or so weaken its resistive power that it becomes more 
liable to take the infection. 

We consider, however, that the greatest objection to the reliability of the 
tuberculin test to show that the cow is diseased with active tuberculosis is the 
fact that cows which have practically recovered from the infection, where the 
lesions are encysted and calcified, react as typically as cows that are actively 
diseased. 

We have the results of a tuberculin test and a post-mortem examination of 
reacting animals of two herds, made ofiicially under the New York State De- 
partment of Agriculture, which may be stated generally as follows : 

In one herd 44 cows were tested and 24 reacted. None of them had any 
lesions of the udder. Of these 24, 4 carcasses were condemned as having 
generalized tuberculosis and were tanked; the remaining 20 carcasses were 
passed as fit for food ; in all but one there was not more than one or two 
glands affected, and all of these glands calcified. In one (which was par- 
ticularly picked out for special demonstration and slaughter at the Tompkins 
County Fair at Ithaca), when it came to be slaughtered no lesions were found 
whatever, so that the net result of the condeming of 24 cows of that herd was 
that 4 of them were badly affected. 

Two of these cows had been condemned on physical examination before the 
examination of the tuberculin test, so that had they been taken out of the 
herd the tuberculin test would have condemned 50 per cent of that herd, and 
of that 50 per cent only 1 per cent were badly affected. 

In the second herd there were 56 cows and 10 calves tested. Eleven cows 
and four calves passed the tuberculin test. Eight animals were selected by 
physical examination as being infected before testing by tuberculin. Fifty-one 
were slaughtered. In 4 of them no lesions could be found, and 39 carcasses 
were passed for food, and 6 were condemned as having generalized tuber- 
culosis, and the carcasses were tanked. In 28 all the lesions were found to be 
calcified ; the cows were fine, big cows and good milkers. 

These two^ herds were not selected, but were herds which were tested and 
condemned under the New York State department of agriculture. We had 
nothing to do with it, but we were allowed to attend and to take note of the 
results. 

It is only fair to say that the United States Government experts claim that 
no one can tell when cows that contain calcified lesions may not develop 
active tuberculosis again under unfavorable conditions or sickness, such as 
pneumonia, and that therefore they are dangerous and should be removed from 
the herds. 

We hold, however, that in view of the fact that so many human beings have, 
at some time or other, been actively affected by tuberculosis, and have re- 
covered and lived long and useful lives and died of other diseases, we think 
it is but fair to give any cow whose vitality was sufficient to calcify the 
lesions the benefit of the conclusion that probably, if she had not been killed, 
she would have remained a valuable producer of milk for a number of years 
unless, of course, taken sick. In that case she would not be fit to be a milk 
producer, but such sickness would be evident to the dairyman. 

Therefore we believe, after a very careful study of the whole situation, 
that the reaction following the tuberculin test is not a reliable means of de- 
termining whether the cow is then suffering from active tuberculosis. (Borden's 
Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

In 3,000 tests less than one-half to 1 per cent of the temperature readings 
have been doubtful. All reactions confirmed by post-mortem, and have no 
reason to suppose that in more than three cases have infected animals passed 
as sound. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Almost absolute. (Dr. V. O. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

"Very reliable when carried out with intelligence and care. (Dr. S. C. Pres- 
cott, Boston, Mass.) 

Reliable in over 97 per cent of the cases when tested by competent men. 
(Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Very great extent. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

If carefully done, almost infallible. According to Bang, error is only 3.3 per 
cent. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

The reliability depends upon the skill and honesty of the person making the 
test. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

About 96 per cent. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 



154 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

To a fraction of 1 per cent, if pro])erly applied. (Dr. O. J. Marshall, Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

To show presence of first infection. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 3. — What effect in your judgment would its enforcement have on the 

price of cattle? 

ANSWERS. 

The prices of cows, as well as prices of other things, have increased all over 
the country within recent years, regardless of whether or not the tuberculin 
test has been applied. The statistics of the Department of Agriculture show 
that the average value of milch cows on January 1, 190S, was $30.67 per head, 
while the average value on January 1, 1910, was $35.79 per head, an increase 
of 16.7 per cent in two years. While it is possible that the price of cows 
might be affected if the tuberculin test were applied simultaneously over a 
large part of the country and all reacting animals slaughtered, it is believed that 
the gradual application of the test, followed by slaughter, carried ont in a 
small area, would have no perceptible effect upon prices. As the milk of 
tuberculous cows is unquestionably dangerous to human health and life, a 
slight increase in the price of cows and in the cost of milli should certainly 
not be considered as an adequate reason for refusing to take steps to remove 
this danger. Cows affected with tuberculosis are usually not as productive 
as healthy cows, and their value as milk producers would probably steadily 
decrease, hence the removal of cows of this class would not be as great a loss 
as might appear at first. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

Ultimately little or none. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

It would undoubtedly raise it. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Enforcement of the tuberculin test would probably increase temporarily the 
price of healthy dairy cows. ( Surgeon General Public Health and Marine- 
Hospital Service.) 

I would at first separate the reacting cattle when in sufiicient numbers to be 
practicable, and use their milk pasteurized. This would lessen effect on price. 
(Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

Its enforcement would increase the price of cattle from 25 to 50 per cent. 
(Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Little or none. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Not able to answer. A healthy cow is worth more than a sick one. Event- 
ually no effect should be produced. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

Have not statistics. (Dr. T. A. Geddes, Kensington, Md.) 

Slight increase. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

I do not know. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

Locally tuberculous-free cows are estimated to be worth from $2 to $5 more 
than cows that have not successfully passed the test. (Health officer Birming- 
ham, Ala.) 

No appreciable effect. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Would depend upon degree and rapidity of enforcement ; probably raise the 
price of tuberculin-tested cattle materially. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Increased valuation. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Temporary rise. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

The Immediate effect would be to raise the price, but the remote effect would 
be to conserve the health and vitality of the cattle and consequently reduce 
the price. (State board of health Florida.) 

None at all here, as it is done without cost to the dairyman, and few diseased 
cows are found in this locality. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

This question is not specific. Do you mean milk cows; if so, yes. (Health 
officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

A^'ery little. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va. ) 

Have no experience, but would judge that price of known sound cattle would 
be higher than of possibly diseased cattle. Ultimate price in a few j^ears ought 
to be as low as at present if tuberculosis is eradicated. (Health officer Mont- 
clair, N. J.) 

Temporary increase, but later will not affect except that the buyer of milk 
cows would feel safe in his investment. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

At first mighl! increase price. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 155 

Depends upon circumstances. If a few cities insist on test, the price of tuber- 
culin-tested cows (which alone we would have to consider) would be the same 
as for tuberculin-tested cows everywhere else. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

I do not know. It has had no effect as yet. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y. 

Probably somewhat — not very great — because the life of cows as a whole 
would be lengthened; therefore progeny would be entailed. (Health officer 
Seattle, Wash.) 

It would increase the price. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Little, if any. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Owing to the prevalence of tuberculosis among cattle, the enforcement of the 
tuberculin test would undoubtedly raise the price of healthy cows. (Straus 
Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

It would increase the price 20 to 30 per cent. (Sharon Dairy, District of 
Columbia.) 

Raise the price 25 per cent. (John Thomas, Ednor, Md., president Milk 
Producers' Association. 

We believe that it would very greatly increase the price of cattle, and our 
judgment is based upon our investigations of what has taken place in Massa- 
chusetts and other States where they have attempted to enforce the test. (Bor- 
den's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

In my judgment the enforcement of the tuberculin test would very materially 
increase the price of dairy cattle. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, 
D.C.) 

Increase. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

It would increase the price of milch cows and probably of other cattle as 
well. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Depends on how reactors are handled. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Twenty-five to 50 per cent. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Wash- 
ington, D. C.) 

Increase. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

It might cause a temporary rise in price of tested cows and might, if exten- 
sively .enforced, affect the general price of cattle. (Health officer St. Joseph, 
Mo.) 

Price would advance for the time being. (Health officer, Wheeling, W. Va.) 

It would undoubtedly increase the price of cattle for a few years. (Dr. C. J. 
Marshall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Create higher prices. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 4. — In your judgment, should the expense of the test he defrayed by 
the Government or the owner? 



The Government or the State should bear the expense of making the tuber- 
culin test when this is officially required in the interest of the public health. 
The Department of Agriculture is willing to test without charge herds supply- 
ing milk to the District of Columbia, and will extend similar cooperation to 
State and city authorities elsewhere so far as possible. (Chief Bureau of 
Animal Industry.) 

It would be desirable in the interest of public health for the State govern- 
ments to assume the expense. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

By the Government. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

The question as to whether the Government should bear the expense of apply- 
ing the tuberculin test is one of policy, regarding which I am not in a position 
to give an opinion at 'the present time. (Surgeon General Public Health and 
Marine-Hospital Service. ) 

At first by State, then later by farmers. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, 
N. Y.) 

The expense should be defrayed by the Government through its own inspect- 
ors, although owners are learning that it is a pecuniary advantage to have 
clean cattle. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Owner. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Owner. It is easier to introduce it by free tests, or at least a sharing of 
the expense, but this should be temporary. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

There is hot the slightest doubt in my mind that an attempt to eradicate 
tuberculosis in our herds will come. I favor the method that will bring such 
an attempt the quickest, whether it be the Government, State, or county 



156 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

authorities. I feel sure that if the campaign of education be inaugurated bo 
that the farmer could be educated and shown where he could benefit, he would 
willingly assume his share of cost. As for the Government to undertake the 
eradication of tuberculosis without some local help, it would be an enormous 
task. (Dr. T. A. Geddes, Kensington, Md.) 

Government. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

By the Government. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

Either by National, State, or municipal Government. (Health officer Bir- 
mingham, Ala.) 

Owner. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Should be divided between owner and State government. (Health officer 
Cleveland, Ohio. ) 

Both. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Government. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

By the Government. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Government or State, by competent officers. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Would be cheaper for the Government and probably better. (Health officer 
Lynchburg, Va. ) 

Test by Government or city. Loss of cattle to be met by owner, the same as 
the loss of any other diseased animal. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

By the Government, either municipal. State, or United States, preferably 
State, with partial remuneration for condemned cows. (Health officer Port- 
land, Oreg. ) 

If people want clean milk, should pay for it. The expense of test should 
be borne by Government. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

In a general way by Government, but imposition would then have to be 
carefully guarded against. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

The owner and Government should share the expense. (Health officer Roch- 
ester, N. Y. ) 

I believe the period should be fixed within which all cattle destroyed should 
be in some manner paid for by the State. After such period all diseased stock 
should fall as a loss against the owner. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) ^ 

By the State. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

A part by each. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

It is a movement for the protection of the public health, therefore the ex- 
pense should be borne by the public, i. e., the Government. ( Straus Laboratory, 
Washington, D. C.) 

Two-thirds by the Government; one-third by the owner. (John Thomas 
Ednor, Md., president Milk Producers' Association.) 

If compulsory, by the Government; if voluntary, by the owner. (Sharon 
Dairy, Washington, D. C.) 

We have been advised of so many instances of fraudulent tests and fraudu- 
lent records that we are of the opinion that the tuberculin test, if required, 
should be applied by the Government, and its expense defrayed by the Govern- 
ment; and that it should be applied only by veterinarians who have had large 
experience, and are of high standing and entirely beyond reproach with regard 
to honesty. 

In addition, the enforcement of the test is for the public good or necessity, 
and the expense should therefore be borne by the Government. (Borden's 
Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

The method now followed by the State of Pennsylvania seems quite practical. 
Under it the test is optional with the owner, and is made at expense of State. 
The owner receives two-thirds of appraised value of cattle condemned, but not 
in excess of $75 per head. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, ^Vashington, D. C.) 

Divided. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

I think the cattle owner should be sufficiently interested in protection of his 
herd to pay actual cost of test. I admit that many are not. (Dr. S. C. Pres- 
cott, Boston, Mass.) 

By the Government. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

The Government at this time and for some years in part to come, unless the 
owner got more money for his product, which would mean higher price to the 
consumer. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Both, if possible. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

An average allowance should be made for each cow tested for a certain 
period after the law becomes effective, and thereafter the loss by condemnation 
should be borne by the owner. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

By the Government. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IIST THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. . 157 

In most cases by the Government. Owners should be allowed to pay for the 
test, if they will have it applied by competent persons. (Dr. C. J. Marshall, 
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Government. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 5. — What is the approximate expense of applying the tuberculin test? 

ANSWEES. 

The expense of applying the tuberculin test would vary considerably with 
the number of cows in each herd, the distances separating herds, etc. In case 
the testing is not done by the Government without charge, as above suggested, 
it could probably be done at an average cost of about $1 per cow. (Chief 
Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

I have no exact information on this subject, but the process is a simple one 
and should be inexpensive. ( Surgeon General U. S. Army. ) 

Must vary under a variety of conditions. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Slight, if done in large numbers and by suitable persons. (Dr. S. C. Pres- 
cott, Boston, Mass.) 

At private tests, when in numbers, about $1 per head. (Dr. William H. 
Park, New York, N. Y.) 

The expense depends upon the size of the herd; it costs as much to test two 
cows as a dozen. The expense is chiefly in the time of the veterinarians. 
(Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Varies with size of herd. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Depends on size of herd and thickness of population. Should not exceed 
50 cents per head ordinarily. 

On our results of herds of about 50 cows the expense of the test would cost 
approximately 44 cents per animal. Larger herds the expense would be largely 
reduced, while there would be an increase on smaller herds. (Health officer 
Birmingham, Ala.) 

Two dollars. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Depends on local conditions and customs. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

About $1 per capita. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Depends on herd, location, etc. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Depends upon size of herd. Average herd of 30 cows, from 50 cents to 
$1. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

When the herd reaches 30 or more the actual expense per cow is little. One 
herd of 150 cows in Lynchburg had only one reaction, a fine Jersey. On kill- 
ing, one lung was sadly affected. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Depends on the size of the herd. It will take a veterinarian the best part 
of a day to test a herd, whether of 10 or 50 cows. (Health officer Mont- 
clair, N. J.) 

Governed by conditions; large herds can be tested at relatively less expense 
than small ones; that is, it takes as much time to test 20 cows as it does 50. 
(Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Depends upon the number of cows in herd and distance farms are apart. 
(Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Depends on what is meant by this question. If mere cost of injection and 
passing or reaction, cost for large herds should be light per cow. If " apply- 
ing test " includes doing away with reacting animals, cost is very great, and 
for all cows supplying a city the cost is enormous to somebody. (Health 
officer Richmond, Va.) 

Very small, depending on size of herds. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

It costs the department $5 per day for our veterinarian, $3 for a helper, and 
9 cents a dose for tuberculin. If one cow only was tested, you could cut out, 
of course, the helper. The cost for testing a herd would be nothing like this. 
(Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Depending on size of herds. A large herd can be tested as easily as a small 
one, and if the work be systematized one herd a day could be tested at expense 
of, say, $5. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

It depends much upon the size of the herd. A herd of 50 cows can be tuber- 
culin tested as cheap as 1 cow. The only additional expense, the amount of 
tuberculin used. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

It is practically impossible to make any suggestion as to the approximate 
expense, unless the conditions under which it is to be applied are given. In 
general, however, if the work is done by a veterinary practitioner and the herd 



158 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

is not over 3 miles distant from his office, it can be done for $15 on the basis 
of 25 cows in the herd, and for $20 for 50 to 75 cows in a herd, and for $25 for 
100 cows in a herd, including the cost of tuberculin, which is about 5 cents 
per dose. 

If the work was done by a State veterinarian it would then cost whatever 
his salary per diem was, including what the necessary traveling and hotel 
expense would amount to. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

As one competent man is required to test a single cow, but can in the same 
time test 100 cows, it is quite impossible to fix an approximate figure for the 
expense. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

It depends on number of cattle to be tested and whether test is made by 
practicing veterinarian or by Government or State officer (25 cents to $5 a 
head). (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

The cost of testing is slight; the loss of cattle to the owner may be heavy. 
(J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Very little (about 50 cents), but besides two days' labor, (Health officer San 
Francisco, Cal.) 

I do not know. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

An experienced man can test as many as 100 head in one night. He should 
receive approximately $40 for such a night's work. A few animals may be 
tested for less money, but probably not less than $15 for one animal. The 
Pennsylvania Live Stock Sanitary Board allows $5 per day and expenses. 
(Dr. C. J. Marshall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Depends upon conditions — whether single animal or herd. (Health officer 
Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 6. — What length of time is required in applying the test? 

ANSWEBS. 

The time required for making the tuberculin test is on the average about 24 
hours, covering parts of two days. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

I believe it requires two or three ds^ys to test a herd. ( Surgeon General U. S. 
Army. ) 

Between two and three days. ( Surgeon General U. S. Navy. ) 

Forty-eight hours. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Two days for a herd of moderate size (50 to 100). (Dr. William H. Park, 
New York, N. Y.) 

Twenty -two hours. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Twenty-four hours. Nonreacting animals do not require quite so long. (Dr. 
M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

Thirty hours. (Dr. T. A. Geddes, Kensington, Md.) 

Test can be completed within 32 hours after the commencement of the work. 
The temperatures should be taken until at least 20 hours after the injection 
of the tuberculin. (Health officer, Birmingham, Ala.) 

Two days. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Two days to each herd. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

At least 27 hours. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Twenty-four to 36 hours. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Twenty-four to 48 hours. (State Board of Health, Florida.) 

About 48 hours. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Forty-eight hours. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

See any authority on the subject. Inject at 6 to 8 p. m., and take tempera- 
tures until about 2 p. m. on following day. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

Not less than 36 hours. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Inject tuberculin in evening, and about daylight next day take tempera- 
tures every 2 hours for 12 to 15 hours. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

One to two days. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

Twenty-four hours. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

One half of each of two days. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Twenty-four hours. (Sharon Dairy, D. C. ) 

Ordinarily the tuberculin test requires about 44 hours after the veterinary 
has arrived at the farm, but, as above stated, must be repeated after an 
interval of six months to be complete. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New 
York, N. Y.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 159 

The tester should give two full days' time, but temperature measurements 
should be taken for two days prior to this to prevent testing an animal whose 
temperatures are showing marked variation. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, 
"Washington, D. C.) 

One or two days. Should be repeated after three or six months. (Dr. S. C. 
Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

From 18 to 24 hours. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Two days. One day previous in taking temperatures before injection, and 
one day noting results. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

Approximately two days. (Health officer, Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Twenty-four hours. (Dr. C. J. Marshall, University of Pennsylvania, Phila- 
delphia, Pa.) 

About 24 hours. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 7. — Granting that the test should be applied only l)y governmental 
authorities or qualified agents duly authorized thereby, would it he practicable 
and advisable to restrict the use of tuberculin and its application to such 
authorised officials or agents? 



Yes. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

Restriction is not necessary, but only the certificate of authorized officials 
or agents should be recognized. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

Yes, (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

The tuberculin test should be administered by governmental authorities, or 
certainly under their supervision. ( Surgeon General Public Health and Marine- 
Hospital Service.) 

I believe not, because of the difficulty and expense when in out-of-the-way 
places. I believe reacting cattle should be reported in confidential way to au- 
thorities. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes; if the work was done in conjunction with the State authorities. (Dr. 
Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Yes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Dr. M, P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

Animals often show irregular temperatures during test that have been filled 
up with tuberculin previous to such testing. Repeatedly injecting tuberculin 
in animals to be presented for an authentic test is one of the many methods 
that is used to defeat the object of the test. I would certainly restrict the use 
of tuberculin. (Dr. T. A. Geddes, Kensington, Md.) 

No. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Yes. (Health officer Baltimore, Md. ) 

I think not. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Very desirable, but not practical in some States owing to their laws. (Health 
officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

No. Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Not necessary, I think. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Yes. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

It would be most advisable if this could be done, as it would stop a lot of 
crooked work. (Health officer, Montclair, N. J.) 

No. The test being very simple, owners often test their cows for their own 
individual protection. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

The test should be applied by Government agents or licensed veterinarians. 
(Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

This would have to be done. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Yes. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

Decidedly and most emphaticallly yes. A tuberculin test is valueless, in my 
judgment, unless you know that the stock has never been tested; and in any 
event know exactly what occurred. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Topeka. Kans.) 

Yes. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 



160 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

If the test must be made, it should be applied by competent men. (John 
Thomas, Ednor, Md., president Milk Producers' Association.) 

Yes, the Government should control the tuberculin, and only qualified veter- 
inarians should be allowed to use it, and they should be required to report to 
the Government how it was used. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

No, by no means. To take tuberculin away from the profession, assuming 
that such a thing could be done, and restrict its use entirely to Government 
agents would be an unfair discrimination against the needs and rights of the 
individual cattle owners and an unjust restriction on the scope and rights of 
the veterinary profession. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

It should be practical, and it would unquestionably be advisable, to restrict 
application of this test to qualified and trustworthy persons, as it is a well- 
known fact that after one injection an animal may not again react to a similar 
injection, even six months later. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, 
D. C.) 

No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

I see no reason why an owner of cattle should not make this test if he wishes 
and has the requisite knowledge. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Decidedly advisable. Doubt if it would be practical to exclude registered 
veterinarians from its use. (Health ofiicer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Yes. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

Yes. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Yes. (Dr. C. J. Marshall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Question 8. — Should the otoner he compensated for cattle condemned, and on 

what hasis of payment? 



Owners should be compensated at least in part for cattle condemned. The 
basis of condemnation in the recent work in the the District of Columbia is 
shown by the accompanying copy of the order of the commissioners. In brief, 
cattle were appraised before slaughter, the appraisal not to exceed $75 for a 
pure-bred or registered animal, or $50 for a grade or unregistered animal. 
Eighty per cent of the appraised value, less the amount realized as salvage, 
was paid on cattle whose carcasses were passed for food on post-mortem inspec- 
tion, and 40 per cent less salvage in the case of cattle condemned for offal. If 
a reacting animal showed no lesions of tuberculosis on post-mortem examina- 
tion, the full appraised value less salvage was paid. It is believed that the 
respective States, where cattle are owned, should make provision for compensa- 
tion for cattle slaughtered as a result of the tuberculin test in those States. 
Several Sates have laws providing for such compensation. (Chief Bureau of 
Animal Industry.) 

Compensation is desirable ; certainly in the beginning. One-half the value of 
the animal would be a fair basis. Surgon General U. S. Army. ) 

The fullest compensation should be allowed for cattle wholly condemned. 
(Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Compensation, or part compensation, for cattle destroyed on account of tuber- 
culosis is provided for in certain States, some of them being New York, Kansas, 
Connecticut, Missouri, Vermont, and the District of Columbia. Such compensa- 
tion appears to be just, but it follows that owners of cattle should be required 
to observe those sanitary measures necessary to protect their herds from tuber- 
culosis. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

Yes; for those in good condition; not for others. (Dr. William H. Park, 
New York, N. Y. 

Yes; on the basis of two-thirds their value. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, 
N. J.) 

Yes; part value. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes; as a temporary measure. Two-thirds value, with fixed maximum, is 
fair basis. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

I hardly feel able to give an opinion of any value to so weighty a question. 
The facts that are not to be disputed are that tuberculosis is present in our 
herds of cattle and swine. Twenty years ago the percentage was much less 
than it is to-day, the increase, especially among hogs, being generally alarm- 
ing. Hogs are generally infected through cattle. The facts are before us 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 161 

that the longer we delay the more tuberculous animals we will have to deal 
with ; also the greater number of animals to be compensated for should State or 
Nation compensate. Heavier would fall the blow on the farmer or owner of 
diseased cattle would he have to stand the loss. In England cattle found 
tuberculous on post-mortem by meat inspectors and condemned, are compensated 
for by a form of insurance arranged among the farmers and the butchers. I be- 
lieve in compensation by State or Nation, as this would do away with a great 
deal of crookedness, it would tend to obtain cooperation of the parties inter- 
ested, and aid most emphatically in the ultimate elimination of tuberculosis 
from our dairy herds. It has been my experience in England that men with 
tuberculous cattle will never welcome the tuberculin test until it pays them to 
do so. (Dr. T. A. Geddes, Kensington, Md.) 

Theoretically, no; possibly yes, at first. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

If the owner has provided the best sanitary condition for his cattle the ex- 
pense should be borne by the Government. If he has not provided such condi- 
tions, then by the owner. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

I think the owner should be reimbursed on a basis of about two-thirds ap- 
paised value of animals condemned. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Yes; one-half. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Fifty per cent of appraised value, together with privilege of selling for im- 
mediate slaughter under proper inspection, should be given. (Health officer 
Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Yes; in Ohio the State pays one-half the appraised value. (Health officer 
Columbus, Ohio. 

Percentage. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

No. (State board of health, Florida.) 

Yes; at as nearly the market price as possible, (Health officer Jackson- 
ville, Fla.) 

Upon the basis for which- they are assessed; two-thirds valuation. (Health 
officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Should be compensated to about 50 per cent of a price previously agreed on. 

Owner gets his price for selling a good milk, and he should stand his loss 
the same as he would if potatoes or any other crop went bad. He would not ask 
Government to pay for diseased chickens that he could not market. (Health 
officer Montclair, N. J.) 

Yes. I think for this purpose a stated valuation should be placed on the 
cow, and 60 per cent of said valuation be paid by State. (Health officer Port- 
land, Oreg.) 

Full value. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Yes. In whole or in part, but every safeguard would be necessary. (Health 
officer Richmond, Va.) 

No; but New York State pays 80 per cent for cattle with localized lesions, 
50 per cent for general lesions. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

Yes. Because under our laws a clean herd may be contaminated from out- 
side sources. I can not answer intelligently this question in the space allotted. 
(Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Yes; by appraisement. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Such compensation makes a better feeling of owner toward Government, and 
as the work is for the benefit of the whole people the latter, represented by 
the Government, should bear at least part of the expense, say one-half fair 
valuation each in case of apparently good cows, less share by Government in 
case of very poor. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Yes. Do not know. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Yes. On a basis fixed by disinterested appraisers. (John Thomas, Ednor, 
Md., president Milk Producers' Association.) 

If compulsory the Government should pay. If voluntary the owner should 
pay. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

If the tuberculin test is to be enforced at once and in a drastic way without 
first giving the dairymen a year or more notice of its enforcement, with the 
privilege of cleaning up their herds as best they can before its application, we 
think that the owner should be compensated for all cattle condemned, and that 
the basis of payment should be regulated to a certain extent by the condition 
of the animal when slaughtered. For instance, if a cow is found to have been 
only recently infected, or that the lesions are all encysted and calcified, the 
owner should receive full value for such cow. If, however, the cow is in bad 

82444°— S. Doc. 863, 6X-3 ^11 



162 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

shape, and there are many tuberculous lesions, and the owner might have elimi- 
nated that cow by physical inspection, we think that then the amount to be 
paid should be on a rapidly descending scale. 

The method now followed by the State of Pennsylvania seems quite practical. 
Under it the test is optional with the owner and is made at expense of State. 
The owner receives two-thirds of appraised value of cattle condemned, but not 
in excess of $75 per head. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

In part, but I can not say how much. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, 
Mich. ) 

A broad question. I think the Bang system should be introduced so that 
mildly infected cattle might be isolated and used for breeding (once). Badly 
infected cows should be killed at once and a fair value (beef value?) paid. 
(Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Yes, at least for the first two or three tests. Seventy-five per cent of 
appraised valuation less returns from offal in condemned animals and from 
meat in passed animals. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

He should be compensated in full now. Later, if he gets more for his milk, 
he should stand the expense. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Wash- 
ington, D. C.) 

An average allowance should be made for each cow tested for a certain 
period after the law becomes effective, an thereafter the loss by condemnation 
should be borne by the owner. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

He should be compensated. Personally, I think he should receive about 75 
per cent of the value. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

The present Pennsylvania plan is quite satisfactory. The State to allow 
three-fourths of the appraised value of the animal. The animal to be killed 
under inspection. The meat sold, if passed by the inspector, the owner re- 
ceiving not more than 5 cents per pound, dressed weight, provided the amount 
received from the State and the butcher does not exceed 90 per cent of the 
appraised value of the animal. (Dr. C. J. Marshall, University of Pennsyl- 
vania, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Yes. Ninety per cent of actual value. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 9. — In the absence of compulsory pasteurization, should tests other 
than the tuberculin test be required to safeguard against typhoid, diphtheria, 
dnd other deleterious germs? 

ANSWERS. 

The tuberculin test only guards milk against infection with cattle tuberculosis. 
It would still be necessary to take other precautions against the infection of 
typhoid fever, diphtheria, and other communicable diseases. Very few infectious 
diseases besides tuberculosis are communicable to people from cows. The danger 
of other diseases arises from contamination through the water supply or by 
persons handling the milk. There should be an occasional inspection of prem- 
ises, attendants, methods of handling milk, etc., and an examination of the 
water supply. The families of those handling the milk should also be sub- 
jected to examination to guard against the spread of contagious diseases, and 
there should also be a requirement of compulsory notification of the health 
officer on the appearance of any contagious disease among attendants or their 
families. The score-card system of dairy inspection should be used. (Chief 
Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

The sense of the question is not clear. Cows are not subject to typhoid 
fever and diphtheria. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

It is not practicable to apply other tests effectively. (Surgeon General 
U. S. Navy.) 

In the absence of compulsory pasteurization, thorough inspection should be 
made, both of the dairy and those having to do with the handling of the milk, 
to prevent its contamination with the infection of typhoid fever, diphtheria, 
and scarlet fever. (Surgeon General Public Health and .Marine-Hospital 
Service. ) 

General hygienic rules; examination of feces before return of typhoid con- 
valescents ; inspection of wells ; and report of all suspected communcable dis- 
eases. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

The tuberculin test, without efficient pasteurization or other sanitary precau- 
tions, would not be a sufficient safeguard. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N.J.) 

Yes ; low bacterial count and clean conditions at dairy and healthy employees. 
(Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 163 

Yes. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

There are no practical tests. (Dr. O. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Yes. (Health officer Baltimore, Md. ) 

No; there is no practical test of dairy cows for typhoid or diphtheria. 
(Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

None are practical under existing conditions. (Health officer Cleveland, 
Ohio.) 

Using the word " test " in the sense of activities, I should answer : Enforce- 
ment of dairy regulations reenforced by laboratory findings. (Health officer 
Columbus, Ohio. 

Rigid inspection. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Typhoid fever, diphtheria, scarlet fever are not safeguarded by any test 
applied to cattle, but the source of distribution is to be found- and guarded in 
personnel of those handling the milk. (State board of health, Florida.) 

No ; competent dairy inspection and a dairy register of infectious diseases. 
(Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Do not think so; latter produced by contact. (Health officer Kansas 
City, Mo.) 

Don't understand this question. How would you test? For instance, a 
cow does not have typhoid. (Health officer Lynchburg. Va.) 

I am not aware of any telsts that could be used in actual practice. (Health 
officer Montclair, N. J.) 

Tuberculin test indicateis tuberculosis ; does not affect typhoid, diphtheria, or 
scarlet fever. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

See inclosures. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

No other tests possible that I know of. Competent inspection and insistence 
of rule [Appendix G] and immediate study of all reported cases of these dis- 
eases (with reference to milk included) accomplish a great deal. (Health 
officer Richmond, Va.) 

No ; the determination of outbreaks of milk-borne typhoid and diphtheria 
can be determined in other ways. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

No ; I think not. I believe inspection by our sanitary and medical department 
covers this feature fully, at least in this city. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y. ) 

Only such tests as carefully-organized inspection of dairies supplemented 
by good laboratory work should give. (Health officer Topeka, Kans. ) 

Very strict inspection would be necessary, and experience shows that to be 
often inefficient. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C. ) 

A thorough physical test should be maintained. (John Thomas, Ednor, Md., 
president Milk Producers' Association.) 

Bacteriologists say the discovery of disease germs is speculative. Pasteuri- 
zation would not make it any safer. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

There are no tests applicable in cattle for typhoid or diphtheria, as cattle 
do not suffer from true or pseudo forms of typhoid or diphtheria, these dis- 
eases being of human type. The only safeguard in cases of this nature is 
proper and frequent sanitary inspection of all dairies and their surroundings, 
and scientific sanitary handling of the milk from cow to consumer. We pay 
the dairyman for his milk as if he delivered it, so as to remove any incentive 
to deliver milk while any person on his farm is ill with a contagious disease. 
(Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

I know of no tests for the different germs of disease that it would be prac- 
tical to apply. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Cleanliness. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

I believe that constant inspection should be maintained, including exam- 
ination of farms, water supplies, cows, barns, utensils, and milk itself. (Dr. 
S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

No. Have good sanitary inspection at dairies. (Health officer Los Angeles, 
Cal.) 

No. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Yes; if it can be done practically. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

I think that strict rules regulating the handling of milk from the time it 
is milked until it reaches the consumer, and sufficient inspection to see that the 
rules are enforced, would accomplish more than any test. (Health officer St. 
■Joseph, Mo.) 



164 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEIICT OF COLUMBIA. 

No person with a contagious disease should be allowed to handle milk at 
any time. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

I know of no test that would prove beneficial except a thorough system of 
milk inspection. (Dr. C. J. Marshall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadel- 
phia, Pa.) 

Question 10. — Assuming that the tuberculin test is indicative only of tubercu- 
lous conditions, are there any other tests which should he applied for the 
detection of typhoid, diphtheria, scarlet fever, or other germs? 

ANSWEBS. 

The tuberculin test only guards milk against infection with cattle tuber- 
culosis. It would still be necessary to take other precautions against the 
infection of typhoid fever, diphtheria, and other communicable diseases. Very 
few infectious diseases besides tuberculosis are communicable to people from 
cows. The danger of other diseases arises from contamination through the 
water supply or by persons handling the milk. There should be an occasional 
inspection of premises, attendants, methods of handling milk, etc., and an 
examination of the water supply. The families of those handling the milk 
should also be subjected to examination to guard against the spread of con- 
tagious diseases, and there should also be a requirement of compulsory notifi- 
cation of the health officer on the appearance of any contagious disease among 
attendants or their families. The score-card system of dairy inspection should 
be used. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

Meaning of question not clear. Cows are not subject to typhoid fever and 
diphtheria. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

There are no tests that could be applied for the certain detection of typhoid, 
diphtheria, and scarlet fever germs. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

The infection of typhoid fever, diphtheria, and scarlet fever does not come 
from the cow itself, but from those who milk the cow and handle the milk. 
Hence, provision against these infections should be made by inspection of the 
personnel of the dairy. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital 
Service. ) 

None worth while. Number of bacteria and presence of large numbers of 
colon bacilli of some value as indicating general conditions. (Dr. William H. 
Park, New York, N. Y.) 

Dairy hygiene with respect to typhoid, diphtheria, and scarlet fever carriers 
is the only efficient means of safeguarding the public against these infectious 
diseases. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Yes ; low bacterial count and clean conditions at dairy and healthy employees. 
(Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Inspection of premises and operatives at frequent intervals, cultures from 
throats of operatives, and numerical examination of milk, with microscopic 
examination of sediment, will go far to protect against other diseases. (Dr. 
M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

There are no practical tests. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N, Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor. Mich.) 

The supervision of competent inspectors about the only safeguard. (Health 
officer Baltimore, Md.) 

There is not, so far as my knowledge goes. (Health officer Birmingham, 
Ala.) 

No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

None which are practical. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Like No. 9, this question is vague; there is little or no question in the effi- 
ciency of the tubercular test. There is no like test for the detection of typhoid, 
diphtheria, etc. Besides, it is unnecessary to test for these diseases as they 
are not subject to them. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Not specific. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

No. (Health board State of Florida.) 

Culture tests, plating, etc. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Not to cow. This calls for a bacterial examination of milk which would 
give evidence of germs. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Not that I ever heard of. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Nothing practical to my knowledge, (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

None to my knowledge with reference to cows. The milk should be safe- 
guarded in other ways. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 



THE MILK SITTJATION IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 165 

Standards of cleanliness of milk should be established, foreign substances 
should be prohibited, viz, filth, bacteria in excessive numbers, and proper tem- 
perature standards should be provided. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

No other tests possible that I know of. Competent inspection and insistence 
of rules and immediate study of all reported cases of these diseases (with 
reference to milk included) accomplish a great deal. (Health officer Rich- 
mond, Va.) 

None at present known, (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

At this stage of bacteriological science efficiency and rapidity, examination 
ot the home where milk is produced and of those handling is the best method. 
In five years there will be no excuse for the existence of diphtheria and a bad 
excuse for the existence of scarlet fever. Both have been practically banished 
from this city. Typhoid fever is at very low ebb also. (Health officer Seattle, 
Wash. ) 

Careful, competent investigation of all cases. (Health officer Syracuse, 
N. Y.) 

Only such tests as a carefully organized inspection of dairies supplemented 
by good laboratory work should give. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Not to my knowledge. ( Sharon Dairy, Washington, D. C. ) 

As cattle do not suffer from typhoid, diphtheria, or scarlet fever, a more 
positive safeguard would be in all cases where there was reason to suspect 
that any of these diseases existed at a dairy whose product was regularly put 
on the market to make a reaction test from blood of the person suspected as 
having one of these diseases, either of typhoid or diphtheria, and who was con- 
nected with the dairy, by use of Widal's serum test for .typhoid and the isola- 
tion of Klebs-Lceffler bacillus for diphtheria. As to scarlet fever, it would 
have to be detected on presentation of clinical symptoms of the disease in the 
individual. These additional safeguards are sometimes resorted to as a pro- 
tection against the transmission of human diseases through milk. (Borden's 
Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

I know of no tests for the different germs of disease that it would be prac- 
tical to make. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

It is my belief that by suitable educational campaign the producers can be 
brought to feel their responsibility in part at least, so that they will report 
cases as above. Examination of the milk for intestinal organisms will mate- 
rially assist in this work. I know of no applicable method to cover all the 
question as asked. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

No. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Proper pasteurization is the only practical test. (J. M. Houston, White 
Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Only where suspected contamination. Then typhoid or diphtheria may be 
found. With typhoid in milk, very difficult. (Health officer San Francisco, 
Cal.) 

I know of no test that would prove beneficial except a thorough system of 
milk inspection. (Dr. C. J. Marshall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadel- 
phia, Pa.) 

Bacteriological analysis. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

EXTRACT FROM ANSWERS OF BORDEN'S CONDENSED MILK CO. 

The following conclusions are taken from the testimony of Dr. Theobald 
Smith, of the medical department of Harvard University, the man who first 
discovered that the bovine bacillus was different from the human bacillus, given 
in a case involving the propriety of the tuberculin test : 

As a result of my special study, I would like to formulate the following con- 
clusions as representing not only my own views, but those of a great body of 
scientific men on the question of the relation of milk to tuberculosis : 

1. Bovine tuberculosis is not transmissible to man in the sejise of being more 
than a relatively rare source of tuberculosis. 

2. The bacillus of bovine tuberculosis has not yet been demonstrated to be 
the cause of pulmonary tuberculosis, true phthisis, or consumption. 

3. A cow reacting toward tuberculin, but which shows clinically no signs of 
disease, and whose udder is unimpaired, is not to be regarded as a source of 
infection to man. 

4. By a clinically sound cow I mean one free from swellings of bones, joints, 
lymph nodes, or other soft parts ; from indurations of portions of the udder and 



166 THE MILK SITUATIOISr IN THE DISTKICT OF COLUMBIA. 

the giving off of milk physically changed ; from repeated diarrhea and discharge 
from the vagina; from the rejiented distension of the rumen with gas; from 
cough and physical signs of lung disease, these pointing to tuberculosis. 

5. Unless tubercle bacilli be present in an article of food, be it milk or flesh, 
such an article of food can not in any sense be considered a source of tubercular 
infection. 

6. There must be a tubercular lesion of the udder in order that milk may be 
coiitiuninated with tubercle bacilli in sufficient numbers to be dangerous to man. 

7. Even if a clinicallj^ sound cow shed tubercle bacilli in her feces, which is 
unlikely, the enforcement of proper rules governing cleanliness would eliminate 
infection from such an alleged source. 

8. Tubercle bacilli can be discharged in feces only in advanced cases of the 
disease in which there are open foci in the lungs or in the throat or in the 
intestinal walls. Such cases would most likely be detected by clinical exami- 
nation. 

9. The elimination from dairies of all clinically diseased cows or cows show- 
ing upon careful physical examination by competent and conscientious veteri- 
narians disease of the udder removes all danger of infection of which we can 
take cognizance under present conditions. 

10. A careful periodical inspection of all dairies by competent veterinarians 
at proper intervals, with removal of cows affected, as stated under paragraph 
9, is as ample a safeguard for the protection of the public health as we can look 
for for some years to come. The line of progress has been defined above. 

11. Tuberculosis prevails in countries where dairy products are not used as 
extensively as in other countries. 

12. New York, Boston, and other American cities, as well as British cities, 
are materially lowering their death rates from tuberculosis without such a 
drastic and premature ordinance as that under discussion, as the same has 
been explained to me. 

13. There is at present no evidence that the bovine type of bacillus can be 
transferred and assume the human type in the human body. 

14. The discharge of tubercle bacilli into the milk of cows may take place 
abundantly in udder tuberculosis. In a small proportion of manifestly tuber- 
culous cows without evidence of udder disease it may take place at times in 
very small, numbers. 

15. The factor of bovine tuberculosis in the human malady is not of such 
importance that it should be permitted to imperil the proper execution of meas- 
ures designed to relieve and cure the strictly human disease, or divert attention 
from it as the chief evil. 

16. The digestive tract is not the exclusive or even predominating portal of 
entry for pulmonary phthisis. It is highly probable that most cases are due 
to inhalation or aspiration. 

17. In infants the bacilli probably gain entrance through all portals more 
easily than later in life, and the disease becomes more easily generalized. 
There are no rational grounds for believing that latency in infancy plays any 
apreciable rdle in the disease of later decades, but ingestion probably does 
play a much more important part in infantile tuberculosis, owing to habits and 
susceptibility of this period of life, than has been granted heretofore. 

18. In view of the unsatisfactory conditions which have followed a compul- 
sory application of the tuberculin test, in the destruction of animals, attention 
has been diverted from tuberculin as a guide, and an effort has been made to 
eliminate only those animals which discharge tubercle bacilli. 



Pasteurization. 
Question 1. — At what temperature should pasteurization he accompUshedf 

ANSWERS. 

Pasteurization should be performed by heating the milk to not less than 
140° F. for not less than 20 minutes and rapidly cooling it. For commercial 
operations it would perhaps be well to require either a slightly higher tempera- 
ture (145° F.), or a little longer time (30 minutes) in order to be on the 
safe side. The so-called " flash " process of commercial pasteurization is not 
regarded as reliable. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 167 

Preferably at 150° F. for 20 minutes. (Surgeon General United States Army.) 

At 60° C. (140° F.). (Surgeon General United States Navy.) 

At 145° F. for 20 minutes. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine- 
Hospital Service.) 

Between 140° and 158° F.; 140° to 145° F. for 20 minutes approved. (Dr. 
William H. Park, New York, N. Y. 

At 140° F. for 40 minutes, 155° F. for 30 minutes, 167° F. for 20 minutes, 
or 190° for 1 minute, and immediately cooled to between 40° and 50° F. (Dr. 
Henry L. Colt, Newark, N. J.) 

At 140° F. for 40 minutes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

At 145° F. for 20 minutes. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

At 145° F. for 20 minutes, or 150° F. for 15 minutes. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslbw, 
New York, N. Y.) 

At 150° F. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

We have tried pasteurization in Atlanta, Ga., and have found it worse than 
bad. For a city of this size we do not think it should be considered. (Health 
officer, Atlanta, Ga.) 

Not over 158° F. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

At 162° to 165° F. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

At 60° C. (140° F,). (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Under ideal conditions, should be retained at a temperature of 155° F. for one- 
half hour. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

See code, page 46. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

At 140° to 145° F. for 20 minutes, not above 150° F. (Health officer Detroit, 
Mich.) 

At 60° to 75° C. (140° to 167° F.) for 20 minutes. (State board of health, 
Florida. ) 

At 140° F. for 20 minutes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Holding the temperature of milk 20 minutes at a temperature of 150° to 160° 
F., not a mere flash as some plants do. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Only suspicious milk should be pasteurized. Pasteurization is done by 
dirty dairies because dirty milk will soon sour. It is best to have a clean 
dairy and not pasteurize. At 165° to 170° F. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Look up any authority on pasteurization. Our information is from these 
authorities rather than from experience. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

At 170° F. for 20 minutes. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

At 158° F. and kept at this temperature for 20 minutes. (Health officer 
Providence, R. I.) 

Opinions differ greatly. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

At 140° F. for 30 minutes. This does not injure your cream line. (Health 
officer Seattle, Wash.) 

At 140° F. for 20 minutes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans') 

We are using 150° to 155° F. and holding the milk at that temperature for 
20 minutes after it reaches it. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Authorities differ. Some say 145° F. and others 212° F. in order to make the 
milk sterile. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

Our Mr. Willman is the inventor of the pasteurizing process of heating milk 
continuously for 30 minutes at between 145° to 150° F. We have mentioned 
above that the Government is recommending this process, therefore we have 
nothing else to add. (Dairy Machinery & Construction Co., Derby, Conn.) 

At 145° F. for 30 minutes. (Creamery Packing Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 
HI.) 

At 212° for 10 minutes or 145° for 1 hour. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., 
New York, N. Y.) 

I understand the temperature prescribed for so-called " perfect " pasteuriza- 
tion of 155° F. for 30 minutes. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

At 165° to 170°, (V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

At 155° to 165° F. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

At 145° for 20 minutes. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

At 140° from 30 minutes to 2 hours, and 30 minutes is considered sufficient. 
(J. M. I-Iouston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

From 60° to 70° C. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

At not above 150° F. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

At 60° C. for 20 minutes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

At 142° F. for 20 minutes. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Between 140° and 175° F. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 



168 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OP COLUMBIA. 
Question 2. — Is pasteurization commercially practicaMef 

ANSWEES. 

Pasteurization is commercially practicable, but investigations made by the 
Bureau of Animal Industry show that it is not always reliable when left 
entirely to the dealers. Commercial pasteurization in order to be reliable 
should be under official supervision. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

Certainly. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

Only when under official direction, with apparatus that is approved by the 
medical authorities and operated by officers who are intelligent, above the 
grade of the ordinary laborer or employee. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Yes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

Yes. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

Doubtful. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Yes. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

I do not think so. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Only for the larger dealers. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Yes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Yes; but not advisable. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Look up any authority on pasteurization. Our information is from these 
authorities rather than from experience. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

Could be made so. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Entirely practicable, but likely to be utterly inefficient. (Health officer 
Richmond, Va.) 

No ; it is a device for the purpose of permitting men to sell quantities of 
milk unfit for human consumption. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

Doubtful. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

So considered by men who ought to know. (Straus Laboratory, Washing- 
ton, D. C.) 

No. (Sharon Dairy, Washington, D. C.) 

Yes; with considerable modification of the present practice. (Borden's Con- 
densed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

We have not had experience with pasteurization except as ordered by phy- 
sicians in the prescription feeding of infants. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, 
Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Yes. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Yes. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Yes. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

I do not think proper pasteurization very practical commercially. (Health 
officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

No. At least no method has been devised that is practicable. (Dr. Samuel 
McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Yes. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

QtTESTiON 3. — What effect lias pasteurization upon the nutritive and digestive 

qualities of milkf 

ANSWERS. 

Pasteurization at the temperature above recommended has little or no 
effect on the nutritive and digestive qualities of milk ; certainly no deleterious 
results have ever been scientifically demonstrated. (Chief Bureau of Animal 
Industry.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 169 

It has no injurious effect. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

It slightly alters the nutritive as well as digestive qualities of milk. (Sur- 
geon General U. S. Navy.) 

If properly performed there is no proof that it has any deleterious effect on 
the nutritive and digestive qualities of milk. (Surgeon General Public Health 
and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

Very slight effect at 140° to 145°. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

Efficient pasteurization at the temperatures indicated does not destroy the 
digestive enzymes or nutritive principles in milk. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, 
N. J.) 

At above temperature (140° F. for 40 minutes) none. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, 
New York, N. Y.) 

It is doubtful if any change is caused. Some individuals do not thrive on 
pasteurized milk, but same is true of raw milk. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, 
Wis.) 

No harmful effect whatever if done below 155°. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, 
New York, N. Y.) 

Detrimental. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

I think it has no effect. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

There is much difference of opinion on this subject, some authorities claim- 
ing that it makes milk harder to digest, especially for infants and young 
children. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Less nutrition and harder to digest. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) . 

Probably none if properly done. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Mooted question. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Practically none. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

None if milk is not heated over 140° F. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Has not been definitely decided, (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

The effect on digestibility is bad. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Look up any authority on pasteurization. Our information is from these 
authorities rather than from experience. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

So slight that amounts to nothing. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

In itself, properly conducted, pasteurization probably has no effect on either. 
Commercial pasteurization, however, may affect both and it also encourages 
neglect of the care necessary to provide wholesome, safe milk. (Health officer 
Richmond, Va.) 

Probably slightly retards digestion. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

No one knows, so far as my knowledge goes. Opinions differ, although I 
believe the concensus of opinion is that it is slightly harder for infants to 
digest. One man says one thing and another another. (Health officer Seattle, 
Wash.) 

The vitality of milk is destroyed. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

None. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 
> None. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

' It destroys the two most valuable nutritive qualities in the milk, namely, 
f.lbumen and lactic acid. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

From my experience with my own children, I never found that raw milk 
agrees better with them than pasteurized milk. (Dairy Machinery & Construc- 
tion Co., Derby, Conn.) 

If properly pasteurized at 145° F., there would be no difference. (Creamery 
Package Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111.) 

Do not think that enough data has been collected to give us any positive data 
in regard to the nutritive or digestive value of milk after pasteurization com- 
pared with before, authorities disagreeing on this pont. (Borden's Condensed 
Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

I am told by a number of competent physicians that pasteurization destroys 
the self-digesting ferments or enzymes, and diminishes the nutritive value of 
milk. (Walker-Gorden Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Slightly diminishes it. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

A much debated question. Apparently it is a question of the individual. 
(Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Very little effect. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

If carried on at low temperatures, no effect. (J. M. Houston, White Cross 
Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Decreases same. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

These are very important questions, and can hardly be answered in the space 
you allow. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 



170 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

No definite answer can be given to this question. Clinical evidence in the 
form of nutritional diseases, more especially infantile scurvy, suggests it has a 
detrimental effect upon the nutritive value. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Phila- 
delphia, Pa.) 

None. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) • 

Question 4. — What effect lias Pasteurization upon the beneficial and prejudicial 

germs in milk? 

ANSWERS. 

Pasteurization at the temperatures above recommended (140° F., 20 minutes, 
to 145° F., 30 minutes), while destroying most, if not all, of the pathogenic 
bacteria, will not destroy all of the lactic-acid bacteria ; hence milk so pas- 
teurized will sour normally. While certain germs are considered beneficial in 
butter making and cheese making and in the production of ripened or fermented 
milks, they can not be regarded as beneficial in sweet milk for ordinary use. 
The advantage of destroying injurious germs would greatly outweigh any pos- 
sible loss from the destruction of any germs that might be considered harmless. 
(Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

It destroys all germs which do not multiply by spores. (Surgeon General 
U. S. Army.) 

It destroys all but spore bearers. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Pasteurization, if performed as stated above (145° F. for 20 minutes), de- 
stroys pathogenic bacteria and does not destroy the ferments. (Surgeon Gen- 
eral Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

Kills all alike that are not in spore forms. (Dr. William H. Park, New 
York, N. Y.) 

Efficient pasteurization destroys all ordinary pathogenic bacteria and also 
most of the other contaminating germs. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Destroys most of the germs. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Doubtful whether there are any germs which are beneficial. Prejudicial 
germs are killed, except spore formers. (Dr. M. P. Raven el, Madison, Wis.) 

Destroys large proportion of all germs and all pathogenic likely to be present. 
(Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

Equal. (Health ofiicer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Bacterial organisms are destroyed, but not all the beneficial germs. (Health 
officer Baltimore, Md.) 

It has practically the same effect on all germs present in milk, kills them, 
except certain spore-bearing germs. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Destroys them. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Retards their growth or destroys them, depending upon the degree of effi- 
ciency. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Friendly germs are more easily destroyed than prejudicial germs. (Health 
officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Destroys all but spore bearers. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

It kills them. (State Board of Health, Florida.) 

Destroys all nonsporing organisms. (Health officer Jacksonville. Fla.) 

Retards the development of germs. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Done correctly; typhoid germs are killed and most others, probably. It is 
seldom done properly; uniformly. (Health officer Lynchburg, Ya.) 

Look up any authority on pasteurization. Our information is from these 
authorities rather than from experience. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

If sufficient temperature, prevents growth. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Will kill all tuberculosis, diphtheria, typhoid, and most disease germs. 
(Llealth officer Providence, R. I.) 

There are no beneficial germs in good fresh milk. Lactic acid bacteria are 
beneficial in a negative way, as they sour milk and thus show it is old. Lactic 
acid bacteria are easily killed by pasteurization and thus this valuable sign 
(souring) may be done away with. Proper pasteurization should kill most 
prejudicial germs. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Retards the growth or kills the first and does not interfere with the other, so 
as to give the absolute protection claimed. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

It destroys the beneficial germs, as it does largely the prejudicial. But the 
prejudicial germs come to the front and multiply with such rapidity that after 
a certain length of time this milk becomes absolutely dangerous. It is probably 
a wise makeshift, but never to take the place of good, clean, natural milk. 
(Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OP COLUMBIA. 171 

Destroys the beneficial germs. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Destruction. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Pasteurization kills most of the germs. The temperature given above (150° F. 
to 155°, 20 minutes) destroys all disease germs that are found in milk. (Straus 
Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

It destroys the beneficial and does not kill the prejudicial. (Sharon Dairy, 
District of Columbia.) 

Pasteurization as a rule kills oif a certain form of pathogenic bacteria first. 
Then it attacks the lactic or so-called beneficial bacteria, and lastly the putre- 
factive organisms. This is particularly so when such putrefactive organisms 
are embedded or inclosed in excrement or some form of foreign matter v^here the 
heat does not readily penetrate and where to a great extent they are protected. 
(Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

Pasteurization does not destroy spores, but does destroy practically all of the 
lactic ferments which are credited by many authorities with holding in check 
many of the prejudicial germs, including those of decomposition. (Walker- 
Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Kills all alike. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Real pasteurization affects all in about the same degree. Commercial pas- 
teurization is noninjurious to certain harmful types. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, 
Boston, Mass.) 

Destroys pathogenic germs and majority of others. (Health officer Los 
Angeles, Cal. ) 

If the milk is bad to begin with, poor pasteurization may kill the beneficial 
germs, and as these keep the prejudicial germs from growing the prejvidicial 
germs grow unrestricted, and the milk is worse than raw milk. (J. M. Houston, 
White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C. ) 

Deleterious. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

It destroys the beneficial and some of the prejudicial. (Health officer St. 
Joseph, Mo. ) 

These are very important questions and can hardly be answered in the space 
you allow. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

We do not admit that milk contains beneficial germs. Pasteurization, if prop- 
erly carried out, will destroy all so-called pathogenic organisms. (Dr. Samuel 
McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

It destroys typhoid fever bacteria ; also destroys the virulence of tubercle 
bacillus. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 5. — Does pasteurization tend to preserve milkf 

ANSWERS. 

Yes. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

It will for a limited period. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

Only to the extent that it renders the milk temporarily sterile. (Surgeon 
General U. S. Navy.) 

Pasteurization is not intended to preserve milk, but to destroy pathogenic 
bacteria contained in it. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital 
Service. ) 

It does. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

Pasteurization does not preserve milk without efficient and constant refrigera- 
tion. (Dr. Henry L. Colt, Newark, N. J.) 

Yes; especially if done in the container in which it is kept. (Dr. R. G. Free- 
man, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes ; but the milk requires just as careful handling as before pasteurization. 
(Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

It does. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

To a slight extent. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

Yes; for a given length of time. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Yes. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Till reinfected. A'fter that it deteriorates worse than raw milk. (State 
board of health, Florida.) 

Yes; if properly done. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 



172 THE MILK SITUATION IN "THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

To a certain extent. It tends to, retard growth of germs if promptly cooled 
afterwards and so maintained. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Yes. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Look up any authority on pasteurization. Our information is from these 
authorities rather than from experience. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

Yes. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Yes. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Yes, unfit milk. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

It will stay sweet for a greater length of time than if it had not been 
pasteurized. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Yes; by destroying germs in the milk the process of souring is retarded, 
(Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Yes. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

Certainly, as the lactic acid germs are destroyed. (Creamery Package Manu- 
facturing Co., Chicago, 111.) 

Pasteurization preserves milk for a certain length of time, and if it is prop- 
erly cared for it will keep a few weeks. The hospitals of the Panama Canal 
are supplied with perfectly pasteurized milk that runs through one of my 
machines at the Sheffield Farms, Slawson-Decker Co., of New York City, and 
this will give evidence enough that such pasteurized milk naturally has to 
keep, because without this it could not be shipped from New York to Panama 
and arrive there in perfect condition. (Dairy Machinery & Construction Co., 
Derby, Conn.) 

Only in so far as it renders the bacteria inactive, and pasteurized milk needs 
to be kept fully as cold, if not colder, than unpasteurized milk, unless pasteuri- 
zation has been carried to complete sterilization. (Borden's Condensed Milk 
Co., New York, N. Y.) 

Yes, against souring, but not necessarily against what may be much more 
objectionable organisms. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Temporarily, yes ; i. e., it postpones souring, and, to a less degree, putrefac- 
tion. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Yes, if properly handled afterwards. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Yes; properly pasteurized milk will keep at least twice as long. (J. M. 
Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Very little. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

As far as natural souring is concerned, yes. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Not in our opinion. (Dr. Samuel McC. HamiU, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Yes. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 6. — Do harmful germs multiply as rapidly in pasteurized as in raw 

milkf 

ANSWERS. 

Yes. Experiments have shown that there is practically no difference in the 
multiplication of germs in pasteurized milk and in clean raw milk of approxi- 
mately the same bacterial content and kept under similar conditions. While 
the rate of multiplication may be more rapid in pasteurized milk than in 
raw milk with a much higher bacterial content, this is because of the low 
number of bacteria in the pasteurized milk at the beginning of the test, so 
that the ratio of multiplication is much greater as compared with the raw milk 
in which the number of bacteria is already enormous. (Chief Bureau of 
Animal Industry.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

At least as rapidly. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

I am unable to give data on this. (Surgeon General Public Health and 
Marine-Hospital Service. ) 

About the same. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

More rapidly. (Dr. Henry L. Colt, Newark, N. J.) 

Probably. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes; perhaps more so. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

Yes. (C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 173 

Under similar conditions. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

I do not know; it is said that they do. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

It is my opinion that they do in case that the milk should receive a rein- 
fection. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

No. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

More rapidly in pasteurized milk, as raw milk has some germicidal prop- 
erties. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

If milk remains at body temperature, multiply more so in raw milk. Milk 
is a perfect medium for bacterial growth. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Yes; I believe so. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Look up any authority on pasteurization. Our information is from these 
authorities rather than from experience. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

Yes; but are delayed for a time by pasteurization. (Health officer Port- 
land, Oreg.) 

If dairies kept clean, no. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

More rapidly as a rule. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

More so. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

Much faster, in my opinion, after the milk is 48 hours old. (Health officer 
Seattle, Wash.) 

Theoretically, yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

More so, especially if pasteurization be at all inefficiently done. (Health 
officer Topeka, Kans. ) 

Yes; if given a chance to get in after pasteurization. (Straus Laboratory, 
Washington, D. C.) 

Yes ; faster. Raw milk has germicidal properties. ( Sharon Dairy, District 
of Columbia.) 

Under advantageous conditions certain germs will multiply much more 
rapidly in pasteurized milk than in raw milk, due to the fact that in raw milk 
when it has reached a certain acidity certain forms will entirely cease to 
multiply, and most of the increase is due to harmless bacteria. This statement 
is made on the average bacterial content as regards variety of species and 
does not apply to special cases in which the harmful germs multiply much 
more rapidly than the ordinary lactic. The latter case, however, being rare, 
can almost be disregarded. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

A number of authorities claim more rapidly, owing to the absence of lactic 
acid forming bacilli which destroy many of the other organisms. (Walker- 
Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Probably more rapidly. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Yes. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Yes; more so unless the pasteurization is proper and the milk produced 
properly at the farm. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washing- 
ton, D.C.) 

Yes. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

Much more rapidly. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Probably, yes; this depends to some extent upon the degree of heat. (Dr. 
Samuel McC. Ha mill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

No. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

QtTESTioN 7. — Are pasteurizing machines controlled, so far as you know, by a 

monopoly? 

ANSWERS. 

No; there are eight or ten pasteurizing machines on the market, and so far 
as the department knows they are independent. Certainly there is every 
appearance of strong competition in the sale of the different makes. (Chief 
Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

Not that I am aware. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

None that we know of. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

I have no knowledge of any monopoly of pasteurizing machines. (Surgeon 
General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

They are not. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

Not to my knowledge. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 



174 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTKICT OP COLUMBIA.^ 

Know nothing about this. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 
No. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

Not to my knowledge. (Dr. C. E. A. Wiuslow, New York, N. Y.) 
I do not know. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 
I do not know. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 
Do not know. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 
No. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 
Do not know. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 
No. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 
No. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 
Not in kansas City. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 
Don't know. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 
I think not. (Health officer Portland, Or eg.) 

No; anyone can pasteurize milk in original package, i. e., bottles. (Health 
officer Providence, R. I.) 

I have never heard of such a monopoly. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 
I don't know. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 
We think so. (Health officer Seattle, Walsh.) 
Do not know. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 
No. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Not that I know of. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 
Indications point that way. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 
There is absolutely no monopoly controlled by the sale or production of pas- 
teurizing machinery. All we know is that the different manufacturers light 
each other in the worst way for trade. (Dairy Machinery & Construction 
Co., Derby, Conn.) 

No; manufacturers of these machines are all independent of each other and 
in keen competition. (Creamery Package Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111.) 

So many forms of pasteurizing machines are known that it would be very 
hard to have any control over them, as on many of the machines patents have 
expired, and it would be very easy for any manufacturing company to start 
manufacturing them, or dealer to manufacture his own. (Borden's Condensed 
Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

Not so far as I know. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 
I do not know what " arrangements " exist between the different manufac- 
turers. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

I do not know. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Don't know. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

No. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co.. Washington, D. C.) 

I do not know. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Unable to answer. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

I don't know. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 8. — Is a municipal pasteurisation plant (or plants) in you?- judg- 
ment practicable and desirable? 



Yes. Dealers doing a large business and having proper equipment should 
be allowed to continue pasteurization at their own plants, but under official 
supervision. There should be a central municipal plant or plants at which the 
milk of all other dealers should be required to be pasteurized. Such a plan 
would have the advantage of bringing all milk under official supervision. 
( Chief Bureau of Animal Industry. ) 

As to practicability, yes. As to desirability, I do not know. (Surgeon Gen- 
eral U. S. Army.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

In my opinion, where thorough official supervision of private pasteurizing 
plants is not practicable, municipal plants should take their place. (Surgeon 
General Public Health and Marin-e-Hospital Service.) 

I believe in strict supervision and control, but not operation. (Dr. William 
H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

Municipal pasteurization is impracticable and undesirable unless every quart 
of milk brought to a community is efficiently pasteurized at or near the source 
of production and properly refrigerated. This has not been accomplished thus 
far. (Dr. Henry L. Colt, Newark, N. J.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTKICT OF COLUMBIA, 175 

Absolutely not. We want clean raw milk. The pasteurization can be done 
better in the home. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. T.) 

Yes. If not municipal, strict and abundant inspection is necessary. (Dr. 
M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

Yes, unless commercial plants are carefully supervised. (Dr. C. E. A. 
Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

No. (Health ofBcer Ann, Arbor, Mich.) 

No. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

I have not given this subject enough thought to give a definite answer. 
(Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) » 

I am not prepared to say as yet. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

It is desirable, but its practicability is problematic. (Health officer Colum- 
bus, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Not half so desirable as clean milk. (State board of health, Florida.) 

No. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes, providing your department has enough health inspectors. (Health officer 
Kansas City, Mo.) 

Might be practicable, but not desirable. (Health officer Lynchburg. Va.) 

Yes, for large cities, but not for small communities. Always get a good raw 
milk if possible. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

I so recommended, but the newspapers would not stand for it. I think it 
practicable. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

No. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

It furnishes, perhaps, the only means of securing efficient pasteurization of 
entire milk supply, if such is deemed necessary. Municipal inspection is next 
best thing, where all milk must be pasteurized. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Some day they may be, but if that day ever comes pasteurization will be 
unnecessary. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Yes. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

We believe that in the United States it is better to have individual pasteuriz- 
ing plants; that is, handled by individual concerns. (Dairy Machinery and 
Construction Co., Derby, Conn.) 

No. We do not believe that a proposition of this sort can be successfully 
and economically handled by municipal government. (Creamery Packing 
Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111.) 

No. Neither practicable nor desirable, and absolutely disadvantageous in 
every way. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

I do not believe a municipal pasteurization plant would be either practical 
or desirable. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C. ) 

I am not sure. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Yes; if pasteurization is to be made compulsory. (Health officer Los 
Angeles, Cal.) 

No. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

It would be desirable where clean milk is unobtainable, but I do not favor 
pasteurization of clean milk under any conditions. As to whether it would 
be practical or not, I do not know. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

They should at least be under the control and regulation of the city. (Health 
officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Not unless there is developed some new method more constant in its results 
than those at present used. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Yes. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 9. — Should the plant (or plants) 6e located in the city or on the farm? 

ANSWERS. 

In order to have the pasteurization properly supervised the plant should be 
located in the city. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

It would be difficult to supervise pasteurizatiou at farms. (Surgeon General 
D. S. Army.) " 



176 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

In the city. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

.The location of the plant will depend on the city served, but it should be 
central. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

In the city or near by, so that it can be distributed vpithin a few hoursi 
after heating. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

Between the farm and city. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Never on the farm. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Better located as near the source of supply as possible. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, 
Madison, Wis.) 

City. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

They are better located on the farm, but probably will be confined to the 
city, or a creamery in the country. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

On farm. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

City. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

In the city. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

City. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

It would be better, but not practical, on the farm. (Health officer Jackson- 
ville, Fla.) 

City. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

City. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Depends on conditions. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) * 

In the city. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

City. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

A central plant in each neighborhood is the ideal thing if pasteurization must 
be done. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

City; if to be practicable. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

In the city. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

In city. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

To save plants, in town. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Neither. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

That would depend entirely upon the local conditions, as to the time milk 
was received and time shipped. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, 
N. Y.) 

While it would be more desirable to pasteurize milk as soon as possible after 
it is drawTi from the cow, so much of the milk of commerce is produced on 
small farms where this work would not be properly performed, that it would 
seem more practical to have it done by the city dealers. (Walker-Gordon 
Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

On the farm. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Will have to be central. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

The plants should be located in the country by the railroads where the work 
is done near the source of supply, and not in the city after the milk is 12 to 24 
hours old. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Depends on environment. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

It would be better if they were located on the farm, provided a competent 
official could be in charge of the work. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Either place. Under proper regulations. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

If established, they should be as near the consumer as possible. (Dr. Samuel 
McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

City. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 10. — Is it possible hy scientific observation to ascertain definitely 
whether milk has been properly pasteurized or "lot? 

ANSWERS. 

The bacterial count is a good index of the efficiency of the pasteurization. 
(Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

No ; except by a bacterial examination of the milk before and after pasteuri- 
zation, which will show the consequent decrease in the number of bacteria. 
(Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

Probably only by observation of the process, or bacterial counts before and 
after heating and bottling. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 



[ THE MILK SITUATION IIT THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 177 

Not without expensive equipment of a laboratory and an expert investigator. 
The time necessary would defeat the object of the investigation, as the milk 
would have been already used. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

It is easy to ascertain whether it is as sterile as it should be after pasteuri- 
zation. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

No. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, rJiadison, Wis.) 

Yes. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

I think so. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

Yes. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Yes. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Not unless heated to 180° and determined by Storch's method. (Health 
officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Yes; test for enzymes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes, if the relation of the component parts of milk stand as normal before 
pasteurization. (Health officer, Kansas City, Mo.) 

Only with great difficulty, if at all. Impracticable. Bacteria count would 
be lowered by pasteurization. Storch's test shows when heated to 176° F. 
(Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Only by microscopical or bacterial examination. (Health officer Montclair, 
N. J.) 

Time would teU, but this would not be practical. (Health officer Portland, 
Oreg.) 

Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

No absolute means so far as I know. If it is known that a given sample 
lias been pasteurized and if the sample contains very few bacteria, it may be 
assumed that the pasteurization has been efficient. The best test is to com- 
pare bacterial counts before and after pasteurization. This would, of course, 
be impossible of application to a single sample. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

I do not know. Several schemes have been proven failures. Dr. Evans of 
Chicago can give you data on this point if anybody can. He is the commissioner 
of health. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

I know of no way except the bacterial count. (Straus Laboratory, Washing- 
ton, D. C.) 

Not to my knowledge. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

Yes. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

It is possible, but the results could not be known in time to be of practical 
value as to any given shipment of milk. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Wash- 
ington, D. C.) 

Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Yes. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Yes. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Yes. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Not absolutely. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

It is possible, but not very practical on a large scale. (Health officer St. 
Joseph, Mo.) 

Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Opinions differ as to this point. We know of no reliable method. (Dr. Samuel 
McC. Hamill, 'Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Question 11. — Would pasteurisation, if generally insisted upon, dispense with 
the necessity of the tuberculin test? 



While pasteurization is an efficient means of guarding against infection of 
milk, it should not be regarded as a substitute for other measures to eliminate 
disease. The tuberculin test has an important function in eradicating tuber- 
culosis of animals for the economic benefit of the live-stock industry and for 
the conservation of the supply of milk. Tuberculosis reduces the yield of milk, 
and the unrestricted spread of this disease would in time seriously curtail pro- 
duction. It is important, therefore, in the interest of a plentiful supply of milk, 

82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-3 12 



178 'I'lIK M][iK KI'I'IIA'liON IN TIIK DISTRICT OF OOLUMBTA. 

that the tuberculin toHt shonld be used Judlrlously to eradicate (mIxtchIosIb. 
(Ohl(>f Hiiroim of ATilnui! IndiiHfry.) 

No; bt'oiiiHc llic oiiKJlciilioii ol' boviiio tnbcrciiIosiH Is n ricccKHiiry sniillary 
meaHiiro. (Kiiik<'oii ({ciicriil II. H. Army.) 

It would. (Siir'Kt^oii ()(;ii«'r!il IJ. S. Njivy.) 

If i)rop(M'ly j)(^rronii('<l iMiHlciirl/jilloii would romovo llio djiiif^or to coiiHiMnorH 
of milk, bill, would not pirvcnt llu^ Kprciid of IiiIxm'cuIohIh iimouj; IicrdH. (Sur- 
gooii (!(!U»'iiil I'lilillc IIciillli iiiid Murine lIoHplliil Hcrvicc.) 

II, would, Ko fur hh human dlwMiHe Ih concerned. (])r. William H, Park, 
Now York, N. Y.) 

No; IuImmcuIohIh Is the most Insidious Kerm carried by milk. (Dr. Henry L. 
Coll, NcwJirk, N. .1.) 

II, would l)(> II poor Hubslilute. (Dr. It. (i. Freenuin, New York, N. Y.) 

No; |)iiHl('iirl/iil loll Hiioiild bo iilwii.vM only ti lomponiry mciiHiire. It can 
never liiUo I lie iiIjhc ol' cleiiii, liejillliy milk eiillndy. (Dr. M. I*. Itavenel, Madi- 
son, Wis.) 

Yes. (Dr. (). 10. A. WIiihIow, New York, N. Y.) 

I jiiiiik il iH dcHlnible lo couliiiue llie 1 iibei-ciillii tesl. (llonMb ollicer Maltl- 
more, Md.) 

I do mil lliiiik HO. Ill order lo preveiil, jiiiy djiii)^(!r from iiireclioii from bovine 
tulxTeiilosis llie lubeiTiillii lewt slioiild lie iiiipiied lo nil dniry lierds, even If 
l))iHl,(Mii-l/iilloii Ih eompiilHoi'v. (Ileiillli ollkuu' ItlrmliiKliHiii, Ala.) 

No. (lleiiMli olllcer I'.lsiiiii rek, N. Dak.) 

To a Kr<>al de^nM'. (Ileiillli ollicer dleveljind, Ohio.) 

raHt(Miri/,iilioii jiroperiv peironiied Ih a HiibHtltute. (Health ofllcer Colum- 
bus, Ohio.) 

No(: iillonvllier. (IhMillli ollicer Delrolt, Ml<-li.) 

No; dlHOiiHed cnlllc Hlioiild Hi ill be r(>moved from llie herds, and (hey can bo 
del(!c((>d oiilv by llie IcHl. (TIiIh for economic reiiHoiiH.) (Slate board of 
heiillh, Klorldii.) 

No. (Il»>allli ollicer .lackHoiivilie, Kla.) 

OiieHlloii III vvlii<-li anllMiiHies dUTer. (Ileiillh ollicer Kansns CKy, Mo.) 

Tiibei-ciiiiii IcHl miicli Hiiperior for cowH. Of course, tuberculous persons 
hiiiidliiiK' milk nilKiit dlslrlbul(» Keriiis in milk from a pure herd. (Health ofllcer 
LyiiclibiirK, Va.) 

II, would kill the ^'erms of luberciiloHlH, but would not remove the toxlna. 
Milk from a (llHeased cow should not be used, (llciallh olllcor Montclalr, 
N. J.) 

If properly done so far as Hie milk is concerned ; but you would have diseased 
meat on Ihe niarl<(>l. (lleallli ollicer roi-tland, OroK.) 

No. (Il(\-illli ollicer I'rovldeiice, l{,. I.) 

AdmiltiiiK (wiiicii I do nol ) llial general iiaslcnirlzalion Is desirable and 
always elllcienlly (loii(>, II would. (lleallli ofllcer IMchnumd, Va.) 

No. (I lea nil "olllcer Hociicsler, N. Y.) 

This Is a biK <pieHlloii; but. would not bo sufllcient in my Jud^rment. (Health 
omcer Seal lie, Wanli.) 

No. (I lea I III olllcer SyracuHe, N. Y.) 

Yes; as far only aw liif(>c1ioii by ndlk Is concerned; but enforcement of 
tuberculin lenl would ^,'realiy reduce ioHses In ho^s as well as danger to man. 
(Ih-allli ollicer Topi'ka, KaiiH.) 

Willi liie iieceHsily, yes; lull: l(: would Hiill be lilj^hly deHirablo. We believe In 
clean lieallliy niilk jiaHleiirized. (SlraiiH liaboralory, WaHhiiiKtou, D. C) 

I'aHreuriziillon w<»iii(l opiMi Ihe way for a dirty milk suiiply. (Sharon Dairy, 
District of Columbia.) 

A reply to I ills (pieHlion, we think, would depend entirely upon the Ihial con- 
cIuhIoiih of Hcleiilillc aiil liorities as lo the ellicl<Micy of Iho tuberculin test. It Is 
our iiiiderHlandliif^ at. the preH(>iit: time lliere is a very wide dilTerenco of oiiinlon 
on I Ills point. So ioiij; an there in any question as to lli(» elllci(>ncy of (lie tuber- 
culin l(>Hl, III our .lud^'ineiil all milk should be ])aBleurl/,ed. (Creamery Package 
MaiinfactiirliiK Co., Chicago, III.) 

Ill my own JiidKinenl Hie tuliercuiln test should be ajiplled gradually to the 
various lierdH. I'aHUMiri/.alioii will have to be nsed anyway, because scarlet 
fever, typiioid f(^ver, etc., are much more important from a milk standiioiiit 
tlinii tiibercuiosis. lOvery farni(>r siiouid paHt(>uri/e ail the milk thai he fetnla 
to bis slock so that be does not infect the yoiiiig aiiimals witli I iii)ercuioHis. 
Under (he present conditions it Is absuhitely Impossible lo have all the herds 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COl.lI M Ml A. 179 

toHlcd, bccaiiKc* lli('r(> iirc iiol: votcriiuirliiiiH ciioiif;!! (o do (lu^ IcsliiiK in 25 ycMirs. 
(l)nlry IMiicIiincry i^ ( Idiislnict ion do., Dcrhy, ('oiiti.) 

Not r('co),'iiIziMK ilic iicccsslly of llic liibcrciillii IohI:, should Hiiy lli:il ordlnjiry 
cnro coupled willi i-1koi'oiih pliynic'il liispcctloii by c'oinp''U'ii'. NchTliiiirinnM 
would oltviiilo iiuy uoc(w»!(y of lli(( Icsl I'iir bolter thiin any piiHlourlziitlon. 
(IJordcu'H (loudcMHcd Milk do., Now York, N. Y.) 

If piiHlc'urlzjitioii could l)(! p(M'f(!clly iiccouiijIIhIkmI, i)robiibly, yen; but. Ibe 
InJuriouH oITccIh oii tli(( milk would luiikc liiiH Hfcni a (lut'Hlioniibii^ iiiclliod of 
rejicliliif? Iho doslnul ((ud. ( Wnlkor <;fu-doii Laboratory, WashinKlon, I). C.) 

No. (Dr. V. (). VauKliiiii, Ann Arbor, Midi.) 

No. (Dr. S. (5. I'rcHcoM;, ItoHlon, Mjihh.) 

Ych; bul. only ho far aw irdik is coiu-oi-nod. (Health officer Los Anjjeles, Cal.) 

Y(!s; bul, the dcjiicrK slioiMd buy upon (bo HcorlnR Hyslciu, aiul the toM ndRbt 
be a I'ciiluro of llic score, but opliomil now. Tlu' lullk nuisl b(^ K<'<'<l before 
paHUMiri'/iilion. (.1. M. Iloiislou, VViill(( < !roHH Milk Co., WaHliiuK'ton, D. (J.) 

No. (Ilealtb olllcer San Francisco, (^al.) 

It would retiulre niorc^ llian any >^(>n(>ral IiiHlHtence withtn my knowledge at 
the pn^Bent lime. (Ilealtb odlcer St. Josepb, Mo.) 

Cllcan, raw ndik from beaitby callb* Is more* to be desired tban any piisteur- 
Ized mllk. [ bope, tberefore, tluit piist<'uri/iition will not, be K«'"<'r!illy insisted 
upon. (Ilealtb olllcer VVl liu},', W. Va.) 

No. (Dr. Samuel McO. Ilamili, rbiladel|)bla, Ta.) 

I think HO. (lIcMiilb oinc!(!r Scranton, I'a.) 

QuicsTiON 12. — Would conipulHoiy pant <uiriz(i lion obvialc In any way the neces- 
Hity for a prcscrihcd baclcrial contcnlf 

ANHVVICKH 

No; because the bactei'inl count would afford an indication of tlui elliciency 
of lb<> pasteiM'i/al ion and iiow (lie inllk iias been liandled and kept afler- pas- 
l(Mii'l/ation. TIh' bacterial couni is an iniporlaut aid In brin;i;inK about Siiuilary 
coudil ions on dairy farms and should not be abandoned even lliou^b compulsory 
|iasteiiri/al ion were adopted. 'I'lie bacterial test slioidd be applied lo ndik 
before pasteurization, and milk siioiild not be ])asleurl'/ed if It is vei-y ba<l, but 
be re.jected (Mdln'ly. (dbief Mureau of Animal Industry.) 

No; becauH(> paslcMirization does not nnik(> dirty milk clean and does not 
doHtroy tbe to.xius widcli may d(^vel»yp in old miiic. (Surgeon (Jencral II. H. 
Army.) 

It would not. (SiM*t.';eoii (Jen(>ral 11. S. Navy.) 

In my opinion a |)rescribed bacterial count Is an IndlspenHabie paiM of any 
reKulalions retpiirluK compulsory pasteurization. I'asteui'i/ed mili< Is tbe only 
class of milk in wbicb a del)uit<> bacterial standai'd can be s<>t and enforced 
Indejiendent of I lie inspection scM'vlce. It is an ai>solule Inde.x of tbe elliciency 
of tb(! pasteui'izalion and of lb(' conditions under wiiicli Ibe milk Ih ke|)t after 
liaslcnrizalion. (SurK<'on (U^neral Public Ih'altb and Marhu' I lospitai S<'rvic(i.) 

It: would lessen \\h\ ix'ed a little, but It w<udd Htlli b<^ blKbiy desirable, as a 
ndik clK^ndcaily altered by <(.\c(>hhI v(> baclx^Mai ><rowtb will n(»t be nMidered 
wboiesouK! for infants for- drlid<ln).; purjioses by beatiii).;, (;ven tboiiKb It Is 
mucli l(iss danK<'rous. (Dr. William II. I'ark, N<'w York, N. Y.) 

No; tbe standards sbould be, tii'sl, certilied ndik; second, luspect<Ml milk; 
and ndik iiastiirized at a low temperature. The llrst, tbrouf^ii a medical ndik 
conunissi(m, and tbe last two llirouKb a board of bealtb. (Dr. Ilciify \,. (lolt, 
Newark, N.J.) 

It would make It moi-c^ iH'c<!Ssary. (lommer<'iai pasteurizcMl ndik is usually 
recontaminated before It is disposed of. (Dr. It. (J. I*'rc<Mnan, Nc^w York, N. Y.) 

If proper luspeclion can be maintained, l)acl,eilal contcMd, may ho. dlsni^arded. 
Hacteriai conlcMd. is oiu' way <»f deciding on proper |taHl(nirlzatlon, however. 
(Dr. iVI. I'. Uavenel, Madison, Wis.) 

Not at all; the milk must, be kept as clean as jiossible before j)aHteurl}5lng, 
and then paHt<!uri/ed for compl<'le safety, and then properly handhHl aft;erwardH. 
(Dr. V,. 10. A. Wiusiow, New York, N. Y.) 

No. (Health otllc<M- Ami Arbor, Mich.) 

No; becaiis(! sanitary c(aiditions at th(( ndik producers are mon; important, 
both with and witliout pasteurization. (Ihialtli olllccu" Haltimore, Md.) 

I do not think ho. Strict methodH In the jirodudlon of mllk nliould be 
(employed and bactcwlal countH Jiiad*; to determine If the ndik Is produced, and 



180 THE MIL.K SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

handled in a sanitary manner. (Samples should be collected at the plant 
before pasteurization to determine this.) If the milk is not handled in an 
acceptable manner, which includes quick and eflacient cooling and the main- 
taining of a low temperature, even though the pasteurization may be thor- 
ough and no bacteria found on examination taken from the discharge of the 
machine, it does not destroy the spore which will subsequently develop. 
(Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

No ; as no check upon the efficiency of the pasteurization could be made with- 
out bacterial checks. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

No. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Plealth officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Yes; unless it should be resorted to as a method of checking the pasteuriza- 
tion. (State board of health, Florida.) 

No. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

No. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Pasteurization would destroy about 90 per cent of germs. (Health officer 
Lynchburg, Va.) 

No. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

Yes; except for scientific purposes. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

No. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

It would necessitate an entirely different bacterial standard. The necessity 
for bacterial standard would, however, in my opinion be all the greater. 
(Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

No. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

No. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Think the bacterial count would still be necessary to make sure of proper 
pasteurization. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

It would be far more necessary for a low bacterial count in pasteurized milk 
than in raw milk, and the presence beyond a prescribed bacterial count in pas- 
teurized milk would be the best evidence of imperfect pasteurization. (Bor- 
den's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

Compulsory pasteurization would, in my judgment, greatly increase the neces- 
sity for careful supervision of the bacterial content, so as to insure against the 
more dangerous organisms that might survive the pasteurization. (Walker- 
Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Dr. V. C Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

It would not; but would make it possible to establish it at a lower level — 
say, 50,000 per cubic centimeter. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

No. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Bacterial count should go with the pasteurization. (J. M. Houston, White 
Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Not to much extent. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

No ; unless there is a distinction between pasteurized dirt and raw dirt. If 
the dirt is to be present anyway, it would probably be better to have it pas- 
teurized. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

By no means; pasteurized milk may contain bacteria by the millions. 
' (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

No ; we are of the opinion that the determination of a bacterial standard for 
pasteurized milk is extremely important, as well as a standard for the same 
milk before pasteurization. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

No. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 



Bacteeial Count. 

Question 1. — 7s the bacterial count reliable and an indication of unsatisfactory 

conditions? 



The bacterial count is believed to be reliable. When the bacterial count of 
milk from a certain herd is habitually high, this is a reliable indication that, 
the milk is being produced under insanitary conditions or handled in an insani- 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 181 

tary way. A discussion of tlie bacteriological count will be found beginning on 
page 43 of Circular 153 of the Bureau of Animal Industry. (Chief Bureau of 
Animal Industry.) 

The bacterial count is, generally speaking, a fair index of cleanliness in milk 
as in water. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

Yes; within certain limits. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

The bacterial count is a reliable index of the care taken in the production 
and handling of milk. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital 
Service.) 

Yes; a high count indicates either dirty, warmth, or long keeping. Perhaps 
one of these, or all, may be factors in any case. (Dr. William H. Park, New 
York, N. Y.) 

Numerical findings of bacteria in milk are the only reliable index of cleanli- 
ness in the collections of milk. They were first proposed by the Medical Milk 
Commission of Essex County, N. J., in 1890, and carried out under its super- 
vision with Dr. Pruden and Dr. R. G. Freeman, of New York. (Dr. Henry L. 
Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Yes; in general. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

It is. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

We think so. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

I believe it is when milk from the same station from different producers are 
reported. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

While not reliable at all times, it does in most cases reveal whether condi- 
tions are satisfactory or otherwise. The three factors which contribute largely 
to high bacterial counts are: (1) Contamination of milk at times of being 
drawn, resulting from unclean and improper methods; (2) temperature; (3) 
age. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Not necessarily (answer only to latter part of question). (Health officer 
Burlington, Vt.) 

In a general way it is indicative of degree of contamination, the method of 
cooling and storage, and the age of a given sample. (Health officer Cleve- 
land, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Not necessarily. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

It is the most reliable method at our disposal. (State board of health, 
Florida.) 

Yes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes ; it permits health department to go to source of trouble, which in many 
instances is at the farm, and compel cleanliness. (Health officer Kansas 
City, Mo.) 

An excellent indication of the general sanitary conditions. Count should be 
high, say 500,000 c. c, or can not be enforced. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Yes; a high count is indicative of unsatisfactory conditions, either at the 
dairy or during handling and transportation. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

Yes; either in milking, handling, surroundings, as well as diseased cows. 
(Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

It never indicates actual number of bacteria present, but applied under 
standard conditions it gives thoroughly reliable comparative figures. It always 
indicates that something is wrong; either (1) dirty production, (2) failure to 
cool promptly and efficiently and to keep cold, or (3) keeping too long. (Health 
officer Richmond, Va.) 

Within certain limitations; for instance, when icing from stable to retailer 
is enforced. Yes. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Only comparatively. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Not necessarily so. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Bacterial counts taken consecutively are an indication of the cleanliness and 
careful handling when low; of the opposite when high. But it is unfair to 
draw conclusions from one count, as accidents may happen. (Straus Labora- 
tory, Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

The bacterial count is absolutely reliable if taken in accordance with pre- 
scribed precautions and with due exercise of care. The mere count in itself, 
however, does not show or denote the presence of deleterious organisms, but 



182 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

simply gives the number of bacteria per cubic centimeter as an entirety. Yet, 
however, in experienced hands the growth of these colonies denotes to a great 
extent the species to which they belong, and in this way conditions can be 
checked up. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

It is only reliable in that it shows whether or not care has been exercised in 
the handling of milk. As usually made, it does not give any indication of con- 
tagious disease. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C. ) 

I have used it constantly for six years and believe in it thoroughly. It is, or 
may be, if properly done, reliable and a direct means of estimating conditions. 
(Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Yes ; if age and temperature of milk is known. Does not denote point of con- 
tamination. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Yes. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Yes; if standard be taken to 500,000. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

Yes. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Reliable enough. We have discovered unsatisfactory conditions by making 
inspections upon strength of high counts. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

We believe it reliable in the hands of the proper person and that it is an indi- 
cation of unsatisfactory conditions. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, 
Pa.) 

I think bacterial count alone is reliable if low and if preservatives are ruled 
out. If it is high, I think of itself it should not condemn milk, but should lead 
to inspection of dairy and methods of handling. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 2. — Do hacteriologists working independently arrive at approximately 
the same results in examining samples of a given milking ? 

ANSWERS. 

Bacteriologists working independently, but using uniform and standard 
methods, obtain fairly uniform results. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

Approximately; yes. (Surgeon General United States Army.) 

Yes; under the same conditions. (Surgeon General United States Navy.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

Yes. A variation of 10 or 20 per cent may be made, but this is no objection, 
as the differences between bad and good milk are so great. (Dr. William H. 
Park, New York, N. Y.) 

They do. Methods are now standardized by the American Association of 
Medical Milk Commissions. (Dr. Henry L. Colt, Newark, N. J.) 

Yes. (Dr. R. G Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes; if their methods are standardized and the samples properly taken. (Dr. 
M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

Within the limits of variation ; yes. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Within reasonable limits. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

I have no information. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

While there is considerable variation in the number of bacteria taken from 
the same sample, hence at least three samples should be examined in order to 
get a general average of the number of bacteria in a given sample. By follow- 
ing this rule bacteriologists working independently would obtain approximately 
the same results. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Yes. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.) 

Have no personal observation on that point. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Yes; providing the bacteriologists use the same methods. (Health officer 
Columbus, Ohio.) 

Approximately. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

The range of variation is considerable, but the range of conditions is also 
considerable. The first two or three draws of milk contain a very much higher 
bacterial count than the later milking. (State board of health, Florida.) 

Yes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Experienced biologists do, provided they test the same sample under same 
conditions. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Yes, if the counts are made at the same temperatures, room, or incubator. 
The media and the temperature should always be stated in a bacteriological 
report. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 



!taE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 183 

if honest, they do, (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Yes; if they employ, standard methods of analysis and counts. (Health officer 
Providence, R. I.) 

Tes; by use of standard methods. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Yes. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

No. Those working for the State or city more nearly the same. Those work- 
ing for a dairyman generally find lower counts than we. (Health officer Seattle, 
Wash.) 

Probably not. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

No. (Health officer Topeka, Kans. ) 

Fairly so. At least, working on the same bottle, they will agree that the milk 
is good because of a low count, though the counts do not tally exactly. ( Straus 
Laboratory, Washington, D. O.) 

I am not prepared to answer. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

The results of bacteriologists working with given methods are approximately 
the same. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

In a general way; yes. It is unfortunate that a standard method of making 
bacteriological counts has not been established. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, 
Washington, D. C.) ' 

Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

If they use standard methods ; yes. If each has his own method, results are 
likely to vary quite widely. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Yes; when technique is identical. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

They should. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Yes. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

I do not know from experience, but know of no reason why they should not, 
if proper precautions are used. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

I have no personal knowledge of this. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Generally, yes; always provided the milk is carefully prepared and exactly 
the same methods pursued. Milk from the same milking, part of which is 
placed into a clean can and another into a dirty can, will naturally give differ- 
ent bacterial counts at the end of a few hours. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, 
Philadelphia, Pa.) 

I have never checked this up with another man. (Health officer Scran- 
ton, Pa.) 

Question 3. — Is it feasible to indicate the maximum numier of bacteria 

allowatle? 

ANSWERS. 

Yes; provided the number is not made unreasonably low. (Chief Bureau of 
Animal Industry.) 

Approximately; yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

It is, under given fixed conditions. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

For pasteurized milk a maximum bacterial standard is indispensable, and 
probably more important than inspection. For other classes of milk a bacterial 
standard is only supplementary to other requirements, such as competent veteri- 
nary inspection and medical inspection of employees. The bacterial count is 
an index of the efficiency of the methods used for the production of a safe milk 
and is a check upon the efficiency of the inspection service. (Surgeon General 
Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

It is as to an average, but not for an individual excess. Almost every one 
of the certified farms has at some time had a high count. (Dr. William H. 
Park, New York, N. Y.) 

Perfectly so. The American Association of Medical Milk Commissions, at 
my suggestion, fixed the standard at 10,000 per cubic centimeter. (Dr. Henry 
L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Yes; but not always advisable. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes. Discretion should be allowed to the bacteriologist, however. (Dr. M. P. 
Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

Certainly. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

We think so. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

No; I should use such information for our guidance of our inspectors only. 
(Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

Yes. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 



184 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OP COLUMBIA. 

Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Perhaps of value, even if not enforceable. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.) 

Not in my judgment. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Depending on legal backing. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Yes. (State board of health, Florida.) 

Yes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes. (Health officer Kansas City. Mo.) 

I believe so. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Yes. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

I think a standard should be established and maintained. (Health officer 
Portland, Oreg.) 

Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Yes. (See rules, pages 6 and 7, marked " B.") [Appendix G.] (Health 
officer Richmond, Va. ) 

Not unless the law is really enforced ; cleanliness and icing compulsory. 
(Health officer Rochester, N. Y. ) 

No. Because a low count may contain both pathological and harmless bac- 
teria. In other words, a low count does not necessarily mean that the milk is 
not dangerous. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

No. (Health officer Topeka, Ivans.) 

Yes; when an average of counts are taken, but it would not be fair to prose- 
cute for one count that went above the maximum fixed. (Straus Laboratory, 
Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

Yes. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

It is certainly so in certified milk, and I believe could be practically applied 
to the milk of commerce. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. O.) 

Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Yes. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Yes. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Yes. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. O.) 

Yes. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

I think it is. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

We have found it feasible. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

The difficulty rests in the fact that it is extremely difficult to know where 
to place the responsibility for high counts, inasmuch as a large percentage of 
the milk coming into our cities goes through the hands of the producer, the 
creamery, the transportation companies, and finally the dealer. (Dr. Samuel 
McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

I think it is feasible to put a limit as to the number of bacteria allowable, 
but before disbarring a dealer enough examination should be made to show 
that he is practically always over the count. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 4. — What number, m your judgment, should 6e specified in this 

connection? 

ANSWERS. 

In the recommendations of the conference appointed by the Commissioners of 
the District of Columbia in 1907 100,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter was given 
as a standard for inspected milk. This might be found too low a standard for 
raw milk under present conditions, but the maximum standard should not in 
any event be set higher than 500,000. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

I regard the classification of milk in Circular No. 114, August 14, 1910, 
Bureau of Animal Industry, as a fair scientific standard. [Note. — Ten thou- 
sand for "certified" milk and 100,000 for "inspected" milk.] (Surgeon Gen- 
eral U. S. Army.) 

One hundred thousand. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

For certified milk, 10,000; for inspected milk, 100,000; for pasteurized milk 
a standard of 10,000 to 20,000 would appear to be reasonable. ( Surgeon General 
Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

This depends on the size of the town or city, for the longer the haul the 
poorer the bacterial quality of the milk. Certified milk should average under 
10,000. Pasteurized under 50,000. In cities in winter the common milk under 
100,000 and in summer under 500,000. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE t)iSTRlCl: OS* COLUMBIA. 185 

It Is perfectly feasible to keep milk below 5,000 with the present knowledge 
of dairy hygiene, but 10,000 per cubic centimeter is a reasonable limit through- 
out the year. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

That must be a matter for each community to settle, depending on the cleanli- 
ness of the dairies. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. T.) 

For a small city 100,000; perhaps 250,000 for Washington. (Dr. C. E. A. 
Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

Seventy-five thousand to 1(X),000 per cubic centimeter. (Health officer Ann 
Arbor, Mich.) 

Not less than 100,000 per cubic centimeter. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

Not yet determined. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

Five hundred thousand per cubic centimeter seems reasonable for general 
market milk. While for " certified " milk the standard should range from 
10,000 to 15,000 per cubic centimeter. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

One hundred thousand. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.) 

Dependent entirely upon local conditions. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Under new conditions, 500,000 count is all that is practical ; with education 
of the dairyman and continual enforcement of dairy rules 200,000 or 100,000 
should be attained. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

By using cleanly methods in the handling of milk and by rapidly cooling it 
afterwards, it is practicable to produce and vend milk containing not more 
than 10,000 per cubic centimeter. Five to ten times this number is certainly 
not too exacting. (State board of health, Florida.) 

When milk is produced locally, 1,500,000; when milk is shipped, 3,000,000. 
(Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

From 100,000 to 500,000 per cubic centimeter. (Health officer Kansas 
City," Mo.) 

Five hundred thousand per cubic centimeter. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

For small communities, 100,000. Large cities should have a higher limit, 
depending upon conditions, unless they require pasteurization. {Health officer 
Montclair, N. J.) 

Average, 100,000 per cubic centimeter. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

One hundred thousand bacteria per cubic centimeter, media ; 1 per cent agar, 
1.5 per cent acid, 1 per cent peptone ; 9 cubic centimeters used. One cubic 
centimeter milk incubated 24 hours at 375° C. in 9i cubic centimeters petre 
dish, clay cover. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Depends on local conditions ; 95 per cent of all milk on Richmond market 
is produced within 11 miles of Richmond. Our results for 1909 are shown in 
appendix — . A city getting milk from a distance could not maintain as good 
a standardf as ours. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

I would not specify any number, but would use 100,000 to hold up the milk 
producer. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

Certified, 15,000; market milk, 100,000. We have no special trouble in pro- 
ducing milk as good as this. But it is only done by very rigid inspection. 
(Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

If specified, the location and conditions would determine. I could insist 
on and enforce 25,000 in this city. Many of my producers sell 10,000 germ 
milk at no additional cost, and in midsummer too, not certified, but just plain 
"milk." (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

No standard can be set. ( Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia. ) 

In summer, 150,000; in winter, 75,000. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New 
York, N. Y.) 

Ten thousand per cubic centimeter seems to be the generally accepted maxi- 
mum for certified milk. Possibly 100,000 would be as low as could be required 
in milk of commerce. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C. ) 

Ten thousand per cubic centimeter. (This is intended to refer to " certified" 
milk.) (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

A sliding scale. At outset make the number within comparatively easy reach. 
I should say 300,000; then reduce as conditions improve, (Dr. S. C. Prescott, 
Boston, Mass.) 

Depends on grade of milk. Certified, 10,000 ; inspected, 100,000 ; market milk, 
500,000. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

One hundred thousand. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washing- 
ton, D. C.) 

Five hundred thousand. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

Three hundred thousand. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 



186 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

The number would depend largely upon local conditions. Wheeling, with 
its milk supply very close to the city, should specify a much lower number 
than New York or Washington. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

We believe, however, it should be the aim of every municipality to so safe- 
guard its milk supply as to reach the standard of 100,000 bacteria to the 
cubic centimeter. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

I think a community should set this figure for itself by determining the 
average count under ordinary conditions. This average count should be set 
as a standard, with the idea of reducing it later as conditions can be gradually 
improved. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 5. — Is it possible for the producer or dealer to verify or disprove the 
bacterial count reported? 



If the producer or dealer is given a duplicate sample of the milk and has it 
examined by a competent ba.cteriologist by a standard method, this would be 
a check on the bacterial count officially reported. (Chief Bureau of Animal 
Industry.) 

Not usually. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

Not absolutely. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

The producer or dealer can take samples at the same time that the authori- 
ties do, and in this way the latter's results can be checked. Unless this is 
done, the bacterial count can not be verified, as the examination must be made 
under like conditions, and requires at least 48 hours for a count to be known. 
(Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

Only by taking duplicate samples and making tests. (Dr. William H. Park, 
New York, N. Y.) 

Not if an officer • of a medical milk commission collects the milk from a 
delivery wagon and the count is made by a good observer under its direction. 
(Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J,) 

Yes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes; approximately, but not practical. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

Not unless the same sample were examined. (Dr. C. B. A. Winslow, New 
York, N. Y.) 

Yes; i. e., two samples taken at same time. But not after report is made. 
(Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

With ordinary cleanliness and prompt cooling the bacterial coujit may be 
Ignored. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

No. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

It would be necessary for him to have a laboratory properly equipped and 
a bacteriologist employed to make the necessary tests. This would be neces- 
sary and feasible in the case of a large dealer. (Health officer Birmingham, 
Ala.) 

No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Responsibility for high bacterial content can not always be placed. Municipal- 
ity can not show per cent of increase between wholesaler and retailer and be- 
tween taking sample and time of examination. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.) 

Not unless he takes a sample at the same time and uses the same methods 
in arriving at results. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Doubtful. (Health officer Detroit. Mich.) 

Only by bacterial methods; that is, by the service of a trained bacteriologist. 
By resorting to these means he can. (State board of health, Florida.) 

Can be verified, but not disproved. (Health officer, Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes; owing to a tendency of certain germs to glutinate. He could verify or 
disprove count. (I-Iealth officer, Kansas City, Mo.) 

He can give sample to another bacteriologist. (Health officer Lynchburg, 
Va.) 

Only by having duplicate samples plated by his own bacteriologist. (Health 
officer, Montclair, N. J.) 

Yes. (Health officer, Portland, Oreg. ) 

Yes; as he has the original package and results need not vary greatly if milk 
kept cool, as should be if delivery is proper. (Health officer. Providence, R. I.) 

Only by having duplicate samples (made by dividing a single sample after 



THE MILK SITUATION- IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 187 

thorough mixing) examined independently and immediately by two or more 
competent bacteriologists using standard methods. (Health officer Richmond, 
Va.) 

Not in practice. (Health officer Rochester, N. T.) 

Under our law he gets a sealed sample the same as we and our slides are 
always at the disposal of competent conscientious bacteriologists. (Health 
officer Seattle, Wash.) 

No. (Health officer, Topeka, Kans.) 

If he had counts made elsewhere the same day, yes; otherwise, no. (Straus 
Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

Duplicates of samples taken for bacterial count should be given the producer 
or dealer, and dealers should be in a position to verify counts. The larger 
producers could be put in a position to do so, but in the case of the small pro- 
ducer it would be exceedingly hard to impress upon him the need of sterility as 
to his apparatus, even though he be furnished with necessary utensils and 
media. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

Practically no. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Not absolutely, unless duplicate samples are taken and treated in uniform 
way with official samples. Dealer or producer may have his own bacteriologist. 
(Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Yes; if he takes simultaneously samples and uses same technique. (Health 
officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

It depends on whether the dealer has his laboratory or not ; the producer can 
not verify the count, nor the dealer, unless he sees it. (J. M. Houston, White 
Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

It would be possible for. him to have a test made from a sample taken under 
the same conditions as those of the inspector, if he were instructed as to what 
those conditions should be. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Yes ; we inform each dairyman as we collect the sample, so he may have a 
count made if he desires. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

No; unless his counts are made from the same can or the same jar, and of 
the same date, and by the same methods. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Phila- 
delphia, Pa.) 

I do not see how it is practical unless the producer maintains his own labora- 
tory. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

QuESTioJf 6. — What does a high Mcterial count indicate? 

ANSWERS. 

A high bacterial content indicates unclean conditions on the farm, or lack of 
care and cleanliness in handling the milk in transit, or both. (Chief Bureau 
of Animal Industry.) 

Old milk pr dirty milk, or milk that has not been properly cooled and kept 
at a low temperature. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

Milk improperly kept. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

A high bacterial count indicates dirty dairy methods, lack of proper cooling 
of milk, or that it is too old. ( Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hos- 
pital Service. ) 

At the farm, dirt or old milk contamination. In the city usually that the 
milk has been warm for many hours before using, and often original dirt or 
old milk in the can or on the strainers, etc. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, 
N. Y.) 

Filthy dairy surroundings, careless collections and handling, or a diseased 
udder. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Dirty cows or dirty employees or utensils or methods, or neglect to cool effi- 
ciently or promptly or to deliver properly. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, 
N. Y.) 

Dirty cows, stables, or handling; lack of refrigeration often. (Dr. M. P. 
Raven el, Madison, Wis.) 

Dirt, age, high temperature, one or all. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, 
N. Y.) 

Dirt of some kind, or uncleanliness in containers. (Health officer Ann Arbor, 
Mich.) 



188 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OE COLUMBIA. 

Careless contamination or a high temperature, or stale milk. (Health 
officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

Uncleanliness and improper temperature. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

One or all of the following things : Bad methods, improper cooling, too much 
delay in the delivery of the milk. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Insanitary methods of collecting and improper cooling. (Health officer Bis- 
marck, N. Dak.) 

That the milk at some stage was seeded either heavily or lightly, and that 
conditions of temperature at some time or other were favorable for growth. 
(Health officer Burlington, Vt.) 

Degree of contamination, degree of efficiency attained in cooling and the age. 
Kind are more significant than the number of bacteria. (Health officer Cleve- 
land, Ohio.) 

Old milk, warm milk, dirty milk. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Contamination. (Health officer Deti'oit, Mich.) 

Dirt in milk always gives a high bacterial content. Milk containing only a 
few bacteria at first, but kept at warm temperature the bacteria increase in 
numbers, and soon the bacterial content is high, even though the milk was 
produced under cleanly conditions. ( State board of health, Florida. ) 

Careless methods of handling milk. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Source of contamination, after milk leaves cow's udder. (Health officer 
Kansas City, Mo.) 

Either that the milk is old or insanitary. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Either diseased condition, filth, or carelessness at time of milking, or ineffi- 
ciently low temperature of storage. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

Usually improper handling of milk from milker to consumer. (Health officer 
Portland, Oreg. ) 

That milk has not been properly handled. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

One (or more, or all) of conditions given under 1 on this page (i. e., dirty 
production, failure to cool promptly and efficiently, and to keep cool, or keeping 
milk too long. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Dirt and warm milk. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

Indicates diseases udder or teats, old milk, or contaminated milk. (Health 
officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Unclean methods of production or handling or both. Long time intervening 
between production and plating. Not low temperature kept between production 
and plating. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Usually either dirty methods of milking and handling, or diseased cows, or 
old milk. (Straus Laboratory, "Washington, D. C.) 

It indicates that the milk was not immediately cooled after being drawn from 
the cow, or the temperature was allowed to raise higher than it should some 
time between the milking and the delivery of the milk. ( Sharon Dairy, District 
of Columbia. ) 

A high bacterial count as a rule indicates either, first, that the milk has been 
kept at too high temperature, or, second, that it has been kept too long. (Bor- 
den's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

A continued high bacterial content indicates want of care in either the cleanli- 
ness or the cooling of the milk. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Little. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Either dirt, age, or high temperature. Expert can generally decide which. 
(Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Improper methods of handling milk. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal. ) 

Unclean conditions and contamination somewhere along the line. (J. M. 
Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Uncleanly conditions, contamination, heat, old milk. (Health officer San 
Francisco, Cal. ) 

Either old milk, dirty milk, or milk kept at too high temperature. (Health 
officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Usually dirt, old milk, carelessness in handling. (Health officer Wheeling 
W. Va.) 

Carelessness in production or in subsequent handling. (Dr. Samuel McC. 
Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Dirty dairies, old milk, or milk kept at a high temperature. (Health officer 
Scran ton, Pa. ) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 189 

Question 7. — Is the harmfulness of a high 'bacterial count scientifically estab- 
lished beyond question? 

ANSWERS. 

As a high bacterial count indicates insanitary conditions, such a count is 
evidence that the milk is dangerous. Several authorities on feeding infants 
assert that milk with a high bacterial content is injurious regardless of the 
character of the bacteria. (Chief Bureau Animal Industry.) 

The undesirability of old milk or dirty milk is self-evident. It is also scien- 
tifically established. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

No. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

For infants, beyond all reasonable doubt. For adults, not harmful as a 
rule, e. g., buttermilk. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

It is. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

I believe so. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Dr. M. P. Raven el, Madison, Wis.) 

High count is not necessarily harmful, but it indicates conditions which are 
harmful. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

We have no doubt of it. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

Depends upon the character of the bacteria. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

The harmfulness of a high bacterial count in milk may not be scientifically 
established ; at the same time the possibility of a sample of milk having a high 
bacterial count, showing the presence of disease germs, would be greater than 
in a sample having a very low bacterial count. (Health officer Birmingham, 
Ala.) 

Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

The presence of large number of practically harmless types can do no good 
and is responsible for many complaints among children and adults due to par- 
ticular susceptibility. "Yes." (Health officer Burlington, Vt.) 

I would not attempt to say. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

No; this depends, however, upon the kind of bacteria. (Health officer Colum- 
bus, Ohio.) 

No. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Yes. (State board of health, Florida.) 

Yes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

I should say not. It is simply an indication of conditions, and is highly 
useful from this standpoint. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

When the count is in the millions its harmfulness is well established. With 
certain types of bacteria the count may be much lower, and yet the milk will 
be harmful.* (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

I think so. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

It is a greater fraud to sell milk which can not be used at all, due to de- 
composition from excessive numbers of bacteria, than if adulterated with 
water. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Milk of very high bacterial content may be harmless, as buttermilk, for ex- 
ample; but high counts in milk sold as sweet milk always show something 
wrong and should be condemned. In few matters of public health do we con- 
sider that any given conditions must always do harm, but we know (1) that 
milk improperly produced and handled does produce disease, and (2) that high 
bacterial content always shows that milk has in some way been improperly 
produced or handled. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Not a high count alone; but a high count is generally indicative of dirt and 
lack of ice. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

Yes; at least so far as its use among babies is concerned. It is in my judg- 
ment undoubtedly harmful when given to adults. (Health officer Seattle, 
Wash.) 

No ; the bacteria may be nearly, if not quite, all beneficial organisms, though 
producing souring of the milk, (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

No. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

The harmfulness of high bacterial count depends entirely upon the character 
of bacteria. With ordinary lactic bacteria, milk takes on a high acidity, giving 



190 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

what is called a self-soured milk, which is not very palatable and which in the 
advanced stages gives sep;i ration of both fat and proteid matter. This milk 
necessarily, however, is not harmful, as many cheeses are made according to 
this self-soured method, and, as a rule, advanced acidity shows bacteria princi- 
pally of the lactic specie. A highly bacterial count with a low acidity, how- 
ever, as a rule, would denote more of the putrefactive and pathogenic specie. 
(Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

Not so far as I know. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

I think so, in general, although in case of special " fermented " milk high 
count means nothing bad, of course. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Infant mortality reduced by keeping count down. (Health officer Los 
Angeles, Cal.) 

Yes. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

The possible harmfulness is, undoubtedly. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

I think so, (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

We are not prepared to answer this affirmatively, (Dr. Samuel McO. Hamill, 
Philadelphia, Pa.) 

I do not think a high count is dangerous per se, as most of the ordinary milk 
bacteria are, of course, harmless. As stated, a persistent high count would 
signify dirty milk, which would unquestionably be unwholesome in the long 
run. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 8. — 7s it pi'acticahle tcith due regard to the rights of the producer or 
dealer to insist upon a prescribed bacterial count? 



Yes; if the maximum limit is not unreasonably low. (Chief Bureau of 
Animal Industry.) 

It is practicable to require either clean milk or proper pasteurization. 
(Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

No. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

Yes; for each kind of milk. Low for milk to be consumed raw by children. 
Higher for milk to be used for pasteurization or cooking. Low for pasteurized 
milk. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes. It does not require expensive equipment to obtain clean milk. In Ken- 
tucky five dairies with whitewashed barns and ordinary domestic cleanliness 
are approved and certified by a medical milk commission with counts never 
above 4,000. (Dr. Henry L, Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Yes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N, Y.) 

Yes. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

Certainly. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

As the bacterial count means clean milk, properly cooled and kept so, we 
can not see that this imposes upon the dealer or producer. (Health officer 
Atlanta, Ga.) 

I have my doubts. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

Yes. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Count can be kept down with ease, if simple rules are regarded. Practica- 
bility doubtful. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.) 

No. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Yes. (State board of health, Florida.) * 

Yes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes; our ordinance specifies 300,000 per cubic centimeter. (Health officer 
Kansas City, Mo.) 

Yes. Clean fresh milk will have a low count, and such milk is highly de- 
sirable for infants and invalids. (Health officer Lynchburg. Va.) 

Yes. Due care, ice, and short time before delivery will accomplish the 
object. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

Yes. It encourages cleanliness. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Yes. We do so. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 191 

Yes. (Health officer Riclimond, Va.) 

I think it is. What right has the dealer to talk about rights as against the 
lives of children? (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

It Is not right to the legitimate and honest dealer unless we do insist upon a 
bacterial count, because it gives a dishonest, filthy dealer a chance to sell dan- 
gerous milk and to unjustly compete with a man striving to produce good, pure, 
wholesome milk. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

No. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

In cities where there is certified milk it is done. (Straus Laboratory, Wash- 
ington, D. C.) 

No. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

Yes ; providing that the enforcement of such standard be exercised with due 
care and moderation and allowance made for certain contingencies, as in the 
case of delays in transit or accident, which may cause a rising temperature and 
thereby increased bacterial count, which count, however, would be simply a 
local rise due to the conditions at that particular time and would probably not 
extend beyond that particular shipment and could not be taken as affecting in 
any way the standard which had up to that time been adhered to. (Borden's 
Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

Yes ; but to be fair to the producer and dealer the limit should be a very high 
one until the public is willing to pay the added cost entailed in producing and 
handling a high-grade milk. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Yes. (Dr. V, C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

I believe it is practicable to enforce withdrawal of any milk from public sale 
which may be regarded as dangerous to public. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, 
Mass.) 

Yes. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Yes. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Yes. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

Yes; if not too low. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

With proper regulations governing production, transportation, and delivery, 
yes. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

I think so, if a reasonable average figure is taken and opportunity is given 
to a dealer to improve his conditions instead of barring him arbitrarily on a 
yes. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 



Maintenance of Low Tempebatuees. 

Question 1. — At what maximum temperature sJiould milk be kept to give the 
iest results for commercial purposes? 



While the temperature limit should be practicable, it should not be fixed pri- 
marily with a view to giving the best results for commercial uses, the real 
object being to insure the delivery of milk to the consumer in a wholesome 
condition. To accomplish the latter object, it is believed that milk should be 
promptly cooled to 50° F. or less, and should be kept below that temperature 
until delivery. This would require the use of ice in summer, but is not believed 
to be commercially impracticable, except possibly during the summer in warm 
climates where the producer is unable to provide ice. This requirement has 
been made by the city of Atlanta, Ga., and if it is practicable there it would 
certainly be practicable for the city of Washington. (Chief Bureau of Animal 
Industry.) 

It is generally agreed that a temperature not above 50° F. is desirable. 
(Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

Fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Under 50° F. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

Forty-five degrees Fahrenheit is desirable, but 50° F. is much easier to have 
and will answer fairly well. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

Between 40° and 50° F. from an hour after milking until its use. Never 
above 50°. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

As near 33° F. as possible. Not above 50° F. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New 
York, N. Y.) 



192 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (Dr. M. P. Raven el, Madison, Wis.) 
Fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New Yorli, N. Y.) 
Forty degrees Fahrenheit or lower. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 
Below 50° F. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 
About 50° F. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 
From 40° to 50° F. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 
Ordinary cold-storage temperature. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 
Fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.) 
Thirty-four to forty-five degrees Fahrenheit. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 
Fifty degrees. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 
Below 50° F. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 
Fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (State board of health, Florida.) 
Fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 
Fifty degrees. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

I^orty to fifty degrees Fahrenheit is desirable. In Lynchburg, where the 
milk is quickly delivered, 60° F. is allowed, but most dairymen of their own 
volition store below 50° F. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Should not be over 50° F. This is a limit that is easily attained. (Health 
officer Montclair, N. J.) 

Not above 60° F. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 
Below 50° F. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

At or below 50° F., if milk is kept any length of time or comes from great 
distance. Where producers are near at hand and the milk reaches the con- 
sumer promptly, good milk may be had without insisting on so low a tempera- 
ture. If farmers have no practical way of getting ice on farm, 50° can not 
be insisted upon. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 
Under 50° F. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 
Not higher than 50°. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 
Not above 50° F. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

I believe in general that 50° is sufficient. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 
Fifty degrees Fahrenheit as a maximum. Certified milk is kept at 40° and 
45°. A high temperature gives high bacterial count. (Straus Laboratory, 
Washington, D. C.) 

Authorities differ. Anywhere between 48° F. and 58° F. will give good 

results. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

Fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

We bottle all milk at the farm and keep it packed in ice until delivered to 

the consumer, and so lack experience on these two points. (Walker-Gordon 

Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Forty-five to fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 
Fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 
Fifty degrees. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 
About 50° F. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

As low as possible. Not above 60° F. at most. (Health officer St Joseph, 
Mo.) 

Fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 
Forty to fifty degrees Fahrenheit. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamil], Philadel- 
phia, Pa.) 

Sixty degrees. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 2. — Is it commercially practicable to maintain a maximum tempera- 
ture of 50° F. from time of milki/ng to city delivery to consumer? 



While the temperature limit should be practicable, it should not be fixed 
primarily with a view to giving the best results for commercial uses, the real 
object being to insure the delivery of milk to the consumer in a wholesome 
condition. To accomplish the latter object it is believed that milk should be 
promptly cooled to 50° F. or less, and should be kept below that temperature un- 
til delivery. This would require the use of ice in summer, but is not believed to 
be commercially impracticable except possibly during the summer in warm 
climates where the producer is unable to provide ice. This requirement has 
been made by the city of Atlanta, Ga., and if it is practicable there it would 
certainly be practicable for the city of Washington. (Chief Bureau of Animal 
Industry.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN" THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 193 

This depends upon the facilities granted by the railroads, amount of capital 
put into business, etc. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

Yes; it is. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

It is, with the possible exception of cans situated at the outside in the wagons. 
If these are to be kept cold they must be covered with some nonconductor of 
heat. The actual cost of this would not be great. (Dr. William H. Park, New 
York, N. Y.) 

It is. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) ' 

Yes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Dairymen in Atlanta have found it so without increasing the price. (Health 
officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

We have not yet been able to solve it. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

The answer to this question would depend largely on the local prices of ice. 
Cost of ice might be prohibitive in some localities, while in others this tempera- 
ture could be maintained without its being a burden on the milk producer or 
dealer. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Not very practicable, but desirable. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Yes. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.) 

Absolutely not. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

No ; see answer No. 3 under " Health department " heading, viz, the require- 
ment is deBirable certainly; 50° is too low for market milk under ordinary 
conditions, as experienced in Columbus. We have enforced a 65° rule for two 
years; 98 per cent of retail milk kept at 65°; 60 per cent of wholesale milk 
kept at 65°. Great improvement during last summer. (Health officer Co- 
lumbus, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Yes. (State board of health, Florida.) 

Yes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

I should say impracticable until the dairymen are fully convinced of its 
desirability. When the dairyman has been taught the use of cold and cleanli- 
ness, he will strive to maintain both. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Yes. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

No. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Yes. (Inspector of milk. Providence, R. I.) 

When farmers can always make ice (or buy it to advantage), this can be 
done. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Yes. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

I do not believe that it is; although it is from city to consumer. If trains 
were regular in their schedule, delivering milk to the city on time each day, 
it would be more practicable., (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

It costs more, but can be and is done in other cities. (Straus Laboratory, 
Washington, D. C.) 

Not under present conditions. (John Thomas, Ednor, Md., president Milk 
Producers' Association. ) 

No ; unless ice is used at all times. The average temperature of water in this 
locality is about 56° F., and without refrigerator cars it is impossible to main- 
tain that temperature. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

Yes. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Yes; by abundant icing. I think it should be generally understood that with 
precautions suggested by these questions, price of milk must rise. (Dr. S. C. 
Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Only in a few instances in this section. (Health officer Lois Angeles, Cal.) 

We bottle all milk at the farm and keep it packed in ice until delivered to 
the consumer, and so lack experience on these two points. (Walker-Gordon 
Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Yes. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Not at the present price of milk. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

It is possible, if ice is properly used. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Yes; during the past year some of our dairymen have demonstrated It. 
(Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-8—13 



194 THE MHjK situation in the DISTKICT of COLUMBIA. 

Yes; provided the producer, the railroad companies, and the dealers can be 
forced by law to adopt proper methods. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Phila- 
delphia, Pa.) 

Yes; by prohibiting the sale of dip milk; enforce the sale of bottle milk. 
(Health officer Scran ton, Pa.) 

QtJESTiON 3. — Should hours be prescrihed for the city delivery so as to prevent 
increase of temperature while deposited on doorsteps, etc.? 

ANSWERS. 

It Is undoubtedly desirable that milk should not be left on the doorstep in 
warm weather long enough to allow a material rise in the temperature, but the 
department is not prepared to recommend that certain hours be prescribed for 
delivery in order to accomplish this. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

I do not know whether such regulations would be capable of enforcement. 
(Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

They should. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

The practice of early morning delivery of all milk is commendable. ( Surgeon 
General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

This should be done during the warm months, so that at least they would not 
stand more than 30 minutes exposed to a temperature above 55° F. (Dr. 
William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

This is impracticable, because milk is required by most people at the same 
time of day. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Yes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

It would be well if this could be done. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, 
N. Y.) 

Probably. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

We think this can best be controlled by printed slips of instructions supplied 
by the board of health and delivered at intervals by dairymen to their cus- 
tomers. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

I think it would be better to have prescribed it for city delivery, but at pres- 
ent I have no evidence to show much change produced in the milk after it is 
left at the consumer's residence. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

Yes. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Dealer should not be responsible for milk after delivery, and prescribed hours 
will nearly always work to advantage of one dealer and to detriment of the 
next one. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.) 

Very doubtful if sentiment would permit the enforcement of such an ordi- 
nance. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

No ; subject to modification depending upon character of communities and 
locations. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Yes; if possible. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

It might not be possible to regulate hours of delivery, but milk could be placed 
so it is sheltered from the sun. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes ; preferably morning hours, 4 to 8 a. m. In some cities regulations pre- 
scribe 12 m. to 8 a. m. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

No. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

No ; that would be undue interference with private business. If the milk is 
at a low temperature when delivered, the householder is responsible for subse- 
quent conditions. She also has the option of taking milk from a dealer that 
comes at a more convenient hour. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

Yes. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Not necessary. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Not if delivery wagon is provided (as all should be in summer) with means 
of keeping milk cold while on delivery route. It is best, however, never to leave 
milk on doorstep, but to hand it directly to cook. (Health officer Richmond, 
Va.) 

The whole question of early morning delivery is wrong. Milk should not be 
delivered to the consumer prior to 6 a. m. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

This would be desirable, but impracticable in this city at least. (Health 
officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Hardly practicable. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y. 



THE milk: situation in the district of COLUMBIA. 195 

I would say not practicable or desirable. (Healtb officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Think it would be a good thing if it could be done. (Straus Laboratory, 
Washington, D. C.) 

Yes; if possible. (John Thomas, Ednor, Md., president Milk Producers' 
Association. ) 

No. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

This would be most impracticable, as the natural demands are for fresh 
milk for breakfast. Provision must be made for the people who take early 
breakfast as well as for those who can take late breakfast. (Borden's Con- 
densed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

Dissatisfaction of consumers and increased cost of delivery would seem to 
make this impractical. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. 0.) 

Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

If this is practicable, it would have an excellent effect. It must be borne 
in mind, however, that time is necessary for milk delivery, and that dealer 
must utilize as few wagons and men as possible in order to make fair profit. 
(Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

No. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Yes ; milk should be delivered after 7 a. m. so it can be taken in the house 
and not exposed to contamination on door steps, standing exposed to the rays 
of the sun in the summer and frozen in the winter. The dealer has to put 
up with poor help, stolen milk, and other complaints that would not occur. 
(J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Not in this city. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

I think a more practical plan would be to prescribe certain hours, later 
than which no milk shall be deposited in such places, but must be delivered 
to the ice chest or refrigerator of the consumer. ( Health officer St. Joseph, Mo. ) 

Many things should come before this ; the consumer if interested could regu- 
late this matter. Our certified milk distributer is not allowed to leave milk 
on door steps. He must place it in an ice chest or in the hands of an adult 
member of family. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Unquestionably. We consider this a very important step. (Dr. Samuel 
McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Yes. In summer not later than 8 o'clock a. m. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 4. — Could requirements reasonaMy ie made compelling consumers to 
exercise caution in handling milkf 

ANSWERS. 

Educational work is believed to be the best method of inducing consumers to 
exercise caution in handling milk. The Department of Agriculture has 
recently issued a publication (Farmers' Bulletin 413) on The Care of Milk 
and its Use in the Home, which is well adapted to this purpose and which is 
being widely circulated. ( Chief Bureau of Animal Industry. ) 

I do not know whether such regulations would be capable of enforcement. 
(Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

No. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Consumers can be advised as to the care of milk. (Surgeon General Public 
Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

It seems to me that advice only is practicable in case of private families. In 
hotels, etc., rules should be made. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

No; but an educational plan is advisable whereby they could assist the 
dealer in protecting his milk. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Yes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

It seems impossible to carry out any such regulation. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, 
Madison, Wis.) 

Questionable in private families. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

We have investigated this and think it a better plan to send printed slips 
of instructions by the dairymen as a means of education. (Health officer 
Atlanta, Ga.) 

Such requirements are practically difficult to enforce. We can only advise. 
(Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

It should be done, but this matter is open to question. (Health officer Bir- 
mingham, Ala.) 

No. (Health officer Bismarck N. Dak.) 



196 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

No. Should be instructed by health department circulars and then made to 
take their own chances. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.) 

Could never be enforced. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

No; providing this does not apply to boarding houses, hotels, hospitals, etc. 
(Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Educational. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Yes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

No; only printed advice given, which patrons slowly learn to follow. (Health 
officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Education is all, I think, that could be accomplished along this line. (Health 
officer Montclair, N. J.) 

Yes. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Yes; make deliveries of milk be made in original packages only. (Health 
officer Providence, R. I.) 

Such requirements can be reasonably made, but they can not always be 
enforced. We have such regulations, but not everybody lives up to them. 
(Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

I know of none. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

I do not think so. Of course, you can compel the bottle to be washed, 
but then you have no assurance that even diseased germs have been removed. 
I believe that education in the home to be our greatest safeguard in this 
respect. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

No; education alone can accomplish results. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

If possible. (John Thomas, Ednor, Md., president Milk Producers' Asso- 
ciation.) 

No; and should not be attempted. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

Requirements could not be made, or, rather, could not be enforced regarding 
any action which consumers would have to take. Consumers, however, should 
be cautioned in regard to the necessary care which they should take and advised 
as to the results of the disregard of such caution. They, however, should be 
compelled to thoroughly clean and scald any and all utensils which contained 
milk and which containers are to be returned to the dealer, (Borden's Con- 
densed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

Yes ; but education of the consumer to the need of carrying out these regula- 
tions would seem the only possible method of enforcing them. (Walker-Gordon 
Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

I fail to see how consumer can be " compelled " to exercise caution with 
his own property if he chooses not to do so. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

No. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Serve after 7 a. m. Here is where much of the trouble starts. Educate the 
public by literature and the public press. Surround the dealer with rigid rules 
and regulations. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Would be impossible to enforce. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

Requirements might aid a great deal, but it is a question whether or not 
such requirements could be legally enforced. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

I doubt if the consumer could be compelled. We try to persuade and educate 
him by the distribution of pamphlets on "care of milk in the home." (Health 
officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

We doubt if legal requirements could be made ; but the dealers could be re- 
quired to deliver the milk at such hours as to make it possible for the consumer 
to receive the milk into his house immediately upon its delivery. (Dr. Samuel 
McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Yes. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 5. — If so, specify what requirements f 

ANSWERS. 

Educational work is believed to be the best method of inducing consumers to 
exercise caution in handling milk. The Department of Agriculture has recently 
issued a publication (Farmers' Bulletin 413) on The Care of Milk and its Use 
in the Home, which is well adapted to this purpose and which is being widely 
circulated. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 



I 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 197 

Measures to be exercised, in the handling of milk are set forth in Hygienic 
Laboratory Bulletin No. 56. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine- 
Hospital Service.) 

Clean utensils, protection from flies, etc., cooling. (Dr. William H. Park, 
New York, N. T.) 

Immediate transfer from delivery vpagon to proper refrigeration in the home, 
with precautions against droppings in open vessels. (Dr. Henry L. Ooit, 
Newark, N. J.) 

Ordinary health board regulations. Its enforcement would, of course, be 
difficult. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

When a dealer of known reliability serves milk to persons who complain of 
the milk going bad constantly, it is good evidence of careless handling. It might 
be possible to stop the sale of milk to such parties by all milkmen. It would be 
hard to carry out. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

(a) Milk should be promptly removed after delivery and kept cool or 
pasteurized. (6) Milk receptacle to be kept clean after emptying. (Health 
officer Baltimore, Md.) 

The same as in case of other dealers in milk. (Health officer Columbus, 
Ohio.) 

Keep milk cool ; put in refrigerator as early as possible after delivery ; rinse 
and wash bottles thoroughly before returning to dealer. (Health officer 
Jacksonville, Fla.) 

As adopted by United States Bureau of Animal Industry. (Health officer 
Kansas City, Mo.) 

That would be difficult, owing to the different degrees of intelligence. (Health 
officer Portland, Oreg.) 

No milk to be turned on street, in stores, and all milk to be below 50° F. 
(Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

See last reference. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Our milk is all distributed in bottles. We send hundreds of thousands of 
instructions to housekeepers each year asking them to place their milk in the 
bottle on ice at once and to use same from bottle and then to thoroughly clean 
bottle before delivery. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Keep cool and properly guarded from exposure. (Health officer Syracuse, 
N. Y.) 

None. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

Keeping the milk at a reasonably low temperature, say 55° F., and free 
from contamination. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Prompt care of the milk. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

I suggest that consumers be given instructions as to care of milk in the home, 
effect of temperature, etc., putting all information on a basis of securing their 
own welfare and that of family, rather than as a command from a public health 
official. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

It is impossible to compel the consumer to exercise caution in the handling 
of milk. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

In the first place, to sterilize the receptacle if not delivered ready bottled, 
then to place it at once in a cold place not above 50° F. and keep it so in a 
tightly covered receptacle until ready to use. Sterilize all bottles as soon as 
empty. Return no bottles where contagious disease exists until premises have 
been fumigated by health authorities. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Cold and cleanliness. Keep separate from anything giving out an odor. 
(Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

We doubt if legal requirements could be made, but the dealers could be re- 
quired to deliver the milk at such hours as to make it possible for the consumer 
to receive the milk into his house immediately up6n its delivery. (Dr. Samuel 
McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Prompt care after delivery by vendor, placing the vessel or bottle in refriger- 
ator; avoid exposure to flies; keep milk out of reach of children. (Health 
officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 6. — To what extent is the failure to preserve a maximum tempera- 
ture of 50° F. deleterious to miVkt 



Failure to keep milk at a temperature below 50° F. provides favorable condi- 
tions for rapid multiplication of bacteria and is therefore deleterious. (Chief 
Bureau of Animal Industry.) 



198 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

Milk is a good culture medium for various pathogenic organisms which rap- 
idly increase in high temperatures, making such milk dangerous, especially for 
infants. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

Allows bacteria to multiply. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

The failure to maintain a temperature under 50° F. favors a great increase 
in the bacteria in the milk, and milk containing a large number of bacteria has 
been shown by clinicians to be harmful to children using the same. Moreover, 
if the milk should contain a small number of typhoid bacilli or other organisms, 
a great increase in these organisms would likewise take place if the milk were 
not kept below 50° F. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital 
Service.) 

This is the greatest reason for the deterioration of city milk. Increase of 
bacteria at common temperatures : In one test at 50° the bacteria increased from 
30,000 to 89,000 ; in one test at 55° the bacteria increased from 30,000 to 187,000 ; 
in one test at 60° the bacteria increased from 30,000 to 900,000. Above 60° the 
typhoid bacilli grow rapidly. (Dr. Wm. H. Park, New York.) 

A well-known authority on milk says that a quart of milk at 60° in a re- 
frigerator will grow 19,000,000 germs in 24 hours. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, New- 
ark, N. J.) 

Causes a growth of bacteria. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Rapid increase in bacterial content. If these germs are not disease producing, 
the harm done is problematical within certain limits. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, 
Madison, Wis.) 

Extreme. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

A temperature above 50° favors the production of bacterial poisons, which 
result in diarrheal diseases of variable duration. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

By increasing the rapidity of the multiplication of germs. (Health officer 
Baltimore, Md.) 

At temperature higher than this the bacterial development is very rapid, 
which would necessarily soon cause the milk to " sour." (Health officer 
Birmingham, Ala.) 

Increases the bacterial count and shortens the period of fitness for use. 
(Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Bacterial count will increase, causing loss of keeping qualities and decrease 
in wholesomeness, especially for infant feeding. (Health officer Burling- 
ton, Vt.) 

Depends entirely upon the degree of temperature and length of time exposed 
to high temperature. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Deterioration and bacterial count increase with rising temperature. (Health 
officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Rise in bacterial count with increased toxin production. (Health officer 
Detroit, Mich.) 

To the extent that it permits multiplication of bacteria. (State board of 
health, Florida.) 

The more nearly milk approximates the temperature of 100° F. the more 
rapid the growth of bacteria, especially pathogenic bacteria. (Health officer 
Jacksonville, Fla.) 

It increases bacterial count of milk and, as such, is dangerous to babies who 
live upon artificial food, if unable to nurse from mother's breast. (Health 
officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Low temperature retains first purity longer. Fresh milk is always best, and 
cold tends to keep it longer nearer the fresh condition. (Health officer Lynch- 
burg, Va.) 

Increases bacterial count. Makes milk sour quickly. (Health officer Mont- 
clair, N. J.) 

Causes rapid growth of bacteria. (Health officer Portland, Oreg. ) 

The quicker milk is cooled to 50° F. and the colder it is kept, the longer it 
will keep sweet and the fewer bacteria it will contain if sold fresh. (Health 
officer Providence, R. I.) 

It makes milk sour quicker, increases total bacterial count rapidly, and, if 
specific disease germs (typhoid bacilli) are present, these will multiply far 
more rapidly in warm milk than in cold. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

The usual and customary increase in bacterial life depending, of course, 
largely upon temperature and primary contamination, the higher the tempera^ 
ture the more rapid the increase. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Causes increase in growth of bacteria. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 



THE MILK SITUATION" IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 199 

Increases number of bacteria ; lactic acid producing, if milk be fresh, assum- 
ing that (tuberculosis) typhoid, diphtheria, etc., germs be not present. (Health 
officer Topeka, Kans.) 

The temperature above 50° are those at which germs multiply very rapidly ; 
the low temperature does not kill them, but does retard multiplication. When 
a high temperature is reached, as 140° and above, the heat does destroy them. 
(Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C. ) 

None. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

Principally in an increase of bacterial count, thus causing souring up to a 
certain point, which souring in the case of some lactic bacilli may reach a 
point high enough to retard all growth of pathogenic and putrefactive bacteria, 
yet in the case of other forms of lactic bacilli, which do not reach a high point 
of acidity, may cause them to grow to a maximum point so far as the acidity 
is concerned, at which maximum point they themselves cease to multiply, but 
both the pathogenic and putrefactive bacilli do multiply. (Borden's Condensed 
Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

The growth of bacteria in milk would seem to be in direct proportion to the 
increase of temperature, up to at least 100° F. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, 
Washington, D. C.) 

It permits the bacteria to mutiply. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Souring is increasingly rapid with increase of temperature, and if milk is 
dirty, undesirable types flourish. It should also be remembered that in old 
milk, held at low temperatures, putrefactive organisms increase at expense of 
acid formers. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

To the extent that it increases the bacterial count and hastens souring. 
(Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Milk being the best medium extant for the growth of germs, and they grow 
best above 50° ; in fact few grow at that temperature. (J. M. Houston, White 
Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Had one epidemic of ptomaine poisoning during hot spell ; 50 cases, no death. 
(Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

The higher the temperature, up to a certain point, the more rapidly all forms 
of bacteria increase. Hence, milk will keep sweet and contain less deleterious 
bacteria at 50° than at 60° to 90°, during any stated period of time. However, 
if milk is free from deleterious bacteria, souring would not affect its whole- 
someness. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Bacteria multiply more rapidly as the temperature of the milk increases. 
(Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

To the extent that it admits of the multiplication of the bacterial flora, which 
we believe to be detrimental. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Souring. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 



General. 



Question 1. — To lohat extent in your judgment is millc a factor in diphtheria, 
typhoid fever, scarlet fever, and tuberculosis infection. 

ANSWEES. 

Some very striking information and charts showing the extent to which milk 
Is a factor in the spread of typhoid fever, scarlet fever, and diphtheria are pre- 
sented by Dr. John W. Trask in Bulletin 56 of the Hygienic Laboratory, Public 
Health and Marine-Hospital Service, Treasury Department, beginning at page 
25. With regard to tuberculosis, Dr. William H. Park of the research labora- 
tory of the New York City health department examined over 400 cases of 
tuberculosis in persons of various ages. Among children under 5 years of age, 
he found that 26 per cent of the cases examined were due to a bovine source as 
indicated by the bacilli. In children between 5 and 16 years of age, 17 per 
cent of the cases were due to a bovine source. Above 16 years of age he found 
very few cases indicating a bovine source. The percentage of all cases indi- 
cating a bovine source, irrespective of age, was 7.22. (Chief Bureau of Animal 
Industry.) 

Infected milk is an agency of considerable importance in transmitting typhoid 
fever and the tuberculosis of childhood, and is also undoubtedly at times an 



200 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

agency in the spread of scarlet fever and diphtheria. (Surgeon General U. S. 
Army. ) 

There seems to be suflScient evidence of the fact that all these diseases may be 
transmitted through milk — extent unknown. Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

To a very great extent. The influence of milk in the transmission of typhoid 
fever, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and tuberculosis is plainly set forth in Hy- 
gienic Laboratory Bulletins Nos. 35, 44, 52, and 65. (Surgeon General Public 
Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

In order or importance, I place these diseases in the following order : Typhoid 
fever, tuberculosis (in children), scarlet fever, diphtheria. (Dr. William H. 
Park, New York, N. Y.) 

The Marine-Hospital Service has published statistics on these points. It is 
my judgment that milk is a larger factor in producing these diseases than is at 
present known. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Causes many epidemics of typhoid, scarlet fever, and diphtheria. Tubercu- 
losis : About one-third of the cases under 15 years of age examined are of 
bovine, probably of milk, origin. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Conditions vary. There is no doubt that many epidemics have been caused 
through milk. Tuberculosis is frequently caused in children. In New York 
300 children die each year from milk infection. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madi- 
son, Wis.) 

Can not be stated quantitatively, but it is an important factor in all four 
diseases. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

Very potent factor in typhoid and scarlet fever particularly, (Health officer 
Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

In Atlanta we have occasional outbreaks in some neighborhoods which can 
be traced to some dairy. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

It is considerably difficult to estimate, but in typhoid fever it is a considerable 
factor. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

Milk is regarded as an excellent culture medium for any of these disease 
germs, but we have no statistics at hand to indicate the amount of infection 
carried in this manner. No person suffering with any one of these diseases 
should be allowed to have any connection with the production and the handling 
of milk. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

It is a very important means of disseminating them. (Health officer Bis- 
marck, N. Dak.) 

It may be and sometimes is a dangerous medium for the transmission of 
infectious disease. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

The proportion of these diseases transmitted by milk is considerable, the per- 
centage depending upon a host of factors, as inspection, amount of milk pas- 
teurized in any given community. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

In direct ratio to the prevalence of these diseases among those who handle 
it. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Only when diphtheria, scarlet fever, or typhoid fever prevails on the premises 
where the milk is produced, does it occasionally become a factor in the spread 
of these diseases, but wherever the milk of tuberculous herds is used there is 
danger of tuberculosis. (State board of health, Florida.) 

I do not believe milk epidemics play a very important part, but it deserves 
close watching. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

A producer of epidemics if brought in contact with infected persons. (Health 
officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

An important factor and should be closely watched. (Health officer Lynch- 
burg, Va.) 

Many epidemics of the first three diseases have been traced to milk. Ex- 
periments show that about 10 per cent of all tuberculosis deaths under 5 years 
of age are of bovine origin. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

Certainly carriers. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

To a considerable extent (Health officer Providence, E. I.) 

In the past three and one-half years we have had efficient control over milk, 
and also thorough medical inspection of every case of these diseases. During 
that time we have had seven cases of diphtheria due to milk, and no other 
diseases above mentioned at all. The tuberculosis question is still " sub judice." 
(Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Considerable. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

It is a factor in each disease ; unimportant, in my opinion, in diphtheria and 
scarlet fever; very important in typhoid fever and tuberculosia (Health 
officer Seattle, Wash.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OP COLUMBIA. 201 

Witliout a doubt a great factor. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Not much; excepting occasionally in typhoid. Very great in case of tuber- 
culosis. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

It has been shown in many instances to have been the cause of epidemics of 
above-mentioned diseases. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Not a scientist; but believe this cause of disease is overestimated. (John 
Thomas, Ednor, Md., president Milk Producers' Association.) 

Very remote; unless some one is filthy enough to put slops from a eick room 
into milk bottles and refill them with milk without properly washing. ( Sharon 
Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

In the case of the better class of dealers in milk, and with the educational 
work done on the part of these dealers to bring the producer up to the point of 
recognizing what his duty is, and also impressing on him the necessity of the 
exercise of the utmost care and cleanliness in caring for milk, it has almost 
been eliminated entirely as a factor in infectious diseases, and where physicians 
comply strictly with the rules of the board of health and report all suspicious 
cases, it is absolutely eliminated, and larger dealers and all responsible dealers 
do not furnish for consumption any milk which has been handled in any way 
by any person having any disease which has been reported by the physician in 
charge as being " suspicious." (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

Any reply to these not based on statistics covering a long period would be of 
little value. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Can not say definitely. (Dr. V. O. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Variable ; the known facts, however, prove that it is a considerable factor, a 
very important one. (Dr. S. 0. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Considerable extent. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

I believe that milk is a decided factor in the diseases mentioned, esppcially 
amongst children and grown people ; also, in the case of typhoid fever ; many 
epidemics of typhoid and scarlet fever have been traced to the milk supply. 
(J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. O.) 

Have not as yet traced any infection to milk. (Health officer San Francisco, 
Cal.) 

Where bottles are not properly sterilized, and where they are allowed to be 
'refilled on the wagons, milk becomes a very important factor in the spread of 
disease, and raw milk from cows not tuberculin tested is undoubtedly dan- 
gerous. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

To a very considerable extent. Tuberculosis directly, the other diseases indi- 
rectly. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Investigations in your own city offer the best evidence as to typhoid fever, 
and Dr. Park's figures the best evidence as to tuberculous infection, and it is 
well known that many epidemics of scarlet fever and diphtheria have been 
traced to milk. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Slight extent, considering quarantine. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 2. — To what extent, in your judgment, will this infection he diminished 
iy the enforcement of the tuberculin test? 

ANSWERS. 

The tuberculin test, followed by the removal of the reactinr ^ows, would elimi- 
nate only the infection of tuberculosis, and would not prevent other kinds of 
infection. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

It would greatly diminish the occurrence of tuberculosis of the bovine type In 
children. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

The test will diminish tuberculosis, but can have no influence whatever on 
other diseases. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

The tuberculin test, if properly practiced, will practically eliminate the dan- 
gers of milk-borne infection of tuberculosis. It will have no effect in diminish- 
ing the danger of the other diseases mentioned. (Surgeon General Public 
Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

Rigidly enforced for cows before entering herd, and twice a year in herd, 
with removal of all reacting and partially reacting cows, it would eliminate or 
almost eliminate with bovine bacilli, which causes 30 per cent of total tuber- 
culosis in New York City infants. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N, Y.) 

Only to the extent that tuberculosis is now disseminated by market milk; 
about 25 per cent of tuberculosis occurring in children. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, 
Newark, N. J.) 



202 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

It should eliminate a third of the cases under 15 years of age. (Dr. R. G. 

Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Proper enforcement will entirely prevent tuberculosis infection. (Dr. M. P. 
Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

Tuberculosis infection from milk can be largely controlled by tuberculin test- 
ing. (Dr. C. E, A, Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

None. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Our investigations up to the present time Indicate that the amount of tuber- 
culosis spread by milk is very slight. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

To whatever extent tuberculosis is due to the milk. The enforcement of the 
tuberculin test, as I understand it to be carried out, would lessen the amount of 
the disease. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

To the extent of the possibility of infection of bovine tuberculosis. (Health 
officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

To a great extent with reference to tuberculosis. (Health officer Bismarck, 
N. Dak.) 

To the degree of preventing tuberculosis. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

The general enforcement of the tuberculin test is out of the question for any 
large city under present conditions. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Tuberculosis will be lowered. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Only to the extent that tuberculosis herds are the means of spreading the 
infection, and that varies a good deal. In Florida there is relatively little 
tuberculosis among dairy cattle as compared with the herds North. (State 
board of health, Florida.) 

It should reduce intestinal tuberculosis. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Bovine tuberculosis is, in our judgment, communicable, and a test would have 
a tendency to diminish. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Tuberculin test could not affect diphtheria, typhoid and scarlet fever. 
(Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

The tuberculosis danger entirely. The others not at all. (Health officer 
Montclair, N. J.) 

Relieve the tuberculosis condition. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Much. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

This would, of course, affect only tuberculosis, and would, it is believed, have 
decided influence on tuberculosis in infants and children, provided, of course, 
that the tuberculin reacting animals — all of them — were removed from the 
herds. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Very considerably. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

So far as bovine tuberculosis is concerned, it would cease ; infection from the 
milkers might continue. Of course, I am going on the supposition that the 
diseased cattle are destroyed. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Only affecting tuberculosis. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

I believe that most of human pulmonary tuberculosis is gained from the use 
of milk from tuberculous herds of cows. This would be very greatly diminished 
by the enforcement of tuberculin test in a rational, systematic, scientific way. 
(Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

The tuberculin test may impress upon the farmer the need of care in handling 
milk, but it will not remove the possibility of infection from those diseases. 
(Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Very little, if a vigorous physical test is maintained. (John Thomas, EdBor, 
Md., president Milk Producers' Association.) 

None. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

Not a particle. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

Any reply to these not based on statistics covering a long period would be of 
little value. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Can not say. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

I should expect some diminution in tuberculosis of the intestines in young 
children. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

It will finally eliminate all the tuberculosis infection. (Health officer Los 
Angeles, Cal.) 

The tuberculin test will diminish tuberculosis if the test is carried out year 
after year, or periodically. New animals should be tested before going into 
the herd. The calves should be vaccinated. Many certified milk herds shrink 
10 per cent to 15 per cent reaction every six months. (J. M. Houston, White 
Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

With tuberculosis to a considerable extent. (Health officer San Francisco, 
Cal.) 



THE MIIiK SITUATION IN THE DISTKICT OP COLUMBIA. 203 

The enforcement of the tuberculin test under proper conditions will un- 
doubtedly greatly reduce danger of infection from tuberculosis, (Health officer 
St. Joseph, Mo.) 

The tuberculin test if enforced will undoubtedly decrease intestinal tubercu- 
losis among children. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

On the basis of Dr. Park's figures, which we incline to believe are low, about 
20 per cent of the tuberculous infections of early life would be eliminated. 
(Dr. Samuel M, Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Very slight. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 3. — To what extent, in your judgment, would this infection 1)6 de- 
creased hy compulsory pasteurizationf 

ANSWEES. • 

Efficient compulsory pasteurization would greatly reduce the danger of all 
kinds of infection. It would practically destroy such infections up to the time 
of pasteurization, and the danger of contamination afterwards is very slight. 
(Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

It would prevent the transfer of these infections from the farm to the city. 
(Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

Pasteurization under the influence of a temperature of 60° C. for 20 minutes 
will destroy all germs except spore bearers. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Compulsory pasteurization, if properly practiced, will liill the infections of 
tuberculosis, typhoid fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, and other infections some- 
times contained in milli. ( Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital 
Service. ) 

This would eliminate all danger of bovine infection. (Dr. William H. Park, 
New Tork, N. T.) 

It would be entirely obviated by efficient pasteurization, but no statistics are 
available to prove this point. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

That would depend on the sterility of the milk after pasteurization. (Dr. 
R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Proper enforcement would entirely prevent all infection. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, 
Madison, Wis.) 

Infection from all four diseases could, of course, be prevented by pasteuriza- 
tion, absolutely, if milk were kept clean after treatment. (Dr. C. E. A. 
Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

Considerably. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Good milk does not need pasteurization. For a city of this size we have 
found pasteurization harmful rather than beneficial. (Health officer Atlanta, 
Ga.) 

As far as the communication of bovine tuberculosis is concerned proper 
pasteurization will eliminate it. It does not prevent subsequent infection with 
human tuberculosis. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

All of these disease germs should be destroyed by thorough pasteurization. 
If this be true the infection from any of these disease germs should be pre- 
vented. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

It would have some. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

AU milk-borne disease can be prevented by efficient pasteurization. (Health 
officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

That depends upon enforced regulation. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

If the infection gets in before pasteurization, it is destroyed; if after, it is 
not. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

To the same extent that it would by the tuberculin test, less the liability of 
those working with tuberculous cattle to become infected. (State board of 
health, Florida.) 

To a great extent, if the pasteurization is ideal. (Health officer Jackson- 
ville, Fla.) 

Sterilization of milk would have a tendency to diminish, if proper steps are 
taken. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Would cut out most of the foregoing, but other dangers equally as great 
might result. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Would be practically eliminated for all these diseases if pasteurization were 
properly done, as the men at the plant would be the only ones who could pos- 
sibly infect the milk. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

Prevent transmission of diseases. (Health officer Portland, Greg.) 



204 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Much. (Heal til officer Providence, R. I.) 

To the fullest extent if properly done. But while it would lessen these 
infections we have no right to look at the question simply from that standpoint. 
Pasteurization may do great harm in other directions. (Health officer Rich- 
mond, Va. ) 

I don't know what is meant by pasteurization. As practiced here it is only 
used to preserve dirty milk. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

If it were possible to properly pasteurize all milk all danger of infection 
from tuberculosis would cease so far as the bovine form is concerned. (Health 
officer Seattle, Wash.) 

If properly used it ought to be successful. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Greatly, if pasteurization properly conducted. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

By proper pasteurization it could be practically eliminated if put at once in 
sealed sterile containers. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

None, but to the contrary would be increased. (Sharon Dairy, District of 
Columbia.) 

This is purely problematical and depends entirely on how thorough the 
pasteurizing is done. As pasteurization would have to be most thorough in 
order to affect it in any way, this would again bring up the question as to the 
relative values between a good, clean, raw milk and a milk which had been 
heated, particularly when this was kept up as a steady diet covering a period 
of time. (Borden's Condensed Milk. Co., New York, N. Y.) 

Any reply to these not based on statistics covering a long period would be of 
little value. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Can not say. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

If real pasteurization, somewhat ; if commercial pasteurization, hardly at all. 
(Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Would be eliminated. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Properly pasteurized milk would decrease the infection, and it is more 
practical at present than tuberculin-tested milk unless the testing is kept up 
periodically. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

With tuberculosis to a considerable extent. (Health officer San Francisco, 
Cal.) 

This would depend upon the methods required. If the pasteurizing be done 
by individual dairies or depots and not under the direct supervision of the 
authorities, very uncertain results would be obtained. (Health officer St. 
Joseph, Mo.) 

Very slightly. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

The notoriously uncertain results of commercial pasteurization render an 
answer to this question impossible. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadel- 
phia, Pa.) 

Very slight. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 4. — To what extent is this infection vnfluenced by the prescribed con- 
ditions of cleanliness on a farm and in the handling and the distribution of 

millcf 

ANSWEBS. 

While cleanliness will greatly reduce the danger of infection with such dis- 
eases, it will not entirely remove such danger, as the germs of disease might 
be conveyed by cleanly persons, especially by persons termed " bacillus car- 
riers " or "walking cases" of disease. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

If the prescribed conditions are accurately enforced, the spread of tubercu- 
losis in cattle is somewhat, and the transfer of the human infections to the 
milk is much, diminished. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

The prescribed conditions of cleanliness, while minimizing the infection, would 
not entirely prevent it. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Cleanliness in production and handling of milk will reduce the danger of in- 
fectious diseases, but the milk must be handled by healthy persons and come 
from noninfected cows. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hos- 
pital Service.) 

Considerably lessened. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

Infection is entirely obviated, providing the tuberculin test is reliable. Other 
infectious diseases are impossible through milk with proper medical supervision 
of the dairy hygiene, as seen in the production of certified milk by a medical 
commission. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 205 

To a very great extent. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Can not give estimate, but it is an important factor. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, 
Madison, Wis.) 

Infection is reduced by tliese precautions, but can not be prevented except by 
pasteurization. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

Theoretically could be entirely controlled. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Cleanliness in handling milk and proper cooling of same appears to be a safe- 
guard against infection. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

Depends upon whether tuberculosis is present on farm. (Health officer Bal- 
timore, Md.) 

Largely eliminated. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

To a great extent. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

To a great degree; perhaps 50 per cent of milk-borne epidemics can be pre- 
vented by efficient sanitary inspection. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Very great deal. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

It is barred if the prescribed conditions are enforced. (Health officer Detroit, 
Mich.) 

The determining factor in the case of tuberculosis is its presence in the herd — 
not the method of management. It comes from the feces, which dry and are 
blown about by the wind. ( State board of health, Florida. ) 

To the greatest possible extent. It is a matter of education ; and, secondly, 
of careful supervision and prosecution. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Absolute cleanliness must be observed. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

An enormous extent. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Greatly diminished. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

The key to the situation rests with the handling. (Health officer Portland, 
Oreg.) 

It is very expensive to always see that rules are being carried out. (Health 
officer Providence, R. I.) 

It is almost completely done away with if inspections are thorough. Even 
tuberculosis is decidedly affected, as manure (a common component of dirty 
milk) is the main vehicle by which the bacilli get into milk. (Health officer 
Richmond, Va.) 

Not very much. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

We believe that milk contaminated by the urine or fecal matter of the cow 
is extremely dangerous. The milker himself may infect milk, therefore the 
conditions of the farm and the handling of milk are of vast importance. 
(Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

It should thoroughly control. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Very greatly, if sanitary requirements properly enforced by competent in- 
spection. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Very largely, but extremely difficult of enforcement and the danger reap- 
pears with any slip up. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Largely. It is to cleanliness that we must look for better conditions to 
obtain in the milk supply. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

As it would be impossible for infection to creep in if all the prescribed con- 
ditions for cleanliness, handling, and distribution were rigidly adhered to, it 
would seem as if infection was influenced entirely by these points. (Borden's 
Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

Comparatively little, except indirectly through education. (Walker-Gordon 
Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Largely. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

I feel sure that it is greatly influenced in this way. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, 
Boston, Mass.) 

All eliminated except tuberculosis. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

It is influenced almost entirely by conditions of cleanliness and in the 
handling and th6 distribution. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Wash- 
ington, D. C.) 

Cleanliness would eliminate all but tuberculosis. (Health officer San Fran- 
cisco, Cal.) 

In my judgment, the contagious disease infection would be very much 
reduced. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Very large extent. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Assuming that you refer to tuberculosis, we would say that there would 
be no reduction except in so far as it might eliminate tuberculous individuals 
from the handling of the milk. To some extent also by protecting the milk 



206 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

from contamination by fecal matter. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadel- 
phia, Pa.) 

There you have the sequel — it is all in the first care of milk and cleanliness. 
(Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 5. — What effect, in your judgment, will insistence upon the tuber- 
culin test, pasteurisation, the 'bacterial count, the maintenance of a tempera- 
ture not exceeding 50° F., and requirements as to stabling and cleanliness in 
the production of milk, have upon the retail price of milkf 



The question is primarily one of human health and life, and necessary 
precautions should not be omitted simply because they would increase the 
price of milk. It is believed, however, that such requirements would not 
greatly increase the cost. In the city of Washington milk which practically 
conforms to these requirements is already being sold at only 1 cent a quart 
over the price of other milk, and the dealers appear to be making a com- 
mercial success of this business. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

A good article is usually somewhat more expensive than a poor one. (Sur- 
geon General U. S. Army.) 

It is bound to increase the retail price. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Insistence on the requirements mentioned will increase the cost of produc- 
tion and delivery of milk, but the reduction of morbidity will in the end 
be an economic saving to the community. (Surgeon General Public Health 
and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

The tuberculin test would cause the loss of about 15 per cent of the cattle. 
The other changes would add one-half to 1 cent to each quart for ordinary 
city milk. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

An increase of 25 per cent. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

It might raise the price 1 or 2 cents. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Might cause temporary increase in cost, but would not be great. (Dr. 
M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

It probably will increase it; it ought to increase it. Present prices are too 
low for safety and thus for economy. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

The enforcement of the tuberculin test would not increase the price of land, 
the price of foodstuffs, the price of stable accommodations, the price of labor, 
the cost of transportation, or the cost of distribution. It would increase for 
a while a single item, to wit, the cost of cattle. For purposes of illustration 
assume that a farmer has a herd of 100 cattle, worth $75 each, making the 
total value of his cattle $7,500. Interest on this capital at 5 per cent per annum 
is equivalent to $375. Assume now that the 'tuberculin test is applied. Twenty 
per cent of herd react and are killed, and 20 new cows are introduced, tuberculin 
tested, costing $100 apiece, or 33J per cent more than the value of the original 
herd before testing. If we disregard the increased value of the herd that has 
stood the test that arises out of the fact that it has done so, the A'alue of the 
herd will then be as follows : Eighty cattle, at $75 each, equivalent to $6,000 ; 
20 cattle, at $100, equivalent to $2,000 ; total value of herd, $8,000. The interest 
on this capital at 5 per cent per annum is equivalent to $400. Between the 
interest in the capital invested on the untested herd and the interest on the capi- 
tal invested in the tested herd the difference amounts, therefore, to but $25 per 
annum. This amount is distributed over the entire output of a herd of 100 cows 
for 12 months. It represents the increased cost to the producer of producing 
milk from tuberculin-tested cattle. This amount would probably be materially 
reduced, if not altogether eliminated, by the increased period of usefulness of 
the tuberculosis-free cattle as compared with those infected with the disease 
otherwise in the herd. 

"Viewing the matter in the light most favorable to the producer, the increased 
cost of producing milk from tuberculin-tested cows should not amount to more 
than a small fraction of a cent per gallon. Taking the herd of 100 cows, 
untested, with $75 per cow, the gross value of the herd would be $7,500. Kill 
20 per cent of these cows on account of tuberculosis, without remuneration of 
any kind to the f^^mer, and appraise the remaining 80 animals as still worth 
as much as the entire herd, $7,500. Replace the 20 animals that have been 
destroyed by 20 tuberculin-tested cows, costing $100 per cow, or $2,000. The 
value of the 100 tuberculin-tested cows would then be $9,500. Five per cent on 
this investment would amount to $475 per annum, or just $100 per annum more 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 207 

than the interest charged on the untested herd. If, then, we presume that the 
average production for each animal in the entire herd is but li gallons per day, 
the production of the herd for the entire year will be 36,500, and the increased 
cost per gallon, representing the interest charges on the increased cost of the 
herd, would amount to one-fifth of 1 cent. Of course if a larger percentage of 
the herd reacted, the net increase in the cost of production would be increased, 
but it does not appear likely that there will be any material increase. In view 
of the experience with respect to the testing of cattle in the District, however, 
it would appear that the figure taken for condemnation, 20 per cent, was 
extremely liberal. (Health officer District of Columbia,). 

It must increase. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Positive cleanliness, cooling below 50°, and maintaining this temperature has 
been adopted by several dairymen in Atlanta of their own accord without 
increasing the price. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

This is hard to answer, but I believe that the present price of 9 and 10 cents 
should not be affected by such requirements. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

It will increase the cost of production ; being greater it is natural that the 
price should also increase. Milk produced under these restrictions is worth 
more, and the consumer should be willing to pay for same. (Health officer 
Birmingham, Ala.) 

It will increase the price considerably. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Probably none, but would tend to centralize the business in the hands of 
larger dealers. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Must go up. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

One or two cents per quart retail. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

It will increase it, and milk so produced is worth an increase in price. 
(Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

None whatever, notwithstanding reports to contrary by dealers. (Health 
officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

A first-class milk should be sold at 10 cents per quart in most places, only 
unusual conditions will put it much less. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Increase of a cent or two per quart. In any trade a good article brings 
more than a poor one. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

None, or practically none. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

At first make little higher, but cost would be less as supply would be in- 
creased, as much milk is not salable. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

These will, and should, have a decided effect. One expects to pay more for 
wholesome, clean milk than for dirty, dangerous milk. (Health officer Rich- 
mond, Va.) 

Except pasteurization. It has had none here; it ought to have none any- 
where. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y. ) 

If the law were enforced to the letter, and if milk condenseries and cream- 
eries had to observe substantially the same law, milk would not increase in 
price. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Will bring a fair price to producers. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Little, if any. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Raise the price. At present pasteurization of all milk except that of a given 
high standard seems the only method of putting a safe milk within reach of 
ordinary people. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Probably 50 per cent raise. (John Thomas, Ednor, Md., president Milk 
Producers' Association. ) 

They will all tend to increase the price. Tuberculin test, compulsory pas- 
teurization, and the bacterial count should not be attempted. Stabling and 
cleanliness should be rigidly enforced. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

It would necessarily increase the retail price of milk, and probably would 
affect it to a considerable degree. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New 
York, N. Y.) 

It would justify a material increase in the retail price of milk. (Walker- 
Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Increase it. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Increase it, probably 3 to 5 cents per quart if all are required. (Dr. S. C. 
Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Will temporarily, at least, increase the price. (Health officer Los Angeles, 
Cal.) 

I believe that the retail price would not have to be changed, unless the re- 
quirements were too rigid. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washing- 
ton, D. C.) 



208 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Certified milk, as above, is 100 per cent dearer. (Health officer San Fran- 
cisco, Cal.) 

Where milk is being sold at a reasonable price it would undoubtedly raise 
the price of milk from 10 to 20 per cent. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

It may increase the price. At present the producer does not get enough 
profit; the city dealer in most cities does. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

To increase its price to 9 or 10 cents, unless there should be municipal con- 
trol of the production. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Fifty per cent advance above present prices. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 6. — Will the insistence upon these requirements result in a temporary 
or permanent millc f amine f 



These requirements, if gradually introduced, will not result in a milk famine. 
If suddenly and injudiciously enforced, however, they would probably cause 
a temporary shortage in the milk supply. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

I do not know. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

No means for determining this question. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

In my opinion, it will not. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine- 
Hospital Service.) 

It would be impossible to carry out the tuberculin test properly on all farms 
in a less period than one year. The insistence on ice would require a winter 
to intervene. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

No; they are judiciously applied. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

All reforms of this sort should be introduced gradually, in which case there 
would be no milk famine. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

No. Time should be allowed for farmers to adjust themselves to new con- 
ditions. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

It has not elsewhere. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

If the test be applied within a day or a week, and were so applied, a milk 
famine would undoubtedly result. If the application of the tests in the first 
Instance were spread over a reasonable length of time, no famine would 
result. Under ordinary conditions, the routine applications of the test would 
not diminish the milk supply. (Health officer District of Columbia.) 

No. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

In Atlanta we can not see how this will affect the supply, as we are now 
insisting upon these requirements. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

Probably would. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

No. Not permanently; however, it might have this influence temporarily. 
(Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Permanent. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Not if carried out within a reasonable period, say two years. (Health officer 
Cleveland Ohio.) 

Neither, if brought about gradually. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Not necessarily. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

If they result in milk famine at all, it will be of the most transitory char- 
acter. (State bonrd of health, Florida.) 

Not if enforced slowly and with judgment. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

No. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Should be gradually introduced. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Temporary, if enforced at once. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

In our experience, none. But the middleman tried to increase the price 
to consumer. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

No. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Not if wisely carried out. The work should be progressive; not everything 
perfect at once. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

No ; the threat has been made to make a milk famine every time we have 
enforced a new rule, but none has occurred. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

Neither one; if the people are all treated alike. This, of course, would 
include the opportunity of selling liquid manure to the condensers. (Health 
officer Seattle, Wash.) 

No. Will increase the use of milk and so increase the demand. (Health 
officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Yes; if immediate. But all changes or reforms in this respect should be 
accompanied with common sense and judgment. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 209 

Could not be done instantaneously without causing a famine. Chicago method 
seem^s most feasible. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

It would have that tendency. (John Thomas, Ednor, Md., president Milk 
Producers Association.) 

Partially so. To what extent is problematical. (Sharon Dairy, District of 
Columbia.) 

We think that the insistence upon all these requirements would result in 
more than a temporary milk famine, and, while of course it would not be 
probably permanent, it would extend over a considerable period of time ; this 
famine of course being entirely dependent upon what price the consumer was 
willing to pay. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

Yes; but for what length of time it is impossible to estimate. (Walker- 
Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

It would doubtless mean reduced production. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, 
Mass. ) 

If any famine, it will be slight and only temporary. (Health officer Los 
Angeles, Cal.) 

Insistence upon the testing of the cows may, too low a bacterial count may, 
but temperature and pasteurization will not cause a temporary milk famine. 
None will cause a permanent milk famine. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk 
Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Consumer could not afford milk. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

If famine resulted at all, it would only be a question of a short time until 
the supply would adjust itself to meet the demand. (Health officer St. Joseph, 
Mo.) 

I think not. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

No ; unless the producers and dealers combine to create it. The chance of 
such a famine would be lessened by requiring the same standards for milk 
used for making butter. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

It might. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

QtTESTioN 7. — To what extent would such insistence lead to the use of prepared 
milks and other substitutes for raw or pasteurised milJcf 



If the requirements were gradually introduced, they would probably make 
no difference in this respect. Sudden enforcement, however, might make it 
necessary for a limited time to use prepared milks. (Chief Bureau of Animal 
Industry. ) 

I do not know. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

The price will determine this. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

I am unable to say. ( Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital 
Service. ) 

There would be no reason to insist on tuberculin tests if milk were to be 
pasteurized. If done gradually, and if the increased cost were paid, there 
should be little substitution. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

To no extent; substitutes for raw milk have never been found satisfactory. 
(Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Probably not at all. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Can not answer. (Dr. M. P. Raven el, Madison, Wis.) 

Very slight. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

We have not seen any such results ; on the other hand, bad milk certainly 
leads to this. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

I do not know. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

Do not know. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

It would not tend to it. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Impossible to say. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Not very great, if any. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

None. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

I believe when the public are assured of clean milk, the demand for milk will 
increase greatly. (Health otEcer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

None. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Judicious inspection in Lynchburg has resulted in an extremely enlarged 
demand for milk. Almost three times as great. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-3 14 



210 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTKICT OF COLUMBIA. 

A proposiion of supply and demand with reference to price. (Health officer 
Portland, Oreg.) 

To no great extent, if public are not frightened by sensational articles. 
(Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Impossible to say; but even if this should result, still the sale of fresh milk 
will increase when the people know it is safe. Many will give up these substi- 
tutes, thus offsetting the other. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

I do not know. Do not believe to any extent. The milkman is afraid he 
would not get his trade again. (Health officer Rochester, N. T.) 

Many families in this city during the last two years are using cow's milk 
because they believe that it is now wholesome. At that time they were using 
canned milk in not a few cases. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Not at all. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Only so far as the price would be a consideration. The people much prefer 
the fresh article when they can get it. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Can't tell. Certainly it ought to be coupled with a campaign of education 
against use of such prepared foods for Infants. (Straus Laboratory, Washing- 
ton, D. C.) 

It would have a tendency to increase the sale. (Sharon Dairy, District of 
Columbia.) 

To a considerable degree. It is very hard to state as to just exactly what 
extent. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

I do not know. (Dr. V. 0. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Greatly. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Large quantities of sweetened and unsweetened condensed milks would be 
used. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. O.) 

It would undoubtedly cause at least a temporarily increased demand for such 
products. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

I do not know. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Probably increase it temporarily. Establish the same requirements for milk 
used in the manufacture of these products. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Phila- 
delphia, Pa.) ' 

Increase the manufacture and sale to about 50 per cent. (Health officer 
Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 8. — Are these prepared milTcs as nutritious <is raw or properly 

pasteurised milk? 

ANSWERS. 

This depends upon the character and method of preparation. Some prepared 
milks are not as nutritious as raw or properly pasteurized milk. (Chief Bureau 
of Animal Industry.) 

They are not as desirable for the feeding of infants. (Surgeon General 
U. S. Army.) 

No. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

This question involves consideration of each individual preparation. (Sur- 
geon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

Not prepared to answer. Believe they are poor permanent substitutes. (Dr. 
William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

Rating raw milk at 100, would place condensed milk at 20, and powdered 
milk at 10. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Probably they are. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Some are; many not; many almost worthless. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madi- 
son, Wis.) 

Substitutes are much more dangerous for infants than pasteurized milk. 
(Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

No. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

We prefer the raw milk or fresh milk. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

I think not. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

I would not consider them so. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

No. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

No. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

No. (Health ^cer Detroit, Mich.) 

I am convincea that they are not. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.)" 

No. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IIsT THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 211 

Not as good as raw; I had rather drink them than pasteurized. (Health 
officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

I think so, but not as palatable. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

They are not. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Probably, if the milk was originally right. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

They are usually so. I do not know what properly pasteurized milk means 
in a commercial sense. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

The most of them are not; they are harder to digest, are made out of inferior 
milk, impure in many instances, contain sugar in unnatural quantities and are 
not satisfactory as food for children, neither is the taste appetizing or agreeable. 
(Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

I don't know. I would be inclined to think not. (Health officer Topeka, 
Kans. ) 

No. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

I do not think so. There is more nutrition in raw milk than any of the 
above substitutes. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

" Prepared milk " of a recognized standard brand, manufactured and cared 
for under conditions existing in the high-grade factories is practically a con- 
centrated " properly pasteurized milk," and has all the nutritive qualities of 
such milk. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

According to the best authorities, no. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washing- 
ton, D. C.) 

No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Much variation. They are likely to be deficient in fats. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, 
Boston, Mass.) 

No. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

I think not. (Health officer St. Joseph Mo.) 

I have had little experience with prepared milks. (Health officer Wheeling, 
W. Va.) 

No. (Dr. Samuel McO. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

I don't think so. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 9. — How do prepared mWcs (including evaporated, condensed, and 
powdered) compare in price dy volume with raw or pasteurized milk? 

answers. 

Investigations made by the Boston Board of Health show that if condensed 
milk is diluted with only enough water to make milk of the Massachusetts 
standard, the cost exceeds the price of ordinary milk, and in some instances 
equals the price of inspected milk and in others exceeds the price of some brands 
of certified milk. The conclusion is drawn that condensed milk can not be 
employed economically where whole milk is procurable. (Chief Bureau of 
Animal Industry.) 

An answer to this question would require much space and labor ; but it can 
be easily found out with regard to any special preparation. (Surgeon General 
U. S. Army.) 

Prepared milks are cheaper. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Not prepared to answer. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N .Y.) 

No knowledge. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Not necessarily more expensive. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

We are not prepared to say. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.)l 

I do not know. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

Higher than the raw or pasteurized products (good brands). (Health officer 
Birmingham, Ala.) 

Higher. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Higher. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Not favorably. (Health officer Cohimbus, Ohio.) 

Slightly higher. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

They are very much cheaper and worth less. (Health officer Jacksonville, 
Fla.) 

Higher. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Raw milk in Lynchburg is used almost exclusively. Retail price, 10 cents 
per quart. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

That is a commercial question. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 



212 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

More expensive. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Much higher than raw milk at 10 cents a quart, the Richmond price. 
(Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

I do not know. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

I can not answer this question intelligently, since we have many prices on 
canned milk. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Unknown. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

About the same, maybe a little cheaper; say, a cent a quart. (Health 
officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Generally higher, I think. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

This depends entirely on the price; but on an average, when they are 
increased to equal volumes and containing the same amount of ratio of solids, 
their coiet is approximately the same, and in some cases lower. (Borden's 
Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

More costly. (Dr. V. 0. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

About the same as ordinary (not inspected) new milk or commercially pas- 
teurized milk. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Higher in price, but their advertising would lead you to believe otherwise. 
(J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Greater in price. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Unable to answer. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Cheaper by 30 per cent. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 10. — HoA^e you seen any evidence or indication of a milk trust or com- 
bine to control raw-milk production or ndlk supply of the District of Co- 
lumWa or elsewhere? 

ANSWEES. 

The department has no information as to such a trust or combine. The local 
milk dealers have an organization, but this is not regarded as a trust or com- 
bine in the usual sense of those terms. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

No. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

No. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

No. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

Not prepared to answer. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

I have not. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

A milk exchange in New York fixes the price paid to the producer. (Dr. R. G, 
Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Some indication of such a combination in Boston. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, 
New York, N. Y.) 

Such combines have been attempted. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

We have heard remarks to this effect, but it did not seem to materialize. 
(Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

I have not seen it in Baltimore. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

No. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Yes. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Not in Columbus, Ohio. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

No. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

We have no evidence at this point, though this answer does not apply to 
other localities. Milk here retails at 8 cents per quart. (Health officer Kansas 
City, Mo.) 

Don't know anything about it. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

An attempt in this city, but frowned down. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Not in Providence, R. I. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

I can answer only for Richmond. Two large concerns handle about 60 per 
cent of all milk on this market. I would not regard this at present as a trust. 
They have merely built up good business. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

No; but I have heard that the pasteurizers are controlled. (Health officer 
Rochester, N. Y.) 

We sent one gentleman to jail for two months for conspiring with others to 
raise the price of milk some two years since. We believe that the milk trust 
collapsed at that time. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

No. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

I have no such evidence. (John Thomas, Ednor, Md., president Milk Pro- 
ducers' Association.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 213 

I have seen an indication of a combine. (Sharon Dairy, District of Co- 
lumbia.) 

No. This would be an impossibility by reason of the economic conditions 
surrounding the production of milk, as each man producing milk is a unit in 
himself, and therefore must be reckoned with, and there is no way in which a 
combination could be effected to control either the production or supply, 
(Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

No. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

In Boston. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

One firm in Los Angeles does over 50 per cent of the business. (Health 
ofiicer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

No ; the remarks of some people in the public press in regard to that are 
ridiculous. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Attempt has been made in San Francisco; not successful. (Health officer 
San Francisco, Cal.) 

No. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

No. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

No. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Not at present. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 11. — Have you seen indications of a trust to control the production or 
distribution of prepared, condensed, concentrated, or other forms of milTc 
other than raw milk in the District of Colunibia or elsewhere? 

ANSWERS. 

One concern is believed to control a large part of the output of condensed 
milk, but the department is unable to give particulars. However, other brands 
of condensed milk are also found on the market. (Chief Bureau of Animal 
Industry.) 

No. (Surgeon General U. S, Army.) 

No. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

No. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

Not prepared to answer. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

There are several corporations organized for the production and sale of 
other forms of milk than raw milk. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

No. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

No. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Do not know of any. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

I have not noticed any. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

No. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Yes. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Not in Columbus, Ohio. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

No. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

No. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Do not know. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

No. There may be such combinations. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

No. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

No. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

No. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

I have no such evidence. (John Thomas, Ednor, Md., president Milk Pro- 
ducers Association.) 

No. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

No. This is equally true as relating to concentrated milk as in relation to 
fluid milk. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

No. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

No. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

No. I have been connected with concentrated milk companies for some years, 
and very close to other large companies in New York and elsewhere, and such 
a thing is impossible. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, 
D. 0.) 



214 THE MIIiK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

No. (Health ofBcer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

No. (Health officer Wheeling, W Va.) 

No. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

No. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 12. — Is it practicaMe, in your judgment, to maintain a temperature 
not exceeding 50° P. on delivery wagons f 

ANSWERS. 

Yes; with the possible exception of a few extremely warm summer days. 
(Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

I have not investigated this question. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

Certainly. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

Yes, if the outside cans are protected from exposure to the air by boards or 
canvas and a little ice is kept on the cans. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, 
Jf- Y.) 

It is, with the use of cracked ice. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Yes; only a matter of icing. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Possible, but not practicable. (Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.) 

Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Several of our dairymen in Atlanta have been doing this of their own accord 
during the summer. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

Yes, if started out at that temperature. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

From a commercial standpoint it is not entirely feasible for ordinary market 
milk at this time. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

No. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Yes. (State board of health, Florida.) 

Yes; and most desirable. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes. Wagons, if properly iced, can maintain temperature until delivered to 
consumer, but there the liability of deliverer ceases and consumer assumes 
responsibility. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Yes, if introduced very slowly. It is done by most of the wagons in Lynch- 
burg. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Yes. We require it in Montclair, and we fined one dealer for violation of the 
law. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

No. May be done, but in extreme hot weather very difficult. (Health officer 
Portland, Oreg.) 

Yes, if ice is used. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Absolutely, if the milk is at or below this temperature when it is put on the 
wagon. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

It is here. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

Yes, in this city, of cool summers. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Yes; but the ice bill will run up. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Not without ice. It might be possible to do five months in the year. ( Sharon 
Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

Yes. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

Not without ice in warm weather. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, 
D. C.) 

Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

It is possible. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Yes, by using plenty of cracked ice around the cases of bottles. (Health 
officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Yes. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

Where ice is used, yes. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Yes. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Yes; if bottle milk is sold only. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 216 
Question 13. — What is condensed millet 



Condensed milk (evaporated milk) is milk from wMch a considerable por- 
tion of water has been evaporated, and contains not less tban 28 per cent milk 
solids, of which not less than 27.5 per cent is milk fat. Sweetened condensed 
milk is milk from which a considerable portion of water has been evaporated 
and to which sugar (sucrose) has been added, and contains not less than 28 
per cent of milk solids, of which not less than 27.5 per cent is milk fat. 
(Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

Milk from which a part of the water has been removed by heating in a 
vacuum, with or without the addition of sugar. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

Condensed milk is milk to which was added one-eighth of its weight of cane 
sugar, was reduced to one-third of its volume by evaporation in vacuo, cooled, 
and put in hermetically sealed cans. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

In the United States, Borden's Eagle brand of condensed milk may be taken 
as a type which is said to be prepared by heating fresh cow's milk to 100° C. 
to destroy the bacteria and then evaporating the remaining milk in vacuo at 
a low temperature to a little less than one-fourth of its original volume. The 
finished product is usually preserved in tin cans after having added about 6 
ounces of cane sugar per pint. 

A sample of such milk, analyzed by Dr. E. E, Smith for Holt, showed the 
following composition : 

Per cent. 

Fat 6.94 

Proteins 8.43 

Sugar (cane, 40.44; milk, 10.25) 50.69 

Salts 1.39 

Water 31.30 

According to Bagenski, Sehweizermilch Condenserte, contains: 

Per cent. 

Butter 12. 0-13. 6 

Proteins 1 24. 2-28. 1 

Sugar : 

Milk 14. 0-18. 

Cane 24. 0-30. 

Salts 2. 1- 2. 6 

Water 18. 0-24. 4 

Whereas, according to Bagenski, normal cow's milk contains : 

Per cent. 

Butter 3.11 

Proteins 3.65 

Sugar (milk) 4. 54 

Salts 1.08 

Water 87.60 

(Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

Milk reduced in bulk by boiling at a high temperature and afterwards reduced 

to a proper consistency in a vacuum. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 
Milk evaporated in vacuum pans. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 
Milk preserved by addition of sugar and evaporation. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, 

New York, N. Y.) 
Depends on term. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Whole milk evaporated at low temperature. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 
MiHi from which a portion of water has been removed by evaporation. 

(Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 
Evaporated milk. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 
Whole or skimmed milk from which a portion of the water has been removed 

by evaporation. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Not germane. See Lusk on nutrition. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 
Milk from which a considerable portion of the water has been evaporated 

and to which sugar has been added. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Milk in which portion of watery contents has been evaporated. (Health 

officer Kansas City, Mo.) 



216 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Milk from which a large portion of water has been evaporated. It should 
have not less than 10 per cent fat, and be free from preservatives. Some 
brands have sugar added. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Watery element evaporated. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Used to be evaporated, skimmed milk to which 40 per cent cane sugar had 
been added. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Milk from which a large part of its water has been removed. Many brands 
have cane sugar added. Much condensed milk is made from skim milk. 
(Plealth officer Richmond. Va.) 

Milk which has been subject to artificial heat and by our ordinance shall 
contain not less than 25 per cent of milk solids, and 28 per cent of these solids 
shall be butter fat free from all preservatives, coloring matter, or foreign 
substances. This is the definition of condensed milk that we operate under. 
(Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Evaporation in a vacuum, with enormous quantity of sugar added. (Health 
officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Milk which has been reduced in bulk and consistency by the removal of con- 
siderable portion of its water by evaporation and should satisfy some standard 
of fat and nonfat solid content. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Raw milk with the water evaporated, and otherwise prepared. ( Sharon Dairy, 
District of Columbia.) 

Condensed milk is milk which has had part of its water removed, and to 
which cane sugar has been added. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, 
N. Y.) 

Condensed milk, with or without the addition of sugar. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, 
Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Whole or partially skimmed milk condensed in vacuo with addition of about 
40 per cent of cane sugar. The sugar prevents decompositions, as germs are 
not necessarily destroyed. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

See city ordinance, section 13. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Los Angeles. 
Cal.) 

Condensed milk is milk from which most of the water is evaporated under 
a vacuum. It may have sugar added to it in different quantities or not. If 
not, it is generally called evaporated milk. It is heated to very high tempera- 
tures above boiling point. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, 
D. C.) 

Evaporated and sterilized. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

What it is, and what it should be, are in some cases, very different. What 
It is in every instance is hard to answer. I think what it should be is simply 
milk from which most of the water has been evaporated at a temperature 
below 150° F. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Condensed milk is skim milk or milk enriched by the addition of cream and 
condensed to about one-third of its original bulk. It is sometimes prepared 
without added sugar,, most often with the addition of cane sugar, to act as 
a preservative. When diluted in the manner necessary for the feeding of 
infants, it is woefully deficient in fats (this applies to all varieties). It is 
more expensive than the market milks. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadel- 
phia, Pa.) 

Is milk from which a considerable portion of water has been evapora.ted. 
(Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 14. — Is it as nutritious as raiv milk? 



It is almost impossible to make a comparison between the nutritive value of 
condensed milk and ordinary milk, as the composition of the condensed milk 
varies, especially when sugar is added. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

No. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Condensed milk in the United States is usually low in fat content, and ex- 
cessively rich in sugar. If properly diluted, the best grades of condensed milk 
ought to contain the same nutriment as the original milk from which it was 
made, plus or minus whatever is added or removed when finally put up in 
packages. This, however, does not imply the same food value as the original 
milk. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 217 

It is not. Useful dilutions of it contain a much reduced percentage of fat 
and nutritive substance. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Yes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Not if used as directed on cans. (Dr. C. B. A. Wiuslow, New York, N. Y.) 

No. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

I do not know. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

It is probably as nutritious, but I do not think that it would be as palatable. 
(Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Have no observation on this point. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Not germane. See Lusk on Nutrition. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

No. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

No. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

No. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Don't think so. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Yes. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

No. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

It is as nutritious as the special raw milk from which it is made. (Health 
officer Richmond, Va.) 

No. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

I do not know. I would be inclined to think not. (Health officer Topeka, 
Kans. ) 

No. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

Used in the manner in which it is, it undoubtedly is as nutritious, or at least 
so nearly so as to be on a most debatable ground. (Borden's Condensed Milk 
Co., New York, N. Y.) 

No. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

It is not as well balanced a ration as raw milk. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, 
Mass.) 

Probably so. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

No. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

If prepared as above, it should be — i. e., water evaporated at temperature 
below 150° F. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

No; for reasons given. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Yes, (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 15. — Is it as susceptible to deterioration as raw milk? 



No ; condensed milk will keep much longer than raw or pasteurized milk, 
even after being opened. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

Not until again diluted. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

No. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Condensed milk either deteriorates or at times contains toxic substances, for 
children have been made very ill from using certain cans of a given brand. 
Such brands as contain a high percentage of sugar ought to keep much better 
than raw milk on account of the well-known preserving properties of sugar. 
(Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

It is not, because of its sugar and its complete sterilization. (Dr. Henry 
L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Not if, as usual, a considerable amount of cane sugar is added. (Dr. R. G. 
Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Not until diluted. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

No. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

I do not know. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

No; as it is usually preserved with sugar. (Health officer Birmingham, 
Ala.) 

Yes; after breaking the seal. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

No. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

No. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Yes ; if exposed. If sealed should keep indefinitely. (Health officer Detroit, 
Mich.) 



218 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

No. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes; if exposed. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

No. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

No. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

No; because if evaporated to proper density bacteria can't grow, as food 
can not be absorbed by them. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Not at all subject to deterioration if properly made and sealed. After open- 
ing it keeps much longer than fresh milk, until it is diluted. (Health officer 
Richmond, Va.) 

No; not usually. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Probably not. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Yes; but not as rapidly. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

More so, unless kept in hermetically sealed cans. (Sharon Dairy, District 
of Columbia.) 

The sugar acting as a preservative, it is susceptible to practically no deteriora- 
tion whatever. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

No. (Dr. v. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

After dilution; yes. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

No; if sterilized and hermetically sealed. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Yes ; the evaporated without sugar will spoil upon exposure to the air as 
soon as good raw milk. The sugar-condensed milk will not. When kept tightly 
sealed they both keep indefinitely. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., 
Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

It is not as susceptible to lactic acid fermentation, but other changes upon 
exposure to the atmosphere would probably take place similar to those under- 
gone by pasteurized milk. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Unless properly cared for ; yes. It is also liable to undergo decomposition in 
the cans. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

No. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 16. — Is it as susceptible to deterioration as pasteurized millet 



No ; condensed milk will keep much longer than raw or pasteurized milk, even 
after being opened. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

Not unless diluted. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

No. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

No; for the same reason. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

No. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Not until diluted. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

No. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Do not think so. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Yes. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

No. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Yes; if exposed. If unsealed, ought to keep indefinitely. (Health officer 
Detroit, Mich. ) 

No. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes; if exposed. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

No. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

No. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Yes ; if diluted as direction on the cans require to make milk. (Health officer 
Providence, R. I.) 

By no means. (Not at all subject to deterioration if properly made and 
sealed. After opening, it keeps much longer than fresh milk — until it is 
diluted. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

No. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Probably not. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Yes; but not as rapidly. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

I am not prepared to say. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

Not nearly. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Not quite, I should say, because of the inhibiting effect of sugar. (Dr. S. O. 
Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN" THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 219 

Yes; for the reasons mentioned above. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk 
Co., Washington, D. 0.) 

No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

Probably not when in a thick or semisolid form. (Health officer St. Joseph, 
Mo.) 

Unless properly cared for ; yes. It is also liable to undergo decomposition in 
the cans. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

No. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 17. — What are the advantages of concentrated millcf 



Concentrated milk has less bulk and can be transported more easily and 
cheaply, and perhaps has also some advantage in keeping qualities. (Chief 
Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

Diminished weight and bulk, and better keeping qualities. (Surgeon Gen- 
eral U. S. Army.) 

Convenience and its price (?). (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

There are none. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Diminished bulk, and keeping qualities. (Dr. E.. G. Freeman, New York, 
N. Y.) 

Ease and safety of handling and preserving. (Health officer Ann Arbor, 
Mich.) 

For shipping purposes the bulk is very much reduced. (Health officer Bir- 
mingham, Ala.) 

Very convenient to carry and to use. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

A big saving can be made in transportation expenses. (Health officer Cleve- 
land, Ohio.) 

Easy of transportation and does not deteriorate so easily. (Health officer 
Columbus, Ohio.) 

Lessening of bulk. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Cheapness and safety when clean milk is not available. (Health officer 
Jacksonville, Fla. ) 

Convenience only. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

When market milk is under suspicion, concentrated or condensed milk is used 
as substitute. Not equal to good raw milk. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Transportation. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Keeps in hot climates. (Health officer Providence, R. L) 

(1) Useful where good fresh milk can not be had; (2) useful for coffee when 
cream can not be had; (3) occasionally a baby will thrive better on it than on 
fresh milk. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Small bulk ; long-keeping quality ; can be had where fresh milk is not possi- 
ble. Of course, I recognize condensed milk as a very valuable article of food, 
but I am comparing the advantages with raw milk. (Health officer Seattle, 
Wash.) 

Makes a good winter product when price of raw milk is higher. Keeps 
longer. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

For shipments into distant lands where it is not possible to get raw milk 
and for use on steamers at sea. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

The advantages of concentrated milk are its keeping qualities and the fact 
that it can be stored in much less space, and permits of any degree of dilution 
desired. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

Long transportation. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Portability, long-keeping quality at low temperature and without dilution. 
(Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Keeping qualities and small bulk. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Concentrated milk is kept at 140° for 3 hours. This will kill almost, if not 
all, disease germs that exist, because of the air blast passing through the milk. 
It is claimed to be slightly more digestible than raw and twice as digestible 
as condensed milk; economy of space; keep for some days; can be used as 
cream; no waste; can be shipped long distances; cost of handling less. (J. M. 
Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Only in certain cases of infant feeding and where one can not get fresh milk. 
(Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

Convenience in transportation and storing, and its permanent character 
before opening the package for use. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Useful m traveling. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Its keeping qualities. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 



220 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 
Question 18. — Is modified milk as mitritious as raw milk? 

ANSWERS. 

Modified milk is prepared according to medical prescriptions for special use. 
While it usually contains less nutriment than ordinary cows' milk, it is sup- 
posed to be more easily digested and assimilated by the individuals for whom 
it is intended. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

It depends upon the formula of modification. (Surgeon General V. S. Army.) 

Depends on the individual and the nature of the modification. (Surgeon 
General U. S. Navy.) 

Modified milk is intended for babies, and its value in a particular case must 
be decided by the physician who prescribes it. The fact that it may not con- 
tain the food value of unmodified milk does not mean that it is less nutritious 
for the infant who uses it. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hos- 
pital Service.) 

Yes, and more, because it is milk adjusted to the individual needs of the 
patient. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Not if diluted. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

For babies, yes; for adults, no. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

Proportionately, yes ; all depending on interpretation of " modified milk." 
(Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

If conditions demand it. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

Modified milk is prepared by the Walker-Gordon Laboratory Co.. on pre- 
scriptions from physicians to supply the necessary diet for individual infants 
or small children. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Depends entirely upon the character and degree of modification. (Health 
officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Nutriment values differ, but modification is for a definite purpose. (Health 
officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Depending on circumstances. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Yes, when modified to suit age and conditions. (Health officer Jacksonville, 
Fla.) 

No. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Modified milk may be raw milk ; ought to be. (Health officer Lynchburg, Ya.) 

What do you consider modified milk? We modify milk for infant feeding. 
(Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Yes. (Health officer Providence. R. I.) 

It is not intended to be, volume for volume, as modification always involves 
addition of some water. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Not when conditions are normal all around. It may be more nutritious un- 
der certain conditions of ill health. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

If properly modified. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Yes, if containing all the proteids. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Yes, and more so, for it is an attempt to reproduce mothers' milk as closely 
as possible, and is changed to suit the varying ages and strength of babies. 
(Straus Laboratory, Washington. D. C.) 

Much depends on what it is modified with. (Sharon Dairy, District of Co- 
lumbia.) 

There are so many formulas for the modification of milk, each modifier in- 
sisting that his particular modification is the most nutritious and most easily 
assimilated, that it is very hard to give any opinion except on a particular modi- 
fication. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

" Modified milk " is a term originally used by the Walker-Gordon Labora- 
tories to describe milks that have been mechanically changed in their chemical 
constituents to fill physicians' prescriptions and to increase or decrease these 
constituents in an exact method so that physicians may be enabled to order a 
milk that can be digested for any individual case for which it may be pre- 
scribed. It may contain more or less of the nutrients found in raw milk. 
(Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Depends on amount of modification and on consumer. (Dr. S. O. Prescott, 
Boston, Mass.) 

Yes; modified milk for infant feeding, if prescribed intelligently by the 
physician, should be perfectly digested by the infant. (J. M. Houston, White 
Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 



THE MILK SITTJATION IN" THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 221 

No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

This depends upon how it is modified. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

If by this is meant, is separated and recombinSd milk as nutritious as un- 
separated milk, we would answer in so far as our observation goes, yes. We 
have no evidence from any others to the contrary. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, 
Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Depends upon circumstances, modification, condition of infant. (Health 
officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 19. — Is it as digestible as raw milk? 

ANSWEES. 

Modified milk is prepared according to medical prescriptions for special use. 
While it usually contains less nutriment than ordinary cows' milk, it is sup- 
posed to be more easily digested and assimilated by the individuals for whom 
it is intended. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

Depends on the individual and the nature of the modification. (Surgeon 
General U. S. Navy.) 

Modified milk may be either raw or pasteurized, and it is given to infants 
because for them it is more suited to their needs than whole milk. (Surgeon 
General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

Modified milk is raw milk, unless it is heated after modification. (Dr. 
Henry L, Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Usually more digestible. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes. All depending on interpretation of "modified milk." (Health officer 
Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

It is served raw, pasteurized or sterilized according to the instruction of the 
physician. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

No. (Health officer Bismarck, N, Dak.) 

Depends entirely upon the character and degree of modification. (Health 
officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

That depends upon the powers of digestion as between an infant and an 
adult. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Depending on circumstances. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Yes; or more so. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

No. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Modified milk may be raw milk ; ought to be. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

What do you consider modified milk? We modify milk for infant feeding. 
(Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Far more so, if modified to suit each case. The object of modification is to 
make a digestible mixture for infants. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Not in my opinion. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Yes ; and more so, for it is adapted to the digestion of the baby, depending 
on its age, strength, and general condition. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, 
D. C.) 

Questionable. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

There are so many formulas for the modification of milk, each modifier in- 
sisting that his particular modification is the most nutritious and more easily 
assimilated, that it is very hard to give any opinion except on a particular 
modification. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

When properly adapted to the individual need it is, of course, far more di- 
gestible. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. 0.) 

No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Depends on amount of modification and on consumer. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, 
Boston, Mass.) 

Modified milk may be, and generally is, raw milk. Very little milk, as modi- 
fied by the laboratories, is pasteurized, except the Straus Laboratory's supply. 
Their milk is just the ordinary market milk, and is pasteurized as a safeguard. 
(J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Only in some cases of infant feeding and gastro-intestinal conditions. 
(Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 



222 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Yes. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Depends upon circumstances; modification; condition of infant. (Health offi- 
cer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 20. — 7s ** as susceptiUe to deterioration as raw milkf 

ANSWERS. 

There is probably no difference if both are prepared and handled under 
similar sanitary conditions. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

Probably more. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Milk is not modified in order to render it less susceptible to deterioration, 
but to better meet the needs of infants for whom it is intended. (Surgeon 
General Public Health and Marine- Hospital Service.) 

Yes; for the same reason. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Yes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes; all depending on interpretation of "modified milk." (Health officer 
Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Depends upon conditions. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

No. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Why not? (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Yes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Modified milk may be raw milk ; ought to be. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

What do you consider modified milk? We modify milk for infant feeding. 
(Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Yes. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Yes. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Yes. (Hfealth officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Probably; if exposed to infection after pasteurization. When sealed, it will 
keep for days. We sell it fresh every day, however, and only enough for one 
day at a time. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

This also depends on what it is modified with. (Sharon Dairy, District of 
Columbia.) 

If it is modified condensed milk, it possesses much better keeping qualities 
than either raw or pasteurized milk. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New 
York,N.Y.) 

As there has been no chemical change in the different constituents, it is as 
susceptible to deterioration as any other milk. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, 
Washington, D. C. ) 

Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Practically so. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

No; as most of the modified milks are made up of high-grade raw milk as a 
basis. Most of the raw milks come from indifferent sources. (J. M. Houston, 
White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Yes; if modified by dilution and addition of other substances. (Health 
officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

Yes. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

No. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 21. — 7s it susceptible to deterioration as pasteurized miilkf 

ANSWERS. 

There is probably no difference if both are prepared and handled under simi- 
lar sanitary conditions. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

About the same. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Modified milk is often pasteurized, and it should be given equal or greater 
care than whole pasteurized milk in order to guard against deterioration because 
of the class of population that uses it. (Surgeon General Public Health and 
Ma rine-Hospital Service. ) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 223 

It is more susceptible for reasons given above. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, New- 
ark, N.J.) 

Yes. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

Yes; depending on interpretation of "modified milk." (Healtb officer Ann 
Arbor, Mich. ) 

Depends upon conditions. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Why not? Health officer Columbu's, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Yes; unless pasteurized milk is kept at too high a temperature. (Health 
officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Modified milk may be raw; ought to be. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

What do you consider modified milk? We modify milk for infant feeding. 
(Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Yes. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Probably not. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

We pasteurize all our modified milk. (Straus Laboratory, Washington, D. O.) 

Have not made any comparison. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

If it is a modified condensed milk, it possesses much better keeping qualities 
than either raw or pasteurized milk. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New 
York, N. Y.) 

Modified milk is delivered raw unless the physician's prescription calls for 
pasteurization, and if so, the physician usually names the temperature and 
length of time of heating. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. O.) 

Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

I have not compared them. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

No. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Yes; more. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

Yes. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

No. (Health officer Scran ton, Pa.) 

Question 22. — How does its price compare with that of raw milk? 

ANSWEES. 

Modified milk commands a higher price than ordinary raw milk. (Chief 
Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

I am not informed on this point. My impression is that it is more expensive. 
(Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

Probably higher. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Since modified milk is prepared in accordance with physicians' formulae, and 
requires expert knowledge in its modification, it would naturally be more 
expensive. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.) 

The nurse or physician who directs its modification generally charges for 
his or her services ; therefore, milk properly modified should have such ex- 
penses added to it. (Dr. Henry L. Coit, Newark, N. J.) 

Considerable increase. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

Modified milk is higher in price because it is prepared under very exacting 
precautions. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Higher. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

From 2 cents to 9 cents per quart more than ordinary market milk. (Health 
officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Depends on method of modification. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Higher. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Higher. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Modified milk, of course, is higher. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

What do you consider modified milk? We modify milk for infant feeding. 
(Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Much higher. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Cheaper (volume for volume) if made in the home. More costly if pur- 
chased from a laboratory making a specialty of modified milk. (Health officer 
Richmond, Va.) 



224 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

Somewhat higher. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Not known. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

The additional ingredients, the time it takes, and the necessity of trained 
help in modifying makes its cost much more. (Straus Laboratory, Washing- 
ton, D. C.) 

Higher price. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

Its price is approximately the same, the price of course depending on the 
various modifications and price both of the condensed milk and also of the fluid 
milk used in comparison. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

It is of course much more expensive in that intelligent persons must be 
trained for its preparation. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

More. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Higher. (Dr., S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

Three to five times as expensive. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., 
Washington, D. C.) 

We probably misunderstand this last series of questions. The only modified 
milk sold in the markets that we know of is the milk from the Walker-Gordon 
laboratories, which is naturally higher in price owing to the amount of time 
and skill and labor employed in its preparation. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, 
Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Advance from 4 to 8 cents per quart. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 23. — What effect does freezing have on the qualities of millet 

ANSWERS. 

Freezing has the effect of separating the butter fat and causing the fat 
globules to collect into granules. (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

I believe it has no injurious effect, unless long continued, when it would 
probably diminish its germicidal power. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

Little or no influence. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

It affects the fat globules. (Dr. William H. Park, New York, N. Y.) 

It makes it less useful for modifications of milk because it is not so easily 
separated into its component parts. (Dr. Henry L. Colt, Newark, N. J.) 

None that has been demonstrated, so far as I know. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, 
New York, N. Y.) 

Said to be an excellent preservative without harmful action. (Dr. C. E. A. 
Winslow, New York, N. Y.) 

Slight. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

It is said to lessen the bacterial properties. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

Changes the character of milk slightly, and it is not always possible to obtain 
a good quality of milk when it has been melted. This practice has been tried 
in some parts of Europe without satisfactory success. (Health officer Birming- 
ham, Ala.) 

Very little. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Ruins it. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Do not know of any injurious effect if the milk is consumed not too long 
after freezing. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Freezing alters the lact albumins. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Milk is a perfect emulsion when in raw state ; freezing breaks the emulsion, 
which can never be restored, consequently lowers quality of product. (Health 
officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Little, if any. Old idea was that it was bad; now discredited. (Health 
officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Little, if properly thawed out with cool water, (Health officer Providence, 
R.L) 

Freezing itself has probably no effect on chemical composition of milk. It 
kills some bacteria, but by no means all. Keeping milk frozen increases soluble 
nitrogen, lowering the nutritive value. It also inhibits growth of lactic acid 
bacteria, but allows growth of putrefactive bacteria. If kept too long, such milk 
may become highly poisonous without any evidence of its having gone wrong. 
(Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

I do not know. We have no weather in Puget Sound Basin cold enough to 
freeze milk. Having been here 20 years, I could only give you the changes laid 
down in the text-books. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Impairs it. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

None. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 225 

Destroys the flavor and renders the milk less palatable. (Sharon Dairy, 
District of Columbia.) 

Freezing has really no effect whatever itself on the quality of the milk, pro- 
viding that the milk in being restored to its normal condition is carefully mixed. 
Milk, however, does not keep indefinitely in a frozen condition, as certain forms 
of bacteria multiply even in that condition, while the lactic bacteria are entirely 
dormant. Bacteria, moreover, are not destroyed by freezing, even when this 
frozen condition extends over a period of time. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., 
New York, N. Y.) 

I am informed that freezing for a short space of time has little, if any, effect 
on the qualities of milk. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. C.) 

Not good. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

I have never studied it. Frozen milks are sold in Europe and used with 
apparent impunity. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

No effect. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 

Very little; practically only prevents temporary growth of bacteria. (Health 
officer San Francisco, Cal. ) 

It interferes, when the milk is once shaken up, in its reseparation from the 
cream. We have no knowledge of the effect upon its nutritive value. (Dr. 
Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

None. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 24. — Have attempts 'been made, so far as you Jcnow, to secure legisla- 
tion from Congress governing the production, transportation, or distribution 
of milk, or milk products throughout the United States under authority for 
regulating commerce between the several States? 

ANSWERS. 

Some of those points are covered by the food and drugs act. A bill on this 
subject was introduced at the last session of Congress by Representative A. F. 
Lever, of South Carolina. [Appendix U.] (Chief Bureau of Animal Industry.) 

I am not informed on this subject. (Surgeon General U. S. Army.) 

Do not know of any. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

I know of none. (Surgeon General Public Health and Marine- Hospital 
Service. ) 

I have no knowledge. (Dr. Henry L. Colt, Newark, N. J.) 

No. (Dr. R. G. Freeman, New York, N. Y.) 

The act of 1895, relating to the production of milk in and for the District of 
Columbia, was made by Congress quite as much by virtue of its power to regu- 
late interstate commerce as by virtue of its power to legislate for the District 
of Columbia. The food and drugs act of 1898, enacted by Congress for the 
District of Columbia, regulated the sale of milk and cream in the District of 
Columbia, and having been enacted by Congress, would doubtless apply quite as 
well to " original packages " as to any other form in which milk might be sold. 
The Federal foods and drugs act of June 30, 1906, which is distinctly an inter- 
state act, although it regulates local commerce within the District of Columbia, 
applies to milk and cream. (Health officer District of Columbia.) 

I do not know. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

Not to my knowledge. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Do not know. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Only such as are found in the pure food and drug laws. (Health officer 
Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Do not know. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

No. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Have not heard of any such movement. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Unable to state. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Not that I know. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

No. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

National pure food law does this, now in force; but as far as Rhode Island 
consumers are protected by it, not enforced. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

I believe such an attempt was made in Washington some years ago. but 
unsuccessfully. It should by all means be put under control, as otherwise a 
city like New York has great difficulty in controlling its milk supply. I have 
had shippers from other States threaten us with the Interstate Commerce Com- 
mission for not allowing their milk to come into Richmond. I have told them 
to go ahead and do their worst ; that we probably could not help their bringing 

82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-3 ^15 



226 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

(or sending) their milk here from other States, and that we would not attempt 
to do BO, but that we had complete control over the milk after it landed here 
and that if they wanted the satisfaction of putting milk here and having it at 
once seized and condemned they were welcome to send it along. (Health officer 
Richmond, Va.) 

Only in an indirect way. The general opinion seems to prevail in this sec- 
tion of the country that condensed milk may be sold under the authority of 
the Government, no matter what percentage of butter fat it contains under the 
pure food and drug act, and, being an interstate product in many instances, 
that we have no right to prohibit shipment to our city. "Whether these facts 
are true or not, I do not know. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Not to our knowledge. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Not to my knowledge. (Sharon Dairy, District of Columbia.) 

We have heard of several suggested methods of regulation, but have never 
known of any positive attempt to regulate interstate commerce so far as milk 
is concerned, outside of the present pure food laws, which cover that ground 
quite thoroughly. (Borden's Condensed Milk Co., New York, N. Y.) 

None so far as I know. (Walker-Gordon Laboratory, Washington, D. O.) 

Know of none. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

No. (Dr. S. C. Prescott, Boston, Mass.) 

No. (J. M. Houston, White Cross Milk Co., Washington, D. C.) 
. No. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Not to our knowledge. (Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Philadelphia, Pa.) 

Do not know. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 



Health Departments. 

Question 1. — Please state what regulations, if any, relating to the production, 
transportation, and delivery of milk have been promulgated in your jurisdic- 
tion, and also what state or municipal laws or ordinances have been adopted 
relating to the same subject? 

ANSWERS. 

Practically those of the State of Michigan. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

We inclose copy of milk ordinance adopted in this city of Atlanta, Ga. 
[Appendix G.] (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

I send inclosed copy of our laws, ordinances, and regulations. [Appendix G.] 
(Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

We have rigid city ordinances regulating the production and handling of 
milk. Will send you copy later. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

See inclosed regulations. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

See code. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Inclosed ordinance and rules for certification. [Appendix G.] (Health 
officer Detroit, Mich.) 

I inclose copies of our ordinances, rules, and record cards. [Appendix G.] 
(Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Stringent milk ordinance has passed common council, signed by mayor, regu- 
lating tuberculin test, temperature of milk, and bacterial count. (Health 
officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Pamphlet inclosed. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

See sanitary code inclosed, pages 14 to 20. [Appendix G.] (Health officer 
Montclair, N, J.) 

State laws. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

(1) Copy of ordinance of June 9, 1904, and (2) copy of rules and regula- 
tions of Richmond City Board of Health, governing the production and handling 
of milk herewith inclosed. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Certified milk must contain less than 30,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, 
and market milk less than 200,000 per cubic centimeter. Space is absolutely 
too small to give ordinances. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

See appended sheets. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

None known. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

See inclosed city ordinance. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Los Angeles, 
Cal.) 

See inclosures. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Operating under State laws. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 227 

Question 2. — Is the compulsory insistence on the tuberculin test, in your judg- 
ment, practicable and advisable? 



Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

We are now endeavoring to determine this. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

It is desirable, but at present impracticable. ( Health officer Baltimore, Md. ) 

Yes. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Yes. (Health officer Burlington, Vt. ) 

Not under present conditions. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Advisable ; practicable with public cooperation in sustaining its share of loss 
r'rom reacting animals. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Yes. (State board of health, Florida.) 

I believe it is practicable and advisable. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Not at first; advice, etc., should precede for a number of years. (Health 
officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

For small communities, yes; for large cities pasteurization will doubtless 
be necessary for a time, as the immediate insistence of the test would cause 
a milk famine. Conditions vary in each community. (Health officer Mont- 
clair, N. J.) 

Yes; we have found it so. (Health officer Portland, Oreg. ) 

Yes ; but we can not get country members of legislature to pass such a law. 
(Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

If, after tuberculin testing, every reacting cow is to be destroyed, there 
are serious difficulties. To " insist " on this either means the appropriation 
of a large sum for (1) inspectors and (2) remuneration of producers, or an 
inevitable great rise in price of milk. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Yes. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

Yes. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Yes; if under competent supervision and paid for by Government. (Health 
officer Topeka, Kans. ) 

Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Advisable, but practicable only under certain conditions. (Health officer 
Los Angeles, Cal.) 

No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

Yes. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

No. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 3. — 7s the insistence on a maximum temperature of 50° F. from the 
time of production to the delivery to the consumer practicable and desirable? 

ANSWERS. 

Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

We find it so in a place like Atlanta. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

It is desirable, but not yet practicable, first, because of the railroads; second, 
because few farmers have ice. (Health officer Baltimore. Md. ) 

It is desirable, but not always practicable in this climate, owing to the 
increased expense necetssary to maintain this low temperature. (Health officer 
Birmingham, Ala.) 

Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Yes. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.) 

Very desirable, but not practicable. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

The requirement is desirable certainly; 50° is too low for market milk under 
ordinary conditions, as experienced in Columbus. We have enforced a 65" rule 
for two years; 98 per cent of retail milk kept at 05°. Sixty per cent of whole- 
sale milk kept at 65°. Great improvement during last summer. (Health officer 
Columbus, Ohio. ) 

Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Yes. (State board of health, Florida.) 



228 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

I do not think that insistence to the letter is necessary, except to educate the 
dairymen. But too much leniency should not be shown. (Health officer Jack- 
sonville, Fla.) 

Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Should be introduced gradually. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Yes; and easily attained. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

Desirable, but difficult to comply with. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Very difficult in South, where farmers can not always make ice. This pre- 
sents such difficulties that we have had to modify this rule. [Appendix G.] 
(Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Yes. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

It is not entirely practicable, but is desirable. The coast makes their own 
ice, therefore farmers can not ice their milk. But we have very cold water 
for cooling. We have a mild climate as you know all up and down the Pacific 
coast and, therefore, have no natural ice. It is impracticable for the farmers 
to produce Ice under the conditions existing, at least in this State to-day. If 
their milk could be iced and reduced to a temperature of 50°, it would certainly 
be desirable. Our natural mountain streams are used in our concrete milk 
houses for cooling our milk after it has been run over the aeraters. (Health 
officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

We secure excellent results here with 60° F., although our best dairies deliver 
at about 50°. I would say that insistence on 60° would be satisfactory. 
(Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Desirable, but not practicable under present conditions. (Health officer Los 
Angeles, Cal.) 

Desirable; yes. Practicable; v^^ould raise prices. (Health officer San Fran- 
cisco, Cal.) 

It is desirable, but very hard to enforce in all instances in hot weather. 
(Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Yes. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 4. — Is a prescribed 'bacterial count feasible and advisable? 



Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Yes. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

No; except for the guidance of inspectors. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

The fact of having a specified bacterial standard will cause dairymen to 
employ more careful methods, stricter cleanliness, and the striving for lower 
temperatures, and in this way the quality of milk supplied to the customers 
will be greatly improved. However, it is impracticable to expect milk to con- 
form to a specified bacterial standard at all times, and the wisdom of bringing 
dairymen into court for all bacterial counts that run above a given standard is 
questioned. In other words, a bacterial count for milk should be used for a 
working basis for the inspector to bring about the desired results in improving 
a milk supply. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Doubtful. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.) 

Not in my judgment. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Yes. ( State board of health, Florida. ) 

I believe it is advisable, but not possible to the letter in most instances. It 
is educational. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Yes, I believe so. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Yes. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

Yes. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Yes. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Feasible, but not advisable; bacterial count to be used as a rough index of 
dirty milk. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 



THE MILK SITTJATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 229 

In this district, yes; and ought to be much lower. (Health officer Seattle, 
Wash.) 

Yes. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

I believe not. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann A.rbor, Mich.) 

Yes. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Yes. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

Yes. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Doubtful. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 5. — If so, what number of bacteria should he specified? 

ANSWERS. 

Seventy-five thousand to one hundred thousand per cubic centimeter. 
(Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 
We find 100,000 per cubic centimeter feasible. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 
Have not yet fixed a maximum limit. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 
Our standard is 500,000 per cubic centimeter, which seems reasonable. 
(Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Under new conditions, 500,000 count is all that is practical ; with education 
of the dairymen and continual enforcement of dairy rules 200,000 or 100,000 
should be attained. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

That depends upon conditions in general. (State board of health, Florida.) 
Not over 100,000. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Five hundred thousand to the cubic centimeter. (Health officer Kansas 
City, Mo.) 

Five hundred thousand per cubic centimeter. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 
Should be as low as possible, depending on conditions. Small communities 
might have 100,000 limit, whereas large city with much wholesale milk would 
have to be satisfied with 500.000. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

Our limit is very high; 200,000 to 1 cubic centimeter. (Health officer Port- 
land, Oreg.) 

One hundred thousand, (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 
Depends upon local conditions. See our rules. [Appendix G.] (Health 
officer Richmond, Va.) 

One hundred thousand per cubic centimeter for this purpose. Every man hav- 
ing a count above this should be immediately investigated from source in 
country to the retailer's premises. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

We have cool summers, cold mountain streams for cooling, and ice in dairy 
depots. Would recommend 10,000 for certified, 100,000 for common market 
milk. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Not to exceed 250,000. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Bacterial counts are unreliable because of conditions affecting multiplica- 
tion. Useful only as an adjunct to regular inspection work. (Health officer 
Topeka, Kans.) 

One hundred thousand. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Ten thousand per cubic centimeter. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Five hundred thousand. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Five hundred thousand. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

Three hundred thousand. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Depends upon local conditions. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Five hundred thousand per cubic centimeter. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 6. — Is pasteurization, in your judgment, advantageous? 



No. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Pasteurization should not be needed. If needed, such milk should be de- 
stroyed. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

It is, under present conditions. (Health officer Baltimore, Md. ) 

In my opinion pasteurization is advantageous when the work is carefully and 
efficiently done, but in order to show the age of the milk it would be advisable 



230 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

to require caps to be dated, so that the age of the milk can be readily ascer- 
tained. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Yes. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Yes; especially for milk from cattle not tubercular tested and for milk not 
delivered to consumer within 24 hours from time of milking. (Health officer 
Columbus, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Not when you can do better. Pasteurized milk is preferable to dirty milk 
or infected milk. (State board of health, Florida.) 

Not in this community, where there is little shipped milk and few middle- 
men. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

No. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Yes; if safe, clean milk can not be obtained. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

Not advantageous unless kept at sufficiently high temperature for 15 or 20 
minutes, which is generally not the case. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

For a large city it may be the best that can be done in lieu of competent 
inspectors, but it is not advisable when complete inspection and control can be 
had. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

No. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

No ; not in this city. I believe we will arrive at wholesome milk sooner 
without the false security of pasteurization being introduced. (Health officer 
Seattle, Wash.) 

No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Yes; under present conditions in general, though not in Topeka. (Health 
officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Not if above is complied with (10,0(X) bacteria per cubic centimeter). (Dr. 
V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

It is, when properly performed, with dirty milk and milk from nontuberculin 
tested cattle. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

Not to pure, clean milk. And not to the dirty milk which would otherwise 
sour rapidly and thus cause dissatisfaction to the consumer and put him on his 
guard. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

It is, if the milk comes from a great distance, is unwholesome, or comes from 
a doubtful source. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Yes. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 7. — Does 'pasteurization tend to preserve milkt 

ANSWERS. 

Yes. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

We have investigated carefully in many cities, and we insist that pasteuriza- 
tion is bad. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

For a short time. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

Yes. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

Yes. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Within certain limits. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

It does for a while, but after it gets reinfected with organisms of decomposi- 
tion it decomposes more rapidly than raw milk. (State board of health, 
Florida.) 

If properly carried out; yes. (Health officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Not unless it is kept from exposure and maintained at temperature of 50°. 
(Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Yes. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Yes; results depend upon the degree of pasteurization. (Health officer Mont- 
clair, N. J.) 

Our experiments show that the ordinary so-called pasteurization does not. 
(Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

Yes. (Health officer Providence, R. L) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN" THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 231 

It retards, or may even do away with, souring; but such milk may "rot" 
without ever getting sour. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Yes. (Health offiicer Rochester, N. T.) 

Yes and no. It will not sour as quickly, but becomes more deadly in the 
end unless drunk within 36 hours. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Not as ordinarily carried on. Generally merely kills lactic-acid producing 
germs, thus leaving others to multiply more advantageously. If properly pas- 
teurized; yes. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Certainly, as the lactic-acid germs are destroyed. (Creamery Packing Manu- 
facturing Co., Chicago, 111.) 

Pasteurization preserves milk for a certain length of time, and if it is prop- 
erly cared for it will keep for weeks. The hospitals of the Panama Canal are 
supplied with perfectly pasteurized milk that runs through one of my machines 
at the Sheffield Farms — Slawson, Decker Co., of New York City — and this will 
give you evidence enough that such pasteurized milk naturally has to keep, 
because without this it could not be shipped from New York to Panama and 
arrive there in perfect condition. (Dairy Machinery and Construction Co., 
Derby, Conn. ) 

Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Yes ; when properly performed and the milk properly handled afterwards. 
(Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

Only in part and change in constituents. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

It retards lactic fermentation, but augments putrefactive decomposition. 
(Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Yes. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Yes. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 8. — Is compulsory pasteurization, in your judgment, practicable and 

advisaMef 

ANSWEES. 

With proper restrictions as to the installation of apparatus and as to the 
keeping of records, there would seem to be no reason why compulsory pasteuri- 
zation should not be practicable. The fact that regulations directed to this end 
might in some cases be evaded, notwithstanding a proper system of inspection, 
is no reason why such regulation should not be made and enforced as far as 
practicable. Laws against murder, embezzlement, housebreaking, and all other 
kinds of crime and misdemeanors are very commonly avoided, notwithstanding 
a well-organized system of police protection, but that has never been set forth 
as a reason why such laws should not be kept on the statute books. The health 
department has for some time had under consideration the advisability of the 
compulsory pasteurization of all milk coming from cows not tuberculin tested, 
and believes that with respect to that part of the milk supply pasteurization 
should be enforced. (Health officer District of Columbia.) 

No. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Never. (Health officer Atlanta, Ga.) 

Not now. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

No. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

No. (Health officer Burlington, Vt.) 

Advisable, but not practicable. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Yes; especially for milk from cattle not tubercular tested and for milk not 
delivered to consumer within 24 hours from time of milking. (Health officer 
Columbus, Ohio.) 

Yes. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Not when you can do better. Pasteurized milk is preferable to dirty milk or 
infected milk. (State board of health, Florida..) 

Where the dairies and depots can not be controlled and cleaned up ; yes. 
I consider it a poor substitute for clean milk. (Health officer Jackson- 
ville, Fla.) 

Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

No. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Yes ; if it is impossible to have a safe milk otherwise, as in a large city like 
New York. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 



232 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

I think that all milk from tubercular cows ahould be sterilized to 170° for 20 
minutes, and all untested herds classed as T. B. Infected. (Health oflScer 
Portland, Oreg.) 

No. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

It is " practicable " to insist on pasteurization, but it Is certainly not advis- 
able to have all milk pasteurized. Pasteurization is always a makeshift. 
[Appendix G.] (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Not unless done by the municipality, and it could make a better investment 
by inspection. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y. ) 

It is not practicable and is not advisable. It is a delusion and a snare up 
to date. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

No. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

Probably as an adjunct to enforcement of tuberculin test or establishment of 
inspection in large cities, but should then be done by Government and not 
insisted upon in cases where not needed. (Health officer Topeka. Kans. ) 

The only way to protect the public against all kinds of infection from the 
filth that is found in all milk, except in certified milk, is to pasteurize it. It is 
a shame that in cities like New York and Boston there were epidemics of con- 
siderable extent this last week, due to infection through raw milk. In New 
York there was a typhoid fever epidemic of over 400 cases, and in Boston the 
scarlet fever epidemic had over 800 cases. When it comes down to determine 
if it is better for a city to have such epidemics or to heat such milk, then, in 
my judgment, there is only one answer, and that is to pasteurize the milk. 
For myself, as a specialist on milk, I would not dare to feed my own children 
on raw milk, even if it is certified, and I am happy to say that I have brought 
up children as strong as anybody can have, and all they ever got was boiled 
milk. (Dairy Machinery and Construction Co.. Derby, Conn.) 

There is no reason at the present time why the city milk plants from largest 
to smallest can not be equipped with proper pasteurizing machinery, at a cost 
within their means, if they have suflicient capital to properly handle their 
business. (Creamery Packiige Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

No. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Practical with municipal controlled plant. Advisable only in dirty milk and 
milk from nontested cattle. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal. ) 

No. (Health officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

No. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

It is, if the milk is as described in No. 6. [If the milk comes from a great 
distance, is unwholesome, or comes from a doubtful source.] (Health officer 
Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Yes. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 9. — What effect in your judgment would compulsory pasteurisation 
have upon the wholesale and retail price of m,il]c in winter and sximmerf 

ANSWERS. 

Will increase. (Health officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Such milk should be given away, or rather thrown away. (Health officer 
Atlanta, Ga.) 

I do not know, but such milk is now sold at 9 and 10 cents a quart. (Health 
officer Baltimore, Md.) 

A tendency to increase the price. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

It would raise the price. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

Probably none, but would tend to centralize the business in the hands of 
larger dealers. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

It is thought that in this city the pasteurization of milk has prevented an 
adviince in the price of milk. (Health officer Columbus, Ohio.) 

Little, if any. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

It would I believe increase the price a little. (Health officer Jacksonville, 
Fla.) 

None whatever. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Cheapen it. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

The expense per quart is so small that the price would probably remain the 
same, other factors being equal. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

None. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE mSTRIOT OP COLUMBIA. 233 

Drive many flrst-class dealers out of business. (Health officer Providence, 
R. I.) 

Probably none, especially if pasteurization is going to make inspection less 
rigid. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Richmond, Va.) (Note. — Commercial 
pasteurization is not likely to be thorough. In the laboratory or under special 
control, efficient pasteurization is practicable.) 

None. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

I have thought pasteurization dangerous, but in answer to your question I 
would believe that it would cheapen the price of milk, (Health officer Seattle, 
Wash.) 

No efCect for good. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

None. (Health officer Topeka, Kans. ) 

No. The saving in other directions offsets it in the increased volume of 
business, and the practical elimination of losses from sour milk more than 
makes up for the cost of pasteurization. (Answer applies to retail price.) 
(Creamery Packing & Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111.) 

This is a qnostion to be d('ci<l('d by the man who sells milk. (Dairy Ma- 
chinery &' Construction Co., Derby, Conn.) 

It might slightly increase it (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Increase it. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Should have very little effect. (Health officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 

The firms who pasteurize can compete with the market. (Health officer San 
Francisco, Cal.) 

Very little. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

Compulsory pasteurization would probably put a city's milk supply in the 
hands of a few milk dealers, and it would depend upon them. (Health officer 
Wheeling, W. Va.) 

Cause advance. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) 

Question 10. — Is the requirement that cows be stabled on concrete floors 

practicable f 

ANSWERS. 

Yes. (Plealth officer Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Not having investigated this thoroughly, we can not say, (Health officer 
Atlanta, Ga.) 

No. (Health officer Baltimore, Md.) 

Yes. (Health officer Birmingham, Ala.) 

No. (Health officer Bismarck, N. Dak.) 

No. (Health officer Burlington, Vt. ) 

Yes. (Health officer Cleveland, Ohio.) 

Yes; but other impervious floor is more desirable. (Health officer Colum- 
bus, Ohio.) 

Yes; but not absolutely necessary. (Health officer Detroit, Mich.) 

Yes; but not necessary, though desirable. (State board of health, Florida.) 

No; nor do I think it necessary. (n(!alth officer Jacksonville, Fla.) 

Yes. (Health officer Kansas City, Mo.) 

Yes. (Health officer Lynchburg, Va.) 

Many dairymen do it voluntarily. It is certainly cleaner than putting plank 
over concrete for the stands. (Health officer Montclair, N. J.) 

Yes, in cities ; with open, movable, wooden floors over concrete floors. Stone 
floors are, in my opinion, too great a conductor of heat. Wooden floors are 
easily taken out for cleansing, if necessary. I say in cities, because facili- 
ties for flushing are usually bettor than in the country. We have quite a 
number of dairies in our city. (Health officer Portland, Oreg.) 

No. (Health officer Providence, R. I.) 

Yes. (Health officer Richmond, Va.) 

Yes. (Health officer Rochester, N. Y.) 

Yes; we have done it for two and one-half years without harm or lessening 
quantity of milk. (Health officer Seattle, Wash.) 

Yes; if properly cared for. (Health officer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

I prefer wood or dirt. (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 

Yes. (Surgeon General U. S. Navy.) 

Yes. (Dr. V. C. Vaughan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) 

Yes; in this country, where they are in stable only during milking. (Health 
officer Los Angeles, Cal.) 



k 



2i3l4 TIIK MII.K Sri'l'A'noN IN TliK DIS'l'KIdT OK ClOLUIVI l$tA. 

YoH. (II«>jil(li (illlc(>r Snii li'riiiu'lsco, ('ill.) 

QiK'slloiiiililr. (Ilciillli olllccr SI. .los»>pli. Mo.) 

II iiilKltl !>«' pi'iul Itiiblc. II i.-^ iiol iH'ci'SHiiry l'<'i' llic itrodiictldii of cloan 
liiilk. A lloor Uiiil cjiii Ik> kepi cU'ini Is i\w oHSOiiliiii. (Iloiillh olll(»>r \VIuh>I- 
luK, W. Vn.) 

C,>iichI loiiiihlr. ( lien Mil ttlllcor Scniiilon, I'li.) 

liuioNi'ioN 1 t. />oc.v ,v/((7* rcQiiirciiKnt Inid to cause iii<unuiiif<in in llic (iiiiiiialf 

A N N W KltM. 

YoH. (Siii'Koon ("Jt'iicrnl TT. S. Niiv.v.) 

|1iu-(>rl>ili\. (Ilciillli olllcor Alliiiiln. (In.) 

No. (llciiilli (illlc(>r UiriiiliiKliiim, Alii.) 

Vos. (lloiiilh olllcor I51sm!ii-«'U. N. I>mU.) 

Nol ir proiMM-l.v Itcddod. (Itoiillli olllcor Um-llii>:loii. \'l.) 

No. (llciillli olllcor (il(>\t>liiiul, Ohio.) 

V«'s; unless coiicroh' ovorlit's cliidtMs (S liiclu>s Ihit'U) and iiiiiiiuilH luv woll 
l)i'(ldt>d. ( lh>allli olllc»M- Cohimluis, (>ldo.) 

I'o.sslbl.v. (llciillli olllccr Dclroll. Mich.) 

Nol If p«>niiill('d lo >;rit/,(> upon pMslurc. If slablod It produces liiiidnills, not 
rlHMiiualisui. (Ilt>allh oIllctM- Kansas (Ml.v, Mo.) 

Nol thai wo hnv»> nollcod. (Iloallh oIliccM' Los .\nj:t»U>s. Cal.) 

No. (iloailh olllccr 1 -.vnfhburjr, \i\.) 

1 Imvo no oxporltMU'«> or kno>vl«Mlf:t> to tliat cITocl. (.lloailh oHuhm- Mont- 
clalr, .N. .1.) 

No. (II(>allh omc«>r Torlland. ()r(>^'.) 

Yi's. unless btuldinj; used, (lleailh olUcer rrovidonee, K. I.) 

Nol if prop(>r beddini!; IH ns«>d under cows. \V«' have eonenMi' llooi-s in nearly 
ev«>r.v cow barn around iClehniond, and have had no ('(Mnpiainl \vlial(>vei' of 
Injury lo the cow. (ll(>allh ellleer Kielunond, \'n.) 

Nol If lh(> Moors are properly insnlaled. (Ileallh ellleer Koeliesler. N. V.) 

No. We hav(> as heallhy slocU as lht>n> is in lh<> \v«n'ld. and many o( our 
islables hav»" eoner<'l(» lloors. (ll(>allh ollieer Si>atlle. Wash.) 

Nol if properly eared for. (ll«>allh olileer Syracuse, N. Y.) 

1 bell(>ve so. (Ih'allh olileer 'Topt'ka, Kans.) 

No. il>r. V. (I N'auKlian, Ainv Arbor, Mleh.) 

Nol lo my knowl(>dp\ (lleallh ollieer San {''ram-iseo, Cal.) 

Qn(>sllenable. (n»>allh olileer SI. Joseph, Mo.) 

I do nol know. Many farmers think so. (Health ollleei', Wh(>(>linf:. W. Va.) 

H may. (Ilejiilh ollieer Seranlon, I'a.) 

(JmcHTioN 12. \\ hat otiicr rt<iiiiniii( iits in attdition to tin- foniioiitij iroiild j/mi 
.vH/yii'c.v/ irit/i a ritir to i>iii>rt>riii!j voiitlilioii (if iaill,f 

A^H\^ h;kh. 

Sanitary insp(>elloi\ «>r all farms, ndlk wapons, and dalri<>s sellinu: uUlk 
prodnels in lln> Mislriel. (Snr.m'on (;en(>ral l'. S. Navy.) 

All milk should b«> InbtM-enlin lt>sled or (Mst» p!isl»>uri/,ed. .Ml milk should 
be itroiuM'ly eooled and kept eool. .\rran^;<Mnenls should bi> m;ide for the 
Inslrnelion t>f molhers in earing for their Infants, and this ean in no other way 
b(< done so well as In eonuiH'tion with the fnv dislribullon of proper ndlk 
\o ptM-.sons tmable t»> pay for U. and the distribution of milk at rethu'ed prices 
to persons who an> unable to j>ay the ordinary niarket prii't> for a ndlk of 
prop(>r (piallly. There two. of com'se. t\iany i>tb(>r sn.i;'.i:,»>sl ions that nd,t;h( bo 
made with respi>el io the hnproviMnt>nt of the health of the Pistriel. but 
lln>st> sivMu lo be lhos<» most directly connected with the subject now under oon- 
sidtM-allon. (lh>jillh olllc«>r Oislrici td' rohnnbiji.) 

("Utsor supervision at d.Mirltvs, care of caltU> Jind utensils, sItM'ilizaliou of 
botth^s. ete. ilb>allh ollieer Ann Arbor. Mich.) 

(.'lean milk from lu>allhy eows and the ndlk «pdekly and Ihoroujihly eooled 
is all that Is ne(>»t»\l. lOxpenslvo manipiilatU)n is bad. (, Health t)llk'er M- 
lanta, Oa.) 

A furthtM- snp*M-vislon jind strict enforeen\ent of the requirements as to the 
sanitary coi\iiillon at tluM>rodnctM-s. (Health olMcer U.-illimore, Md.) 

CU"A\\ methods, pron\pt and thorouijh I'oolini;, ipdck di>iiv(My. .Ml milk 
coutiilners to be lliorouglUy sterilized. (Hoaltli oUioer lUrndnj;iium, Ala.) 



I 



TTIF, MILK rirrUATlON IN TllK DISTIUOT OK 001 JIINtlUA. 235 

KiH\\) sdibloH siiiilliiry. (Ih>iiltli olliccr MiNiiiarck, N. Diik.) 

Any rcf^iiliil ion ((mkIIiik (<• iii('r(>iisc nillii)^ of diilry vvlicii Hcoicd l)y Hut 
Diilry DIvInIoii Hcorc' ciml. (Il»';illli oIIIcmt Hiii-llii^'loii, VI.) 

liicl()H<'(l r<'K"lii"<"i^' <'t)V(*r iiboul, nil ihmiiiIi'ciik'mIs llint lire poHHlblc lo ciiforco 
In iiiiy liWK*' fily. I A|M><'ii<lix ().| (Ilciillli ((lliccr ( Hcvt'liiiKl, Ohio.) 

Sec (1()(!(>, pii^jc .'{(!. I A|»|M>ii(ll.\ (J.j (iicnllli olli('<'r ( lolimibiin, Ohio.) 

liis|H>cl Ion from inhlcr lo consMnKT. (Ilciillh oHiciM* Oolroll, Mich.) 

Sy.stcniiiHc, fr('(|n«Mil, luui lioncsl diilry lns|i('cllon hy an " cduciilor " nn*l iho 
(Trillion oT n (hMniind for clean ndlU among liic gt'Od'al public. (Il<>nllh olliccr 
.lacUsonvlIlc, Kla.) 

AbHolnh' cIcjinllncHM ; all ndlk placed in bolllcH, which can be slcilli/cd vvlicn 
cniply. (Ilcallli oMIccr Kansas ('i(y, Mo.) 

lOdncalc dairymen (<• prodnce clean ndlU and make 11 necessary for Irans- 
portalloii compani(>.s lo k(H^p milk cool widle in Iransll. (Ileallh oIIIccm' Ijoh 
Anp'lcs, (la I.) 

AbMolnl(^ cleanllneHH of Hiable, ndlk room, vessels, cow, i)erson Ihal handles, 
olc. (IleaKli ollic«M- Lynchl)nr>i, Va.) 

See Sanitary Oode Inclosed. | Appendix (J.j (Ileallh ollh'er Monlciair, N.J.) 

KeKiiliillo'lM Kov«'rnln>i; milk dcpols. (Ileallh olllcer I'orlland, Oi-ej,'. ) 

Sec Kiiles and Kcj^Mdal ions of Hoard of Ileallh, clly <d' Itlchmond. j Appendix 
(J. I (Ileallh olllcer Kiclimond, Va.) 

A milk ordinance Ihal i-an be enforced. (Ileallh olllcer Ilochesler, N. Y.) 

Laws af^ainsl slop IVeding; a clean l'('t'(\ Irongh when cadle are being milked. 
Slieai-lng I he Hanks by cllppi'rs. (Ileallh olllcer Seallle, VVasli.) 

Milk house not coniiect<'d wllli stable, and i)idmpl cooling bv nse of lee. 
(Health olllcer Syracns*', N. Y.) 

Washing udder, cleanllneHS, etc. (Dr. V. (1. Vaughaii, Ann Ar-bor, Mich.) 

Keep dairies clean. (Health olllcer San l<'rancisc(», ('al.) 

The rc(pdi'cmentH of cleaidiness and cold, as outlined on our " I'.aru I'oHter," 
wo think sulliclenl. (Health olllcer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

ThlH H\mvv. Ih loo llndled for explaual Ion. (Ileallh olllc(>i- Scrantou, I'a.) 

tiiihiHi'ioN M. Arc llirrc (iny rciJulatumH in your jurisdicHon (/ovcrnlnf/ Iho sale 
of prepared, aondenftcd, modified, or powdered millcHf 

ANHWKItH. 

None tluil; are supervised or compulsory, lo our knowledge. (Surgeon Gen- 
ernl II. S. Navy.) 

So fai- as Ihe provisions of the ad referred to (pnr(> food and drtigH net) are 
api)llcable lo Ihe products n.'imed and, generally speaking, I h(>y are appilcabh* 
in Ihem (pilte as nnich as to other food products the manufacture and sale of 
milk and ndlk products (iuchaling also pi-<>pared. condensed, moditli>d, and pow- 
dered ndlk) is goveriK'd by the provisions (d' said acf. (Ileallh otilcer District 
of (Columbia.) 

No. (Health olllcer Ann Arb<ir, Mich.) 

None otiu'r than the State pure food law. (IIe:illh olllcer Allaida, <ia.) 

Yes. (Health otilcer Haltimon", Md.) 

No. (Health olllcer Itlrndngham, Ala.) 

Nothing but, the pure food law of Ihe State. ( Ileallh olllcer Itlsmarck, N. Dak.) 

(Jeneral food law. (Ileallh olllcer Jinrllnglon, VI.) 

No. (H(>allh otilcer Olevelaml, Ohio.) 

NoiH». (Health olllcer ('olumbus, Ohio.) 

No. (Health olllcer Detroit, Mich.) 

No. (Health olllcer .lackson vllle, Kla.) 

No. (Health olllcer Kansas Oily, Mo.) 

No. (Ileallh otilcer Los Angeles, Cat.) 

No. (Health olllcer Kynchhiu-g, Va.) 

No local laws. Slate conti-(d. (Health ollicer Monlciair, ,N. .f.) 

No. (Ih'aith olllcer I'orlland, Oreg.) 

Stale pure food law. (Health olllcer rrovldence. It. I.) 

Not, when in sealed, iionrellllahle cans. In open, returnable cans we have 
same rules as for fresh milk. No control over i)owdered iiillkH. (Health olllc»;r 
Klchniond, Va.) 

No. (Health otilcer Itocliesler, N. Y.) 

Y(?s. (Health olllcer Seattle, Wash.) 

No. (lieu 1th oUlcer Syrucuw!, N. Y.) 



236 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

See appended sheets. [Appendix G.] (Health officer Topeka, Kans.) 
Must contain 3.4 fat when diluted to the degree of evaporation. (Health 
officer San Francisco, Cal.) 

No. (Health officer St. Joseph, Mo.) 

I can find none. (Health officer Wheeling, W. Va.) 

No. (Health officer Scranton, Pa.) ' 



United States Department of Agbicultutse, 

Bureau of Animal Industry, 
Washington, D. C, Novem'ber 30, 1910. 
Mr. J. Louis Willige, 

Chairman of MilTc Committee, 

Chamber of Commerce, 1202 F Street, Washington, D. C. 
Dear Sir: In further reply to your letter of the 24th to Dr. Melvin, in his 
absence I take pleasure in inclosing answers to the supplemental questions sub- 
mitted by your committee. 

Very truly, yours, A. M. Fabrington, 

Acting Chief of Bureau. 

supplemental data requested by special committee of the WASHINGTON 
chamber OF COMMERCE APPOINTED TO INVESTIGATE THE PRESENT MILK SITUA- 
TION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

1. Kindly furnish, if practicable, a generalized statement in a few words of the 
history of Federal inquiry into the production and distribution of milk? 

Prior to the establishment of the Dairy Division of the Bureau of Animal 
Industry in the United States Department of Agriculture on July 1, 1S95, the 
Federal Government had given very little attention to the subject of milk pro- 
duction. As early as 1893, however, following the discovery of tuberculin and 
the development of the tuberculin test, the Bureau of Animal Industry prepai'ed 
tuberculin for distribution free of charge to public health officers, with a view 
to restricting and eradicating tuberculosis of cattle. This distribution and use 
of tuberculin has been continued ever since to a steadily increasing extent. 
About the same period the bureau also began to study the subject of pasteuri- 
zation and issuing literature on this subject. 

Following the establishment of the Dairy Division active work dealing with 
the production and distribution of milk was undertaken, and in 1900 there was 
published a paper entitled " Market Milk : A Plan for its Improvement." This 
paper was issued to meet frequent requests for advice regarding improvement 
of the milk supply of cities and towns. The plan in brief was the creation in 
each community of an unofficial milk commission to inspect dairies and methods 
of producing and handling milk and to prescribe proper requirements govern- 
ing these things. The proposed arrangement was to be purely voluntary, the 
dairymen who conformed to the conditions being given certificates which would 
enable them to obtain business. 

The Bureau of Animal Industry has for several years done much to promote 
and introduce thef score-card system of dairy inspection, which has been found 
to be a valuable agency for improving the wholesomeness of milk supplies. 
This system was first introduced and used by Dr. William C. Woodward, health 
officer of the District of Columbia, early in 1904, and has since been modified, 
improved, and extended. 

In recent years the Bureau of Animal Industry has worked in various ways 
to bring about improvement in the wholesomeness of milk. It has made 
scientific investigations regarding tuberculosis, pasteurization, and other sub- 
jects ; it has studied practical methods of dairying, with a view to helping 
dairymen to improve their methods for the benefit of both producer and con- 
sumer; it has cooperated with numerous cities and towns in the improvement 
of their milk supplies ; it has furnished tuberculin to public-health officers 
and has applied the tuberculin test to a large number of cows ; it has studied 
the milk supplies of various cities and the methods of producing, transporting, 
handling, and delivering milk ; it has promoted competitive exhibitions of milk 
and cream to encourage the production of wholesome products, and has given 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 237 

numerous lectures and addresses at public meetings; and it has prepared and 
distributed a large quantity of literature relating to the various phases of the 
milk question. 

2. Is ihe feeding of " tvet malt " or other Tyrewery products to cows prejudicial 
to mine derived from them? 

The feeding of wet malt to cows has a deleterious effect upon the milk 
derived from them. Wet malt under certain prescribed conditions, however, 
may be safely used to a limited extent. Brewery products other than wet malt 
are not believed to be injurious to the milk, especially if they are fed in dry 
form. 

3. Is the colon bacillus responsible for ■ other diseases besides diarrheal 
disorders? ■ 

The colon bacillus has often been found to be the active cause of appendicitis, 
chronic peritonitis, and abscesses of the liver. It is frequently found asso- 
ciated with other bacteria in cases of cystitis and in cases of fat necrosis, but 
has not been proved to be the primary invader. 

^. Has ihe Bureau of Animal Industry or the Bureau of Chemistry of the 
Department of Agriculture prescribed any requirements for the improvement of 
methods of producing or selling milk transported from one State to another, 
either under authority of the food and drugs act of 1906 or otherwise? 

The Bureau of Chemistry has prescribed the following requirements for 
market milk in interstate commerce: It must be the fresh, clean, lacteal 
secretion obtained by the complete milking of healthy cows, properly fed and 
kept, excluding that obtained within 15 days before and 10 days after calving, 
and must contain not less than 8.5 per cent solids not fat, and not less than 3.25 
per cent of milk fat. Bacteriologically it must not contain more than 500,000 
bacteria per cubic centimeter for market milk ; not more than 100,000 for 
inspected milk ; not more than 10,000 for certified milk. The kind of bacteria 
present may modify judgment as to its quality. When practicable, sanitary 
inspection of dairies and creameries furnishing the product is also taken into 
consideration in enforcing these standards. 

5. Has it been conclusively demonstrated that pathogenic microorganisms 
survive and retain their virulence hi butter, cheese, and other milk products? 

Pathogenic microorganisms will live in butter and cheese for several months. 

6. Is there consequent reason for requiring that these products be maintained 
at low temperature; and if so, what maximum temperature should be main- 
tained? 

While low temperatures retard and inhibit the -growth and mutiplication of 
pathogenic germs, they can not be relied upon to destroy such germs. The require- 
ment that dairy products be held at low temperatures therefore would not remove 
the danger. Such contaminations should be guarded against and prevented 
so far as possible in the preparation of the products. The pasteurization of 
cream or milk before they are made into butter or cheese is considered the best 
method of accomplishing this object. 



United States Department of Agriculture, 

Bureau of Chemistry, 
Washington, D. C, November 30, 1910. 
Committee on Milk Investigation, 

Washington Chamber of Commerce, 

1202 P Street NW., Washington, D. C. 
Gentlemen : I have your communication of the 24th instant asking my 
opinion on certain questions in regard to milk. I will reply as fully as I can. 
1. The only regulations which have been formulated respecting the prepara- 
tion or distribution of condensed, modified, powdered, or evaporated milks are 
those contained in the standards of purity for food products, Circular 19, issued 
by the Secretary of Agriculture in- harmony with the authority of Congress, 
and they are as follows: 

(1) Milk is the fresh, clean, lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milking 
of one or more healthy cows, properly fed and kept, excluding that obtained 
within 15 days before and 10 days after calving, and contains not less than 
8.5 per cent of solids, not fat, and not less than 3.25 per cent of milk fat. 

(2) Blended milk is milk modified in its composition so as to have a definite 
and 'Stated percentage of one or more of its constituents. 



238 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

(3) Skim milk is milk from which a part or all of the cream has been 
removed, and contains not less than 9.25 per cent of milk solids. 

(4) Pasteurized milk is milk that has been heated below boiling, but suflB- 
ciently to kill most of the active organisms present, and immediately cooled to 
50° F. or lower. 

(5) Sterilized milk is milk that has been heated at the temperature of boiling 
water or higher for a length of time sufficient to kill all organisms present. 

(6) Condensed milk — evaporated milk — is milk from which a considerable 
portion of water has been evaporated and contains not less than 28 per cent 
of milk solids, of which not less than 27.5 per cent is milk fat. 

(7) Sweetened condensed milk is milk from which a considerable portion of 
water has been evaporated and to which sugar (sucrose) has been added, and 
contains not less than 28 per cent of milk solids, of which not less than 27.5 
per cent is milk fat. 

(8) Condensed skim milk is milk from which a considerable portion of water 
has been evaporated. 

(9) Buttermilk is the product that remains when butter is removed from 
milk or cream in the process of churning. 

(10) Goat's milk, ewe's milk, etc., are the fresh, clean, lacteal secretions, free 
from colostrum, obtained by the complete milking of healthy animals other 
than cows, properly fed and kept, and conform in name to the species of animal 
from which they are obtained. 



(1) Cream is that portion of milk, rich in milk fat, which rises to the surface 
of milk on standing, or is separated from it by centrifugal force, is fresh and 
clean, and contains not less than 18 per cent of milk fat. 

(2) Evaporated cream — clotted cream — is cream from which a considerable 
portion of water has been evaporated. 

' 2. I am of the opinion that there is a wide variation of ideas which may be 
properlj^ entertained concerning " prepared " milk. I am inclined to the fol- 
lowing: Natural milk, which has not been treated other than by straining, cool- 
ing, and bottling, would not be entitled to the term " prepared milk." All 
milk which has been modified in its composition in any way, by changing the 
properties of its ingredients or by sterilization or pasteurization, should be 
designated as prepared milk. Milk which is used in connection with other foods 
in a dried or semiliquid state is not prepared milk but milk used in compound- 
ing other foods. 

3. While I have not made experimental determinations on the effect of freez- 
ing milk, I am of the opinion that it profoundly modifies its character, perhaps 
not so much in regard to its potability as to its wholesomeness and nutritive 
qualities. My belief in this matter is based on the well-known fact that the 
freezing of wine or beer, or of meat or fruits, profoundly affects their character. 
I'or this reason milk, especially if intended for the nutrition of infants, should 
never be frozen. 

4. I am unable to give the commission any information respecting the c(»m- 
parative retail prices of condensed, powdered, evaporated, and modified milks 
as compared with raw milk. I will say, however, that I do not believe that 
milk should have the prefix " raw " attached to it. The term " milk " means 
pure, fresh, clean, and properly handled milk, and the term " raw " is unneces- 
sary and discriminatory. 

5. I do not believe that any milk which has undergone any so-called prepara- 
tion or modification of any kind is as wholesome and nutritious as the pure 
article. In my opinion pasteurization seriously injures milk in its nutritive 
value, especially for infants, and milk should never be pasteurized except as a 
choice between two evils. Insanitary milk, if used at all, should undoubtedly 
be pasteurized. Dirty milk is just as dirty after pasteurization as it was before. 
Pure, clean, properly handled milk needs.no pasteurization and no modifica- 
tion, and no preparation, except as indicated in the modifications of milk under 
proper medical control and advice for the feeding of infants. 

I use the term " milk " solely as the lacteal secretion of the cow and do not 
refer to mothers' milk, or the milk of sheep, goats, or asses. In my opinion 
large cities, and in that I include Washington, might be able to get a much 
better milk supply than is now afforded by the establishment of clean, sanitary 
milk plants in regions devoted to the dairy industry, drying the milk to a 
powder by one of the modern sanitary processes and transporting it to the city 



THE MILK SITUATIO]Sr IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 239 

for speedy consumption. I would not, however, advise the use of milk powder 
by any means for infant feeding. I strongly urge upon every municipality to 
establish a milk plant under the direct control of the municipality where pure, 
clean, wholesome, unpasteurized, unmodified, and unprepared milk may be 
kept for the use of those infants who are fed artificially. I would have in 
this plant a modifying chamber under the direction of a competent specialist 
to modify the pure milk without any other change to as nearly the composition 
of fresh mothers' milk as possible, or to make special modifications of milk, 
under the direction of a physician, for those who are diseased. I would make 
it a penal offense for any person feeding an infant artificially to use any other 
food than that supplied from this central establishment. As far as grown 
people are concerned, in my opinion, a properly prepared milk such as I have 
described as coming from a distance can be used with safety and without 
danger of interfering with the nutritive processes. The municipal milk supply, 
therefore, would be only for the use of infants artificially fed. 
Respectfully, 

H. W. Wiley, Chief. 



Executive Office, 
State Board of Health of Florida, 
Jacksonville, Fla., November 18, 1910. 
Chamber of Commerce, 

Washington, D. C. 

Gentlemen : Inclosed, I return herewith answers to certain of the questions 
sent out. 

I have only undertaken to answer those which have been definitely settled 
by research and experience ; the others, from my point of view, at least, are 
largely speculative, and matters in which I do not care to enter. 
Very truly, yours, 

Joseph Y. Porter, 
State Health Officer. 



Office of Board of Health Commissioners, 

Bureau of Vital Statistics, 
Hartford, Conn., Novem'ber 10, 1910. 
Washington Chamber of Commerce, 

Washington, D. C. 
Gentlemen : I am in receipt of your questionaire relative to the control of 
production and handling of milk. The questions appear to me to be so diffuse 
as to render impossible the categorical answers which you evidently expect 
The ground covered by each of the questions is so broad that to my mind it is 
impossible to give the answers without a large number of exceptions. Such 
being the case I am sending you a copy of the Connecticut State law and our 
municipal ordinances on the subject. 

Very truly, yours, C. P. Botsford, Superintendent. 



Office of Health Officer, 
Lynchburg, Va., 'November 9, 1910. 
Chairman Committee on Milk Situation, Chamber of Commerce, 

Washington, D. C. 
Dear Sir : I inclose you blanks filled out as you requested. I believe that the 
great thing necessary in milk supply is instructive inspection. It is true that 
the inspector must be clothed with power to get rid of those who won't respond 
to reasonable demands, but only a few have been found here who had to be 
closed out. There is no compulsory tuberculin test here, but a number of 
dairymen have of their own accord had their herds tested, and all of them are 
interested and mostly making arrangements to test. This is a highly desir- 
able condition and is ripe for a law for those few, if any exist, who will not 
soon test. The dairymen here have the idea that the test is for the protection 
of their own herds more than for anything else. 
Yours, very truly, 

MosBT G. Perrow, Health Officer. 



240 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Department of Public Health and Charities, 

Philadelphia, December 8, 1910. 
J. Louis Willige, Esq., 

Chaitman Milk Committee, 

Washington Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. G. 
Deab Sir: The Philadelphia milk conimission, which has been making a study 
of the milk problem in Philadelphia, has not as yet made its report. When 
such has been received I will be pleased to take up with you the questions men- 
tioned in your letter of recent date. This commission is going into the matter 
extensively and I feel that its findings will be of great importance to the city 
of Philadelphia. 

Very truly, yours, J. S. Neff, Director. 



Department of Health and Sanitation, 

Seattle, Wash., November 21, 1910. 
The Washington Chamber of Commerce, 

Washington, D. G. 

Gentlemen : Please find inclosed answers in full to questions submitted. 

You must realize that I am 3,000 miles away from Washington and laboring 
under somewhat different conditions, but I have answered the questions as it 
seems to me they should be answered in a district in which we have practically 
an all-year's outdoor pasturage, and in a district in which we have no very hot 
weather. 

You will notice that a tone of antagonism runs through my answers in refer- 
ence to pasteurization. I hardly know what I would do were I commissioner 
of health in a hot, eastern city. I am satisfied, however, that I would regard 
it only as a makeshift and would oppose it with all my strength and manhood 
as a permanent proposition, since I believe that it would be an insult to the 
intelligence of civilized men to admit that, with all our skill and canning, we 
can not produce a good wholesome milk just as God Almighty made it, unmodi- 
fied by man. If pasteurization shall be unnecessarily adopted in any com- 
munity and for any greater length of time than is absolutely necessary, I be- 
lieve that it will put back the time when we can expect to see safe milk pro- 
duced many, many years. In other words, by pasteurization the milk can be 
taken to a city and sold containing such contamination originally as would have 
condemned such milk had it not been pasteurized. Therefore the stimulus 
to produce milk without contamination has been removed and the tendency will 
be, without the slightest doubt, to deteriorate the standard of excellence from 
day to day and from year to year. 

Look at the difference in the quality of milk in most American cities to-day as 
compared to what it was, say, five years ago. Think of the swill-fed dairies of 
Cincinnati ; then realize what has been accomplished without pasteurization 
and think what may be accomplished during the next 10 or 20 years. In the 
meantime, however, under carefully drawn lines, pasteurization will save many 
lives. 

Yours, very truly, ' J. E. Crichton, 

Commissioner of Health. 



Department of Public Safety, 

Syracuse, November 11, 1910. 
Mr. Thomas Grant, 

Secretary Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. G. 
Dear Sib : I have answered the questions to the inclosed circular letter to the 
best of my ability. The answers to many of the questions have been made off- 
hand, and so may be of little value to you. We have been carrying on an 
extensive milk campaign here in Syracuse for some four years, and we have 
done a great deal along the line of betterments in our milk supply. We are 
far from perfection in all of this work' The problems are very great, and many 
of them difficult of solution. Our aim has been to lessen the infant mortality 
in our city. We feel that something has been done in this line, but much still 
remains to be done. If you can give us any helpful suggestions from your 
studies and investigations, we should be very glad to get them. 
Yours, very truly, 

D. M. ToTMAN, Health Officer. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE MSTRIOT OF COLUMBIA. 241 

Depabtment of Health, 
Wheeling, W. Va., November 14, 1910. 

The Washington Chamber of Commerce, 

Washington, D. C. 

Gentlemen : I have tried to answer the list of questions you submitted, but 
In some instances it is impossible to answer in a few words. 

We have tried to make our people understand that clean raw milk from 
healthy cattle is far preferable to pasteurized milk. 

We try to make them understand that bacteria grow perhaps more rapidly 
in pasteurized milk than in raw milk, and therefore pasteurized milk requires 
the same amount of care. 

We tell them that in a city where the milk supply is as close as Wheeling's 
there is no excuse for pasteurized milk. 

Some of our dairymen can and do bring in practically perfect milk. Why 
shouldn't the others do the same? 

In a large city where the milk supply comes from a great distance the situa- 
tion is different. 

Our newspapers print our milk reports, and we are thus able to bring this 
before the people. 

Yours, truly, W. H. McLain, M. D. 



Kensington, Md., November 10, 1910. 
J. Lotris Willige, Esq., 

Washington Chamber of Commerce, 

Washington, D. C. 
Dear Sir : I am inclosing herewith short answers to most of the questions 
submitted on the subject of the tuberculin test. I confine myself to one list of 
questions, as that has been my work abroad for a number of years. Should you 
care to request further information on the tuberculin test it will give me great 
pleasure to answer any questions or to appear before your committee personally, 
if they so desire. 

Very respectfully, T. A. Geddes. 



Philadelphia, December 28, 1910. 
Mr. J. Louis Willige, 

Chairman Washington Chamber of Commerce, 

Washington, D. C. 
Dear Sir : I herewith return the questionnaire which you sent me some 
weeks ago. 

I have answered the questions as intelligently as possible. The ones relating 
to the tuberculin tests I turned over to Dr. C. J. Marshall, of the veterinary 
department of the University of Pennsylvania, whom I consider the best- 
qualified person I know to answer such a series of questions. The replies 
attached are his. 

If the answers given will prove of any benefit to you it will be very gratify- 
ing both to Dr. Marshall and myself. 

Very truly, yours, S. McC. Hamill. 



Wisconsin State Hygienic Laboratory, 

Madison, November 19, 1910. 
Chairman of Milk Committee, 

1202 F Street NW., Washington, D. C. 
My Dear Sir : Your circular letter inclosing several lists of questions were 
received on my return recently from Europe, and I take pleasure in giving 
answers. 

Many of these questions are general in character and almost impossible to 
answer without taking consideration of modifying circumstances. I have, how- 
ever, given as sur,cinct answers as possible, and beg you to remember that much 
more could be said on practically all of them. However, as an expression of 
opinion, I judge you wish the answers put as briefly as possible. The general 

82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-3 16 



242 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

questions from 13 to 23 I have not replied to, partly because most of them come 
more directly under men enj^aged in other lines of work than my own, and 
partly because nuich can be said in answer to each question, so much de- 
pending on circumstances. For instance, question 13, " What is condensed 
milk?" There are a number of ways of condensing milk, as you no doubt 
know. A milk preserved by the addition of much sugar would be susceptible 
to changes entirely ditrerent from that simply condensed, but to which no sugar 
has been added. The same consideration is api)licable in regard to the nutri- 
tive qualities and digestibility and keeping qualities of such milks, much de- 
pending on circumstances, so that I do not feel able to answer these questions 
in the space allot1(>(l. However, as said before, you can get very much better 
opinions from men who are especially engaged in this line of work. 
I am, with high regard, very sincerely, yours, 

Mazyck p. Ravenel. 



Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 

Boston, November 9, 1910. 
Dear Sir : I am sorry that I have no time to study and make careful answers 
to the iutor(>sting questions which you lay before me. 

Having been absent from my desk for six months in Europe, I am now over- 
whelmed with work and regret that I shall not be able to assist you. 
Very truly, yours, 

W. T. Sedgwick. 
Chairman Chamber of Commerce, 

Washington, D. 0. 



Harvard University Medical School, 

Boston, Mass., November 15, 1910. 
The Washington Chamber of Commerce, 

Washington, D. C. 
Dear Sir: I have duly received your circular letter and accompanying series 
of questions dealing with the problem of dairy sanitation. On looking over the 
questions I find it impossible to give any categorical answers to them. My own 
views are more or less determined by opposing considerations and I should be 
giving an erroneous impression if I were to answer them briefly. I am sure 
that a few men in Washington holding fairly conservative views could furnish 
the desired information, since there are no widely divergent opinions among 
scientists at the present time on the subjects you have introduced. 
Very truly, yours. 

Theobald Smith. 



University of Minnesota, 
Minneapolis, Minn., December 1, 1910. 
Washington Chamber of Commerce, 

Washington, D. C. 

Gentlemen ; Immediately upon receipt of your blanks I set about trying to 
formulate answers which would be of use to yon. There were so many ques- 
tions, however, that I did not know quite what to do. Upon some of them my 
opinion would he purely academic; on certain others I felt a right to express 
an opinion, but it appeared to be quite impractical for me to contribute anything 
which would be of real use to you. 

You have in Washington, in your medical health officer, and in the various 
Federal services, including the United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital 
Service and the various divisions of the Departenmt of Agriculture, men whose 
opinions have the greatest weight with sanitarians throughout this and other coun- 
tries. In addition to their genei-al knowledge, they have specific information with- 
out which it would be inipossil)le to discuss intelligently tlie Washington situation. 
Outsiders, no matter how much they know about a subject in general, are at a 
disadvantage in d*\-iling wilii a local situation, and, instead of being helpful, 
might be i)ositively detrimental. Your blanks are comprehensive, but they 
should be filled out by those who see all sides of the local situation and are 
familiar with local conditions. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 243 

In answer to yours of November 28, I have to say that I believe you have, 
right on the grounds in Washington, all the necessary authorities and should be 
able to receive a complete report upon the local situation which would form the 
basip of action which would be at once suitable to the needs of Washington 
and prove of profit to the rest of us in the solution of our own local problems. 

I should be glad to be of help in any way possible, but feel personally that this 
letter is the best help that I can give you. 

Yours, very truly, F. F. Wesbbook. 



The College of the City of New York, 

tfew York, November 17, 191.0. 
Washington Chamber of Commerce, 

Washington, D. C. 
Dear Sirs : I inclose replies to as many of the questions in your excellent 
set of papers on milk supply as I felt that I could answer. 

If the results of this questionnaire are published, I should be very glad to 
receive a copy of it, as I should think they would be of great value. 
Sincerely, yours, 

C. E. A. WiNSLOw. 



Borden's Condensed Milk Co., 

New York City, November 10, 1910. 
Washington Chamber of Commerce, 

1202 F Street NW., Washington, D. C. 
Dear Sirs : This is to acknowledge receipt of your communication of the 
1st instant, with inclosures, and to say that we will be glad to answer the 
various questions, as far as possible, as soon as we can find an opportunity to 
get the data together. 

Very truly, yours, Borden's Condensed Milk Co., 

F. J. Taylor, President. 



Borden's Condensed Milk Co., 

New York City, November 30, 1910. 
The Washington Chamber of Commerce, 

1202 F Street NW., Washington, D. C. 
Dear Sirs : Referring to your favor of the 28th instant reminding us of 
your previous communication, would say that if you have made very much of 
an examination of the milk question you certainly are aware that it is an in- 
tricate one. We do not wish to make any haphazard, or premature answers to 
the questions which you have so intelligently compiled, and, considering the 
vast amount of general misinformation circulated on the milk question and the 
premature conclusions in some quarters, we felt that the inquiry which you had 
in hand was a movement along the right line, for it is time that the public 
itself, and the consuming public in particular, be informed more correctly on 
some of the phases of the milk question that seem to be debatable. Our stand- 
[loint is that the so-called milk question involves the producer, distributor, and 
consumer, and, therefore, can not be intelligently considered unless these factors 
are properly investigated. We expect to have the report ready in a few days 
and will forward to you promptly. 

Very truly, yours, Borden's Condensed Milk Co., 

F. J. Taylor, President. 



Borden's Condensed Milk Co., 

New York City, December 5, 1910. 
Washington Chamber of Commerce, 

1202 F Street NW., Washington, D. C. 
Gentlemen : Supplementing our exchange of correspondence on this question, 
we herewith hand you our memorandum of replies to the questions presented 
in your request. Our answers are based upon an earnest desire to view the 



244 THE MILK SITUATIOK IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

whole subject from the practical standpoint of recognizing the dependency 
of the consumer upon the producer and the necessity of the distributor, for 
it goes without saying that the individual consumer can not go to the indi- 
vidual dairy for his personal requirements. Therefore, the milk problem 
necessarily evolves itself into a commercial basis; for without the commercial 
incentive the consumer can not receive any milk unless he produces it himself. 
There can be no obligation compelling the existence of dairymen, their pro- 
duction of milk at a cost not commensurate with their selling price, or the 
distribution of it not contingent on a revenue basis. 

We have made a special study of the tuberculin test, its advantages and 
disadvantages, in connection with the litigation which has been forced upon 
us by the requirements of the town of Montclair, of New Jersey, which case 
has been in litigation for some time, and in which we have endeavored to 
procure the testimony of the most learned, unbiased experts upon all the 
questions involved of bovine tuberculosis, tuberculin test, and the trans- 
missibility of bovine tuberculosis to human beings ; all of these subjects having 
been exhaustively examined and testified to in connection with that case. 
Very truly, yours, 

■ Borden's Condensed Milk Co., 
F. J. Taylok, President. 



Hearings on the Milk Subject Before the Committee of Chamber of 

Commerce. 

Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Committee: You have asked me to 
appear before you and state my views as to the best methods of procuring a 
safe and clean supply of milk for the District of Columbia. It must be con- 
ceded by all fair-minded and self-respecting men that the District of Columbia 
is entitled to and should have a good, fresh, pure, supply of milk at reasonable 
prices. As to just what constitutes the required or ideal supply of milk seems 
to be the subject for discussion to-day. After 40 years' experience in the 
business myself, and aided by the experience of the very best medical thought 
to-day, I feel safe in saying that the one and only safe milk for the people of 
the District to use is pure, clean, cow's milk in its raw state. To adopt either 
of the substitutes that are now before the commissioners, namely, the com- 
pulsory tuberculin testing of cattle or compulsory pasteurization, would result 
in an expensive and serious failure. If you will permit me I will give you a 
short history of tuberculin and what it has done since discovered. About 1882 
Prof. Koch discovered what he claimed to be a diagnostic for the tubercle 
bacilli and published the same to the world. He was pounced upon by the 
medical profession and the pathologists, not only in the Old World but in 
America. So hard was he pressed for proof of his discovery that he asked the 
medical world to suspend judgment and give him sufficient time to make further 
research, and if possiblfe substantiate what he said or back down from the 
position he had taken. For several years (I do not know the exact time) the 
matter was allowed to lay dormant and was not heard from again until about 
1890, if I remember correctly, when Prof. Koch came before the medical world 
like an honest man and declared to the medical profession that he " had made a 
mistake in the assertions he had made before, and that his tuberculin was not a 
reliable diagnostic." He steadfastly stood by that assertion (until his death 
a few months ago), notwithstanding the pressure from the medical men in 
both European countries and America. Prof. Bangs, of Copenhagen, has had 
more to do with tuberculin than any other man that I know of, and after 
using it for many years declared that tuberculin was " not a true diagnostic 
and could not be relied upon at all times." About 18 years ago, as well 
as I remember, the tuberculin testing of cattle was taken up in the United 
States. Most of the New England States at different times have tried it, and 
while there may be some laws on the statute books yet which require it. so 
far as I can learn none of them enforce it. Pennsylvania was next to take 
it up after the New England States, and after slaughtering many herds decided 
it was not practical. Only a few years ago the great dairy State of New York 
passed a law and made an effort to enforce it, but soon abandoned it. Since 
that time many of the Western States have taken it up, but so far as I know 
now there is not one State in the Union that enforces it, and it was only a 
few weeks ago that the Supreme Court of the great dairy State of Iowa decided 
that the law was unconstitutional. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 245 

PEOBABLE RESULTS IF THE TUBEKCTJLIN TEST IS MADE COMPULSORY, 

Assuming that the figures given out by the dairy division of the Agricultural 
Department are correct, and I haven't any reason to doubt them, the per cent 
of reacting cattle in the District was about IS per cent. Basing our estimate 
on these figures we must look for something like 16 or 18 per cent of reacting 
cattle in the States of Maryland and Virginia, and it is only reasonable to 
assume that something like 10 per cent of the farmers will be forced out of 
the business or will abandon it sooner than submit to the test. Conceding this 
to be true we must look for something like 25 or 30 per cent decrease in the herds 
in the States of Maryland and Virginia. If this supposition is borne out we 
must naturally expect something like 25 per cent shrinkage in the supply of milk. 
With the present shortage of milk added to what we may look for if com- 
pulsory tuberculin testing is insisted on, it will surely drive ofC all competition, 
and when competition is destroyed it must be apparent to anyone that an 
unreasonably high price will obtain. Nor is this the only bad result. Should 
the price of milk be forced up to something like 10 or 12 cents a quart it will 
surely put it beyond the reach of from 40,000 to 60,000 people in the Dis- 
trict, and a large portion of this class must necessarily be young children, 
who will never have an opportunity to indulge in a glass of milk. If the 
commissioners and the Agricultural Department deem this action wise and 
philanthropic they should proceed on lines that will insure milk from tuberculin 
tested cattle. But before doing this it might be well to consider, first, whether 
they are justified in taking this milk from the mouths of these people without 
offering them any substitute that is as cheap and as good as the milk they now 
have ; second, whether they are getting any better milk than they would at 8 
or 9 cents a quart, since no one can dare come forward and say that they have 
proof positive that tuberculosis can be transmitted from the bovine to the 
human family and since no one can bring proof positive that even one case can 
be shown to have been introduced into the human family by milk. Nor is this 
all. The preponderance of evidence to-day with those who have had experience 
with the tuberculin test declare it is not an infallible diagnostic, and will not 
cause a reaction after cattle have been tested with it three or four times, and 
opens the way for more duplicity and rascality than any other test I know of. 

COMPULSORY PASTEURIZATION. 

There is very little that can be said in favor of pasteurized milk, and from 
my viewpoint there is only one condition under which milk should ever be 
allowed to be pasteurized, and that is in the home under the instructions and 
advice of a practicing physician. To permit the pasteurization of milk under 
any other conditions is dangerous in the extreme and should not have the 
sanction of any conscientious gentlemen. The use of pasteurized milk in 
foundling asylums, children's hospitals, and similar institutions has long since 
been abandoned and is now regarded by most all physicians of note as an 
unsafe diet and should not be tolerated. To temporize with either of the 
above expedients will only defer for 5 or 10 years the accomplishing of 
what we might call an ideal dairy supply for the District of Columbia, and 
might in the end defeat the very object for which the authorities are work- 
ing. To destroy competition is detrimental to the consumer, and anything that 
tends to decrease the supply must necessarily aid in the destruction of com- 
petition. It should be the object of the authorities to make the laws covering 
the milk traffic sufficiently broad to protect the dairy producers in their property 
rights and at the same time stringent enough to safeguard the public and 
induce capital to invest in the dairy business, instead of making short-sighted, 
vexatious, and drastic regulations that will drive the business in the hands of 
unscrupulous men, as it is a well-known fact that it is next to impossible to 
properly police the milk business. 

Respectfully submitted. 

C. Thompson. 



246 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Sheffield Farms-Slawson Decker Co., 

New York, October 21, 1910. 
Mr. J. L. WiLLiGE, 

Chairman Chamber of Commerce Milk Committee, 

Washington, D. C. 

Dear Sir : I have been following the crusade that the authorities in Wash- 
ington are making for the betterment of the milk supply of that city and their 
endeavors to make the pasteurization of all milk that does no come from tuber- 
culin-tested herds compulsory. I notice in this morning's issues of the ISew 
York Times and New York Herald that the Milk Dealers' Association have 
brought in, as a defense, that if pasteurization is required that it would place 
the dealers in the hands of a trust, who are reaching out to control the entire 
milk supply of the country. The only dairy products organization that I know 
of, members of which were named in the issue, is the American Farm Products 
Co., a concern that has confined its efforts to the renovating of butter, and 
which, if my memory does not fail me, has gone in the hands of a receiver. 

I trust that the crusade the authorities are making will be successful, as it 
is the logical ultimate outcome for a pure-milk supply all over the world. 

The pasteurization of milk recommends itself from every standpoint, It is 
cheaper to pasteurize and bottle milk in the city in large plants than it is to 
bottle the milk in the country without pasteurization. Pasteurizing machinery 
is very cheap, and can be obtained from half a dozen or more concerns, and 
where the work can be done properly under official supervision, as is possible 
in the city, the public gets all the benefit and no increase in the retail price is 
necessary. 

Yours, very sincerely, D. S. Hoeton, Secretary. 



Nathan Straus Pasteurized Milk Laboratories, 

Washington, D. C, October 28, 1910. 

Mr. J. Louis WiLLIGE, 

Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C. 

My Dear Sir : In connection with the investigation now being carried on of 
the milk situation, I beg to invite you and your committee to visit the Nathan 
Straus Laboratory here in Washington. We are endeavoring to carry out the 
most approved methods in the care and pasteurization of milk, principally of 
modified milk for infants, and I feel it would doubtless be of assistance to you 
to see our plant In operation. 

The milk is received before 8.30 in tbe morning and is immediately modified 
and pasteurized, being ready for distribution by 11. If you could come to see 
us while we are at work, we should be very glad to have you. However, we 
are open daily until 5, and I would be glad at any time to explain our methods 
to yourself and committee. 

Trusting I may have the pleasure of seeing you here, I am. 
Yours, very respectfully, 

(Miss) Reba J. HuEN. 



Nathan Straus Pasteurized Milk Laboratories, 

Washington, D. C, November 17, 1910. 
Mr. J. Louis Willige, 

Chairman Chamber of Commerce Committee, 

603 Thirteenth Street NW., City. 
My Dear Mr. Willige: I beg to inclose herewith the list questions sent me 
by your committee, answered as best I can. Many of the questions can be 
answered only by scientists, whom I have followed in my answers and whom 
you fortunately have been able to interview personally. 

May I remind your committee of the invitation to visit this laboratory and 
see both how we handle the milk and also the philanthropic side of our work 
in caring for the poor babies? I trust you may find it possible to come at some 
early date. 

Yours, very respectfully, Beba J. Hubn. 



1 



THE MILK SITUATIOK IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 247 

I ' BuRNSiDE (Post Office Eccleston), Md., 

Beccniher 6, 1910. 
J. L. WiLLiGE, Esq., Chairman, 

Washington, D. G. 

Deae Sir: Your letter to the Walker-Gordon Laboratory of Washington has 
been referred to me, and I herewith inclose the question sheets answered so far 
as I feel competent. 

I am also inclosing pamphlet, issued some little time ago, descriptive of the 
farm where Burnside milk is produced. Here all employees report any sick- 
ness in their families. Our medical adviser is at once consulted, and until 
he decides that the disease is not contagious that employee takes no further 
part in the handling of the milk. 1 consider this second only to integrity in 
the safeguarding of milk. 

The purpose of the Walker-Gordon Laboratories is to fill the prescriptions of 
physicians for milk containing definite percentages of fat, protein, sugar, etc., 
and to furnish such other food for infants as the physician may prescribe. 
While the laboratories sell a high grade of milk and creams for nursery and 
table use, and a number of milk preparations, such as buttermilk, kephir, 
koumiss, etc., they offer nothing that could properly be classed with propri- 
etary foods. No modified or prescription milk is sold except on the order of 
a physician, who rarely has difficulty in so changing his prescription as to 
make the milk entirely suited to the digestion of the patient. The modifiers, 
or prescription clerks, use carefully prepared tables by which many thou- 
sands of different combinations can be effected without any chemical change 
in the milk constituents. Where the child is doing well at the breast, but the 
mother has not sufficient milk, the physician may have the mother's milk 
analyzed, and, as nearly as is possible in cow's milk, reproduced for additional 
feedings. 

I have endeavored to give you some idea of our aims, but it would be far 
more satisfactory if I might have the pleasure of showing you and the other 
members of your committee our plant, and I should be glad to know that it 
would be agreeable to you to visit us. So far as I know now I shall be free to 
meet you here any day you may select except the 9th, 10th, and 15th instant, 
and hope you will name an early date. 

Yours, sincerely, S. M. Shoemakeb. 



New York White Cross Milk Co., 

New York City, NovemI)er 30, 1910. 
Chairman of Milk Committee, 

Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C. 

Dear Sir : I am herewith returning you the list of questions asked by your 
special committee. You will note that there are many questions I have made 
no attempt to answer, but if it is of ^interest to you, I will write you on 
pasteurized milk, condensed milk, and concentrated milk, in comparison with 
raw milk. I will treat the condensed milk and concentrated milk without the 
addition of sugar as a preservative in either case. 

Condensed milk is a product of milk, not milk. It is really milk from which 
a portion of the water has been removed and is carried a few degrees higher 
in temperature than pasteurized milk (190 to 200°) for the purpose of coagu- 
lating and albumin and casein, but this condensed milk has the same vital objec- 
tion to be used as a general milk that follows with pasteurized milk, while 
when freshly made, it would show a very low bacteria count and the absence 
of pathogenic germs, but as it spoils it developes a putrefaction, and hence is 
liable to produce a toxic condition. It is well understood that in milk subjected 
to a vacuum there is a breaking down of cells and is followed by a sensible 
decomposition of the proteids. 

Pasteurized milk is a milk that is subjected to a temperature varying from 
140 to 165° ; different temperature depending on the length of time of the 
exposure of milk to this temperature. It is much safer when freshly pasteur- 
ized than it is as it grows older, as it is a well-recognized fact that in the city 
of New York pasteurized milk is not permitted to be sold by a dealer after 
it is 24 hours old, and while the bacteria count might be low, it is liable to 
decomposition, and as often decomposition has no taste the very warning that 
is necessary for spoiled milk is not there in the shape of souring and the 
conditions are right for a toxic poison. If the temperature has been carried 



248 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

high enough, there will be a change in the albumin and caseiu, and certainly 
a destruction in the enzymes. There are three conditions that render the 
pasteurization of milk impractical from a commercial standpoint, if a perfect 
milk is to be served : 

First. If the milk is pasteurized at the creamery, and their lack of proper 
skill and integrity makes it impractical. 

Second. If the milk is pasteurized in the city, the increase in the number 
of bacteria from the farmer to the city increases the number of bacteria, and 
consequently the milk is more liable to the putrefaction, above referred to. 

Third. There is no positive way of knowing or no physical change in the 
milk that absolutely guarantees that the product has been so treated, and can 
only be determined after a day or two when the milk is all consumed and the 
harm done, and in this case, the digestibility of the milk is impaired and is 
not as safe as pasteurized milk. 

To my mind the great quantity of milk consumed by large cities can never 
be properly guaranteed as clean, pure milk unless there is a physical change 
in the milk, and this miist be brought about at the creamery ; such change not 
to affect the component parts of the milk ; to have no effect on the enzymes, 
and when the product becomes old it should develop a lactic ferment. 

Concentrated milk is a milk from vvhich three-fourths of the water has 
been removed. This is the object at the creamery, and the removal of B. coli 
and all pathogenic ferms are mere incidents ; the force at the creamery have 
but one object in view — the removal of the water and the reducing of the 
product to a certain specific gravity. Concentrated milk when it becomes 
old invariably produces a lactic ferment. The fat globules are the same in 
concentrated milk as in the normal milk. The enzymes are unchanged and the 
digestibility is not impaired, and in no instance in the many tests has there 
been any sign of a putrefaction as the product becomes old. 

Trusting I have furnished you some information that will be of value, and 
if you would like to have any data confirming what I have just written I will 
be pleased to send it, as we have reports from scientists of recognized ability. 
Yours, very truly, 

C. H. CampbelIi. 



The Creameby Package Manufactueing Co., 

Chicago, III., November 11, 1910. 
The Washington Chamber of Commerce, 

1202 F Street NW., Washington, D. C. 
Gentlemen : Your favor of the 5th instant, with list of questions, received 
and very carefully noted. We attach hereto this list with our answers. We 
have given you the very best information we are able in this connection with- 
out prejudice from the standpoint of being interested in the manufacture and 
sale of pasteurizing machines. 

We are in pretty close touch with this situation throughout the country and 
believe that our advices can be considered of a conservative character. 
Very truly, yours, 

Creamery Package Manufacturing Co., 
H. B. Osgood, Sales Manager. 

INFORMATION DESIRED BY SPECIAL COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY THE WASHINGTON 
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE TO INVESTIGATE THE MILK SITUATION OF THE DISTRICT 
OF COLUMBIA. 

1. Please state the advantages of pasteurization. 

Destruction of lactic-acid bacteria, insuring keeping qualities ; also destruc- 
tion of disease germs, protecting health. 

2. What valid objections have been presented in opposition to pasteurization? 
No valid objections to proper pasteurization have ever been presented. It is 

claimed by some who are opposed to pasteurization that it acts as a cloak for 
all sorts of improper care and handling of milk. We believe, however, you are 
considering this from the standpoint of milk handled under modern sanitary 
conditions and pasteurized in accordance with the most approved methods. 

3. What is the cost of pasteurizing milk per pound or per gallon? 

About one-eighth cent per quart. The cost is dependent to a large extent 
upon the amount of milk handled and the cost of fuel, etc. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 249 

4. Should this cost, in your judgment, properly add to the retail price of 
milk? 

No. The saving in other directions offsets it in the increased volume of 
business, and the practical elimination of losses from sour milk more than 
makes up for the cost of pasteurization. 

5. What is the cost of an efficient pasteurizing machine with its accessories 
and of what capacity? 

With a capacity of 4,000 pounds per hour, about $2,500. 

6. What is the estimated cost of a pasteurizing plant completely installed? 
With a capacity of 4,000 pounds per hour, $5,000 and up, depending upon 

whether this question is intended to cover equipment for bottling, refrigerating 
machinery, etc. 

7. Is compulsory pasteurization, in your judgment, feasible and advisable? 
Yes. There is no reason at the present time why the city milk plants, from 

largest to smallest, can not be equipped with proper pasteurizing machinery at 
a cost within their means if they have sufficient capital to properly handle their 
business. 

8. Would you recommend the establishment of a municipal pasteurizing plant 
(or plants) if compulsory pasteurization be insisted upon, so far as concerns 
milk and milk products consumed in the District of Columbia? 

No ; we do not believe that a proposition of this sort can be successfully and 
economically handled by municipal government. 

9. At what temperature and for what length of time should the milk be 
heated in the pasteurizing process to produce the best results? 

One hundred and forty-five degrees Fahrenheit for 30 minutes. 

10. Is pasteurized milk, in your judgment, more or less easily digested than 
raw milk? 

If properly pasteurized at 145° F., there would be no difference whatever. 

11. What advantages has pasteurized milk compared with modified condensed 
and powdered milk? 

Pasteurized milk and other kinds of milk mentioned are so different in char- 
acter that there is no basis of comparison. 

12. Does pasteurization tend to preserve milk? 
Certainly, as the lactic acid germs are destroyed. 

13. Is it necessary to preserve the same precautions with pasteurized as with 
raw milk? 

Certainly. 

14. Are there a number of efficient makes of pasteurizing machines? 

Only three that have undertaken to embody the latest principles of pasteur- 
izing and holding. 

15. Is there, so far as you know, a monopoly controlling the production or sale 
of pasteurizing machinery? 

No. Manufacturers of these machines are all independent of each other 
and in keen competition. 

16. In your judgment would compulsory pasteurization dispense with the 
necessity or feasibility of applying the tuberculin test? 

A reply to this question we think would depend entirely upon the final con- 
clusions of scientific authorities as to the efficiency of the tuberculin test. 
It is our understanding at the present time there is a very wide difference of 
opinion on this point. So long as there is any question as to the efficiency 
of the tuberculin test in our judgment all milk should be pasteurized. 

17. What maximum temperature should be prescribed for the preservation of 
pasteurized milk? 

From 35 to 40° F. 



Derby, Conn., November 15, 1910. 
Chamber of Commerce, 

Washington, D. G. 

Gentlemen : We have your favor of November 5 asking us to answer ques- 
tions with regard to pasteurization. 

The writer does not care to give you any information for the simple reason 
that there are quite a number of questions that we feel should not be answered 
by us. 

For instance, your question 1 : " State the advantages of pasteurization." 
Although we are expert engineers on milk, we leave it up to the medical au- 
thorities to decide if pasteurization is an advantage, but- as far as we know 



250 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

this has been settled by the Department of Agriculture. The Dairy Division 
recommends that all commercial milk should be pasteurized for 30 minutes 
at 145°. As this is an invention of the writer, all he can say is that he is 
proud that the Government recommends his work. 

2. This question has to be answered by physicians. All I can say is that 
99 per cent of all physicians do not know the first thing about milk, and there- 
fore I am not in a position to criticize either raw milk or pasteurized milk. 

3. The cost of pasteurization of milk depends entirely on the quantity of milk 
that is handled and on the process used. 

We naturally are steadily working along the lines of reducing the cost of 
operation, and on the very latest machines which we are building the cost for 
steam and refrigeration is only a small percentage of what it has been up to 
the present. 

The cost of pasteurizing, therefore, of 1 quart of milk is only a very small 
fraction of a cent in lai'ge plants. 

4. This is a question to be decided by the man who sells milk. 

5. Our perfect pasteurizers, 12,000 pounds capacity per hour, cost $5,000 per 
machine. However, it is necessary to have refrigerating plants in connection 
with this machine, and therefore the price will naturally be a great deal higher. 

6. Pasteurizing plant installed, with refrigerating machine necessary to take 
care of the milk, varies according to its size. We build plants from 3,000 
pounds per hour up to 12,000 pounds per hour. We have one at Mr. Oyster's 
plant in Washington, D. C, of about 6,000 pounds per hour, and a plant of 
that size, including refrigerating machine and boiler, is worth between $15,000 
and $18,000. For a 12,000-pound plant the cost of the pasteurizing outfit, with 
refrigerating machine, etc., would amount to between $25,000 and $30,000. 

7. The only way to protect the public against all kinds of infection from the 
filth that is found in all milk, except in certified milk, is to pasteurize it. It 
is a shame that in cities like New York and Boston there were epidemics of 
considerable extents this last week, due to infection through raw milk. In 
New York there was a typhoid-fever epidemic of over 400 cases, and in Boston 
the scarlet-fever epidemic had over 800 cases. When it comes down to deter- 
mine if it is better for a city to have such epidemics or to heat such milk, then, 
in my judgment, there is only one answer, and that is to pasteurize the milk. 

For myself, as a specialist on milk, I would not dare to feed my own children 
on raw milk even if it is certified, and I am happy to say that I have brought up 
children as strong as anybody can have, and all they ever got was boiled milk. 

8. We believe that in the United States it is better to have individual pasteur- 
izing plants — that is, handled by individual concerns. 

The milk business, as a rule, is to-day in the hands of a great many ignorant 
people, and there are only a very small percentage of men handling these prod- 
ucts who have any brains at all. Therefore the few that have intelligence should 
be separated by the communities in which they live, and the others have no 
right to be in business and sell their low-class products. 

I am personally afraid that if pasteurizing plants would be run by cities it 
would not be satisfactory. If they would be in charge of a high-class chemist 
or engineer it would be a different proposition. 

9. Our Mr. Willmann is the inventor of the pasteurizing process of heating 
milk continuously for 30 minutes at between 145 to 150° F. We have men- 
tioned above that the Government is recommending this process; therefore we 
have nothing else to add. 

10. From my experience with my own children I never found that raw milk 
agrees better with them than pasteurized milk.' 

11. Pasteurized milk has the same taste, like good raw milk, while condensed 
milk has been subjected to such high temperatures that it always has a cooked 
taste. Further, the pasteurized product is sold fresh, while condensed milk is 
sometimes very old before it is consumed. It is always better to get an article 
as fresh as possible, because there may be some chemical changes that may 
take place with the age, although we have no scientific proof that such is 
the case. 

Some of the milk powders are made from high temperatures, and in nearly 
all of them the casein has been denaturalized, and therefore is not as easy to 
digest as casein in pasteurized milk. The sugar, salts, and fats, and powders 
are naturally not changed. 

12. Pasteurization preserves milk for a certain length of time, and if it is 
properly cared for it will keep a few weeks. The hospitals of the Panama 



THE MILK SITUATION IIST THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 251 

Canal are supplied with perfectly pasteurized milk that runs through one of 
my machines at the Sheffield Farms-Slawson Decker Co., of New York City, 
and this will give you evidence enough that such pasteurized milk naturally has 
to keep, because without this it could not be shipped from New York to Panama 
and arrive there in perfect condition. 

13. Pasteurized milk should be handled at least just as carefully as very 
high-class raw milk. The average raw milk is handled by farmers, and their 
hands are naturally dirty, and therefore raw milk is naturally dirty. 

Milk should not only be pasteurized, but it should also be subjected to very 
thorough filtration, so that the dirt, which is chiefly cow manure, can be removed 
from the milk beforehand. 

Pasteurization should not mean treatment of dirt but treatment of reason- 
ably good raw milk, which can be rendered safe by that process. It is impos- 
sible for the next generation to change the farmers, and it will be impossible 
to change them for generations to come ; therefore pasteurization will be the 
only process that will give us a safeguard against infections that are conceived 
through raw milk. 

14. This is a question that has to be answered by the authorities. We build 
our machines and do not want to criticize any other make. 

The process of perfect pasteurization is our patent, but every housewife can 
heat the milk for the same length of time and at the same temperatures with- 
out infringing on our process; therefore we can say that apart from the large 
machinery that works automatically on the holding process, pasteurization is 
public property. 

15. There is absolutely no monopoly controlled by the sale or ,a production 
of pasteurizing machinery. All we know is that the different manufacturers 
fight each other in the worst way for trade. 

16. In my own judgment the tuberculin test should be applied gradually to 
the various herds. Pasteurization will have to be used anyway, because 
scarlet fever, typhoid fever, etc., are much more important from a milk stand- 
point than tuberculosis. Every farmer should pasteurize all the milk that he 
feeds to his stock, so that he does not infect the young animals with tuber- 
culosis. Under the present conditions it is absolutely impossible to have all the 
herds tested, because there are not veterinarians enough to do the testing in 
25 years. 

17. Pasteurized milk should be kept at temperatures of 50° F. Such a regula- 
tion would be in the interest of the milk dealer as well as of the consumer, 
because it will protect both. 

If you need any more detailed information about the subject, I will be very 
glad to take this matter up with you. 
Very truly, yours, 

Dairy Machinery & Construction Co. 
J. WiLLMANN, President. 



APPENDIX D. 

CORRESPONDENCE WITH TRANSPORTATION COMPANIES CONCERNING 
REFRIGERATOR-CAR SERVICE FOR TRANSPORTATION OF MILK. 

November 5, 1910. 
President of the Pennsylvania Railway Co., 

Philadelphia, Pa. 
Dear Sir: The special committee appointed by the Washington Chamber of 
Commerce to investigate the present milk situation in the District of Columbia 
is desirous of obtaining, if practicable, information as to the feasibility of 
supplying refrigerator cars for the transportation over your lines from pro- 
ducers shipping to the Washington market, together with a statement of the 
cost of refrigeration of each car per day or per trip, and the cost of shipment 
per pound or per gallon of milk from varying distances to Washington. 



252 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Any information along these lines which you may be able to supply for the 
edification of the committee will be greatly appreciated. 
Very respectfully, yours, 

J. Louis Willige, Chairman. 

P. S. — Kindly indicate additionally how much ice per day or per trip Is 
required to refrigerate a car for the transportation of milk at a maximum 
temperature of 50° F. 

Note. — Letters similar to the above were sent to the presidents of the Balti- 
more & Ohio Railroad Co., the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co., the Southern 
Railway Co., the Atlantic Coast Line, and the Seaboard Air Line. 



The Pennsylvania Railroad Co., 

Philadelphia, Novemher 8, 1910. 
The Washington Chamber of Commerce, 

Washington, D. C. 
Dear Sirs : I beg to acknowledge the receipt of a letter from the cha irman 
of a special committee of the Washington Chamber of Commerce, requesting 
certain information in connection with the transportation of milk in refriger- 
ator cars over our lines to the Washington market from points in that vicinity, 
and I have referred it to the third vice president, in charge of traffic, with the 
request that prompt reply be made thereto. 

Yours, truly, James McCrea, President. 



The Pennsylvania Railroad Co., 

Philadelphia, Novemlter 21, 1910. 
Chairman Washington Chamber of Commerce, 

1202 F Street NW., Washington, D. C. 

Dear Sir: Your favor of the 5th instant, addressed to the president of the 
Pennsylvania Railroad Co., having reference to the feasibility of supplying 
refrigerator cars for the transportation of milk over our lines from producers 
shipping to the Washington market, together with a statement of the cost of 
refrigeration of each car per day or per trip, etc., has been referred to this 
department for reply. 

More prompt answer would have been given, but it has been found necessary 
to refer these questions to the superintendent of passenger transportation and 
the general superintendent of motive power, and the careful consideration 
which those officials have found it necessary to make in connection therewith 
has delayed replies. 

■ It is very difficult to answer a general question of this kind; that is, as to 
the cost of refrigeration per car per day or per trip, and how much ice per day 
or per trip is required for a refrigerator car for the transportation of milk at 
a maximum temperature of 50° F., as there are so many conditions surrounding 
a general proposition of that kind that would have a material bearing on this 
question. 

There are three factors that would enter into the hauling of milk under re- 
frigeration, namely, length of the haul, temperature of the milk when placed in 
the car, and whether the cars would be loaded all at one point or at intervals 
between originating point and destination. 

If a class " Rf " refrigerator car was used for this purpose, the initial icing 
would require 7,400 pounds. After precooling, 4,000 pounds would be suffi- 
cient to carry the milk under a temperature of 50° F. for a distance of 300 
miles, or a 24-hour run. However, if the car were to be opened at different 
points to receive milk, the temperature would fluctuate according to outside 
conditions. 

The cost for icing a car with 12,000 pounds of ice would approximately be 
$15; this on the basis of ice at $2.50 per ton, including the necessary labor. 
By keeping the same cars in this milk service the bunkers would retain a per- 
centage of ice from one trip until the next, and thus would require an average 
of only about 3,000 pounds of ice, at a cost of $4, on the same basis as above. 
The cost per gallon for refrigerated milk would depend on the number of 
gallon cans that would be loaded in a car. 



THE MILK SITUATIOISr IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 253 

The length of the haul would make no material difference in the refrigera- 
tion cost, due to the fact that the requisite amount of ice and the necessary 
space for lading would have to be provided from the starting point of the car 
to place of receiving and discharging the lading. 

The present cost of shipment per gallon of milk from varying distances to 
Washington is: 
For distance of less than 30 miles, li cents per gallon. 
For distance of 30 miles and not exceeding 60, 2 cents per gallon. 
For distance of over 60 miles and not exceeding 90, 2| cents per gallon. 
These are the rates for milk, and double said rates are charged for cream. 
Yours, truly, 

J. R. Wood, 
Passenger Traffic Manager. 



SoxjTHEEN Railway Co., 
Washington, D. C, 'November 9, 1910. 
Mr. J. Louis Willige, 

Chairman Milk Committee, 

Washington Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C. 
Dear Sir : I have your letter of the 5th instant requesting information as to 
the feasibility of supplying refrigerator cars for the transportation of milk into 
Washington. 

I have brought your communication to the attention of Vice President Gulp, 
who is in general charge of trafhc matters, and have asked him to write you 
direct on the subject. 

Yours, truly, W. W. Finley, President. 



Southern Railway Co., 
Washington, D. C, 'Novem'ber 16, 1910. 
Mr. J. Louis Willige, 

Chairman Millc Committee, 

Washington Chamber of Commerce, Wa,sMngton, D. C. 
Dear Sir : Please see your letter of November 5 to Mr. Finley requesting 
information as to the feasibility of supplying refrigerator cars for the trans- 
portation of milk from points on the rails of this company to Washington. 

We have never given consideration to a proposition of this character ; there- 
fore it is a matter that we will have to determine, and before we can reach a con- 
clusion it will be necessary to have complete information. I assume your com- 
mittee fully understands that the handling of milk in refrigerator cars means 
transportation by freight service, whereas the milk is at present being handled 
by passenger trains. Refrigerator cars, if put into service, would, of course, 
stop at practically all local stations within a certain radius of Washington ; 
therefore they would have to be handled on our local freight trains, which, as 
now adjusted, would, no doubt, be entirely impracticable in so far as the 
schedule is concerned. 

This entire matter can doubtless be handled in conference much more satis- 
factorily than by correspondence, and I suggest, if practicable, that you call 
at the office of our freight traffic manager, Mr. Green, or if you prefer, we can 
have a representative call upon you for the purpose of fully discussing this 
matter. 

Yours, truly, J. M. Culp, Vice President. 



November 5, 1910. 
The President New Yokk Central & Hudson River Railway. 

New York City, N. Y. 
Sir : I am requested by the special committee of the Washington Chamber of 
Commerce appointed to investigate the present milk situation in the District 
of Columbia to ask that if practicable you will be so good as to arange for 
the enlightenment of the committee a statement as to the cost per day, or per 
trip, of car refrigeration for the shipment of milk and the cost per pound or 
gallon of milk when transported in refrigeration cars for varying distances. 



254 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

The committee is endeavoring to decide whether it is feasible to recommend a 
compulsory maintenance of a maximum temperature of 50° F. in the shipment 
of milli from the producer to the consumer in the District of Columbia. 

Assuring you in advance that any information vphich you may be able to 
furnish along the line indicated will be deeply appreciated by the committee, 
I am, 

Very respectfully, yours, J. Louis Willige, Chairman. 



New York Centbal Lines, 

New York, November I4, 1910. 
Mr. J. Louis Willige, 

Chairman the Washington Chamber of Commerce, 

Washington, D. C. 
Dear Sir : Replying to your letter of November 5, in regard to the cost of 
refrigeration of milk, butter etc. : 

I regret to say that it will be impossible for me to give you any definite figures 
to base your arguments upon, for the reason that the cost of refrigeration varies 
on different parts of our line. It is governed by weather conditions, the kind 
of container in which the product is shipped, length of haul, facilities and 
rapidity of unloading at destination, etc. 

While an average cost might be prepared, yet it would be of no value for 
the purpose you desire, as conditions in the District of Columbia are different 
from those in New York State. 

As I understand it, 50° is the maximum permitted in our refrigeration, as 
above that temperature bacteriological conditions are said to be undesirable. 

There is, on the other hand, a minimum below which it is unnecessary to go, 
and, all things considered, to obtain the best results, the temperature of the 
car should be somewhere between 45° and 50°. 

Trusting that this information will be of service to you, I am. 
Very truly, yours, 

W. C. Brown. 



APPENDIX E. 

COMMUNICATION ADDRESSED TO PRESIDENT OF MILK PRODUCERS' ASSOCIA- 
TION or MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

November 26, 1910. 
Mr. John Thomas, 

President Milk Producers' Association 

of Maryland, Virginia, and District of Columbia, Ednor, Md. 
Dear Sir : The special committee appointed by the Washington Chamber of 
Commerce to investigate the present milk situation begs to aclvnowledge the 
receipt of your valued replies to the series of inquiries forwarded you several 
weeks ago. 

In so far as information has not already been supplied by the milk producers' 
association, the committee will be pleased to receive, if possible, an expression 
of the sense of the association on the following points: 

1. Is the dairy farmer supplying milk to the District of Columbia receiving, 
in the judgment of the association, his proper shai-e of the proceeds of sale of 
milk and milk products? 

2. Is an uniform standard the year round of prices received by the producer 
for milk supplied to the District feasible? 

3. If compulsory pasteurization, the general application of the tuberculin 
test, and the maintenance of temperature below 50° F. be insisted upon, what 
would be the effect, in the judgment of the association, on the prices asked for 
milk by the producer? 

Your kind cooperation with the committee in providing intelligent information 
on the above points will be deeply appreciated. 

Respectfully, yours, J. Louis Willige, Chairman. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 255 

APPENDIX F. 

LIST or PUBLICATIONS CONSULTED BY SPECIAL COMMITTEE OF WASHING- 
TON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE APPOINTED TO INVESTIGATE THE MILK 
SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.^ 

A Study of Milk in Relation to Health and Disease, by George M. Kober, 
M. D., Sacramento, Cal., 1896. 

Report Upon the Results with Different Kinds of Pure and Impure Milk in 
Infant Feeding in Tenement Houses and Institutions of New York City : A 
Clinical and Bacteriological Study, by William H. Park, M. D., and L. Emmett 
Holt, . . D. ; read before the Association of American Physicians, Washington, 
D. C, May 12, 1903 ; from Archives of Pediatrics, December, 1903. 

Sanitary Dairy Products for the District of Columbia, Senate Report No. 804 
(accompanying S. 2402), second session Fifty-eighth Congress, February 12, 
1904. 

The Milk Supply of Twenty-nine Southern Cities, by C. F. Doane, M. S. ;' 
Bulletin No. 70, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of 
Agriculture, 1905. 

Report on the Origin and Prevalence of Typhoid Fever in the District of 
Columbia, by M. J. Rosenau, L. L. Lumsden, and Joseph H. Kastle; Bulletin 
No. 35, Hygienic Laboratory, United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital 
Service, February, 1907. 

Sanitary Milk Production; Circular 114, Bureau of Animal Industry, United 
States Department of Agriculture, issued August 20, 1907. 

The Milk Supply of Washington, D. C, by G. Lloyd Magruder, M. D. ; re- 
printed from The Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. XLIX, pp. 
1088-1093, Septemher 28, 1907. 

A City Milk and Cream Contest as a Practical Method of Improving the Milk 
Supply, by C. B. Lane, B. S., and Ivan C. Weld; Circular 117, Bureau of Ani- 
mal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, issued October 28, 1907. 

Report of United States Consul T. H. Norton on German Milk Handling, 
Daily Consular and Trade Reports, Bureau of Manufactures, Department of 
Commerce and Labor, No. 3016, November 5, 1907. 

The Unsuspected but Dangerously Tuberculous Cow, by E. C. Schroeder, 
M. D. V. ; Circular 118, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department 
of Agriculture, issued December 21, 1907. 

Thermal Death Point of Pathogenic Micre-Organisms in Milk, by M. J. Rose- 
nau ; Bulletin 42, Hygienic Laboratory, United States Public Health and 
Marine-Hospital Service, January, 1908. 

The Causes of Typhoid Fever in the District of Colun>bia ; read and discussed 
before the Medical Society of the District of Columbia, February 19 and 26, 
1908 ; Washington Medical Annals, pp. 33-132. 

Report No. 2 on the Origin and Prevalence of Typhoid Fever in the District 
of Columbia (1907), by M. J. Rosenau, L. L. Lumsden, and Joseph H. Kastle; 
Bulletin No. 44, Hygienic Laboratory, United States Public Health and Ma- 
rine-Hospital Service, May, 1908. 

Notices of Judgment, Food and Drugs Act ; Board of Food and Drug In- 
spection, United States Department of Agriculture, issued at intervals between 
August 13, 1908, and November 12, 1910. 

The Economic Importance of Tuberculosis of Food-Producing Animals, by 
A. D. Melvin, D. V. S. ; reprinted from Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry (1908), 1910; read before the International Con- 
gress on Tuberculosis, Washington, D. C, September 29, 1908. 

Report of a Commission on Certain Features of the Federal Meat-Inspection 
Regulations; reprinted from the Twenty-fourth Annual Report of the Bureau 
of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture (1907), 1909. 

Milk and Its Relation to the Public Health, by various authors; Bulletin 
No. 41, Hygienic Laboratory, United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital 
Service, January, 1909. 

Milk and Its Relation to the Public Health ; Bulletin No. 56, Hygienic Labora- 
tory, Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service of the United States, Treasury 
Department, March, 1909. 

1 Arranged in order of publication. 



256 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

The Score-card System of Dairy Inspection, by Clarence B. Lane and George 
M. Whitaker; Circular 138, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, issued April 26, 1909. 

Report No. 3 on the Origin and Prevalence of Typhoid Fever in the District 
of Columbia (1908), by M. J. Rosenau, L. L. Lumsden, and Joseph H. Kastle; 
Bulletin No. 52, Hygienic Laboratory, United States Public Health and Marine- 
Hospital Service, October, 1909. 

The Outbreak of Typhoid Fever in Cassel during 1909, by Emile Berliner; 
Washington, October, 1909. 

The Future of Milk Supplies of Large Cities from a Sanitary Standpoint, by 
Ernst J. Lederle; Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. LIV, 
No. 12, March 19, 1910. 

The Dissemination of Disease by Dairy Products and Methods for Preven- 
tion ; Circular No. 153, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department 
of Agriculture, issued April 28, 1910. 

Notes in Relation to Public Health, by George M. Kober; Senate Document 
441, first session, fifty-seventh Congress, June 28, 1902. 

An important paper on the Nation's Great Problem : A Sanitary Milk 
Supply ; extract from paper read by Dr. G. Lloyd Magruder, of Washington, 
in the section on preventive medicine and public health of the American Medi- 
cal Association at the sixty-first annual session held at St, Louis June, 1910. 

Facts and Problems of Rabies, by J. M. Stimson; Bulletin No. 65, Hygienic 
Laboratory, United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, June, 
1910. 

Standard Methods for the Bacterial Examination of Milk and Bacterial 
Examination of Air, by Committees of the Laboratory Section, American Public 
Health Association; reprinted from the American Journal of Public Hygiene, 
Vol. VI, No. 3, August, 1910. 

Further Observations on the Milk Supply of Washington, D. C, by G. Ijloyd 
Magruder, M. D. ; reprinted from the Journal of American Medical Associa- 
tion, Vol. LV, pp. 581-589, August 13, 1910. 

The Care of Milk and Its Use in the Home, by George M. Whitaker, L. A. 
Rogers, and Caroline L. Hunt ; Farmers' Bulletin 413, United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, issued August 30, 1910. 

Officials, Organizations, and Educational Institutions Connected with the Dairy 
Interests (1910) ; Circular 162, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States 
Department of Agriculture, issued September 13, 1910. 

The History, Development, and Statistics of Milk Charities in the United 
States, by J. W. Kerr; reprint from Public Health Reports (No. 50), Vol. XXV, 
No. 39, September 30, 1910. 

The Milk Reporter, Vol. XXVI, No. 10, October, 1910. 

Tuberculosis in Market Milk of Chicago, by F. O. Tonney, M. D. ; Journal 
of the American Medical Association, Vol. LV, No. 15, p. 1252, October 8, 1910. 

Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. XXXXI, No. 37, October 14, 1910. 

Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. LV, No. 16, pp. 1419, 1420, 
October 15, 1910. 

The Bacteriology of Commercially Pasteurized and Raw Market Milk, by 
S. Henry Ayers and William T. Johnson, jr. ; Bulletin 126, Bureau of Animal 
Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, issued November 14, 1910. 

The Pasteurized Milk Fraud, by Arno Dosch ; Pearson's Magazine, Vol. XXIV, 
No. 6, December, 1910, pp. 721-729. 

Journal of American Medical Association, Vol. LV, No. 26, p. 2238, December 
14, 1910. 

The Relative Importance of the Bovine and Human Types of Tubercle Bacilli 
in the Different Forms of Human Tuberculosis, by William H. Park and Charles 
Krumwiede, jr. ; Journal of Medical Research, Vol. XXIII, 205. 

Standards of Purity for Food Products, Circular No. 19, Bureau of Chemistry, 
United States Department of Agriculture. 

The Relation of Milk to Public Health, by William H. Park, presented before 
the Members of the Medical Faculty and Students of Queen's University; 
offprint from publication No. 1. 

High Typhoid Mortality in Washington Hospitals and Their Milk Supply; 
reprinted from Washington Medical Annals, Vol. IX, No. 1. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF OOLiTJMBIA.. 257 

APPENDIX G. 

LAWS, ORDINANCES, RULES, REGULATIONS, ETC., CONCERNING THE PRO- 
DUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MILK IN CERTAIN MUNICIPALITIES 
THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES. 

BALTIMORE, MD. 

Laws, Ordinances, Rules, and Regulations Governing the Sale and 
Handling of Milk in Baltimore City. 

[In force June 1, 1908.] 

STATE LAWS. 

[1898, ch. 306.] 

20. It shall be the duty of all dairymen or herdsmen or private individuals 
supplying milk to cities, towns, and villages to register their herds or cattle 
with the live-stock sanitary board, in violation of which the parties offending 
shall be fined not less than $1 nor more than $20 for each offense. 

[Ibid.] 

21. It shall be the duty of the live-stock sanitary board to have inspected 
at least annually without notice to the owner or those in charge of any dairy or 
parties supplying milk as named in section 20 the premises wherein cows are 
kept, and if such premises are found in an unsanitary condition the said board 
may prohibit the sale and shipment of milk from such premises until such 
time as the premises shall conform to the following sanitary rules : 

Rule 1. No building or shed shall be used for stabling cows for dairy purposes 
which is not well lighted and well ventilated, and which is not provided with 
sufficient feed trough or box and suitable floor laid with proper grades and chan- 
nels to immediately carry off all drainage; and if a public sewer abuts the 
premises upon which such building is situated they shall be connected therewith 
whenever the inspector considers such sewer connection necessary. 

Rule 2. No water-closet, privy, cesspool, urinal, inhabited room, or workshop 
shall be located within any building or shed used for stabling cows for dairy 
purposes or for the storage of milk or cream ; nor shall any fowl, hog, sheep, 
or goat be kept in any room used for such purposes. 

Rule 3. It shall be the duty of each person using any premises for keeping 
cows for dairy purposes to keep such premises thoroughly clean and in good 
repair and well painted or whitewashed at all times. 

Rule 4. It shall be the duty of each person using any premises for keeping 
cows for dairy purposes to cause the buildings in which cows are kept to be 
thoroughly cleaned and remove all dung from the premises, so as to prevent its 
accumulation in great quantities. 

Rule 5. Any person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes 
shall provide and use a sufficient number of receptacles made of nonabsorbent 
materials for the reception, storage, and delivery of milk, and shall cause them 
at all times to be cleaned and purified, and shall cause all. milk to be removed 
without delay from the rooms in which cows are kept. 

Rule 6. Every person keeping cows for the production of milk for sale shall 
cause every such cow to be cleaned every day and to be properly fed and wa- 
tered with abundance of pure, clean water. 

Rule 7. Any inclosure in which cows are kept shall be graded and drained 
so as to keep the surface reasonably dry ; no garbage, fecal matter, or similar 
matter shall be placed or allowed to remain in such inclosure unless sufficient 
straw or similar good absorbent materials be used to keep the inclosure clean 
at all times, and no open drains shall be allowed to run through it. 

And any person who shall ship or sell milk contrary to the aforesaid order 
of said board shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction 
shall be fined not less than $1 nor more than $20 for each day during which 
shipments shall be made after notice of such order. 

82444°— 2. Doc. 863, 61-3 — -17 



258 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

[1898, ch. 306.] 

22. The live-stock sanitary board shall, at the request of the owner or owners 
of dairy herds, furnish them with a certificate of health whenever the provi- 
sions of this subtitle are complied with and there is no visible sign of disease 
amongst such herds ; such certificates shall be revocable in the discretion of the 
board. 

[Ibid.] 

23. For the purpose of paying the expenses required in carrying out the pro- 
visions of this subtitle the sum of $3,000 is hereby appropriated annually, or 
so much thereof as is necessary, out of the moneys in the treasury not otherwise 
appropriated, and the comptroller is authorized and directed to draw his war- 
rant on the treasury for such sum as the said board shall produce vouchers for, 
not exceeding the amount appropriated, payable monthly. 



SALE OF IMPURE OE ADULTERATED MILK. 

[Code of Public General Laws.] 

Article XXVII. — Crimes and punishments. — Health — Milk, pure, skvmmed. 

[1900, ch. 459.] 

232. For the purposes of sections 232, 233, and 234, the standard for pure 
milli shall be not more than 87^ per cent of water or fluids, and not less than 
12J per cent of milk solids, of which at least 31 per cent shall be butter fats. 

[Ibid.] 

233. For the purposes of said sections milk shall be deemed to be sophisti- 
cated, adulterated, or unwholesome when it does not contain 124 per cent of 
milk solids, of which 3i per cent shall be butter fats; or to which has been 
added salt, boracic acid, salicylic acid, salicylate of soda, formaldehyde or 
any other acid, drug, compound, or substance, or to which ice or water has been 
added for any purpose whatsoever; or which has been taken from an animal 
10 days before or 5 days after parturition ; or which has been taken from a 
sick or diseased animal ; or which has been taken from animals fed in whole 
or in part on garbage or any substance in a state of fermentation or putrefac- 
tion, or food that produces impure, diseased, or unwholesome milk; or from cows 
stabled near a house where there is an infectious disease ; or from which a 
portion of the cream has been taken ; but nothing in these sections shall be 
construed as prohibiting the addition of sugar in the manufacture of condensed 
or preserved milk, or as prohibiting the sale of pure skimmed milk, when 
sold as such and from cans plainly and conspicuously marked with the sign 
or placard " Skimmed milk," in capital letters, each of a size not less than 1 
inch square; or as prohibiting the sale of pure, wholesome milk not complying 
with the provisions of section 232, for the manufacture therefrom of butter, 
cheese, or other products. Nothing in this section shall be construed as pro- 
hibiting the feeding of ensilage from silos. 

[1900, ch. 459.] 

234. Whoever shall violate any of the provisions of sections 232 and 2,33 
shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not 
more than $100 or imprisoned for not more than 60 days, or both fined and 
imprisoned in the discretion of the court, for each ofCense; said sections not to 
apply to Montgomery County, except when residents of said county shall ship 
or sell milk to Baltimore City, nor to limit the powers of the mayor and city 
council of Baltimore to enact ordinances and regulations not inconsistent with 
the provisions of these sections for the inspection and sale of milk or the 
products thereof in the city of Baltimore. 

235. No condensed or preserved milk shall be manufactured, sold, or ex- 
changed, or offered or exposed for sale or exchange, unless the same be manu- 
factured from or out of pure, clean, healthy, fresh, unadulterated, and whole- 
seme milk, from which the cream has not been removed either wholly or in 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 259 

part, or unless the proportion of milk solids of same shall be in quantity the 
equivalent of 12.51 per cent of milk solids in crude milk, and of which milk 
solids 3.51 i^er cent shall be butter fats. No person shall manufacture, sell, 
or exchange, or offer or expose for sale or exchange, any condensed or preserved 
milk unless the same be put up, packed, or contained in packages with the 
name of the manufacturer of the said milk distinctly branded or stamped 
thereon. Whoever by himself or another violates any of the provisions of this 
section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall 
be fined not less than $25 nor more than $100, or be imprisoned for not less 
than 10 days nor more than 30 days, or be punished by both such fine and 
imprisonment for the first offense, and by a fine of $100 or imprisonment for 
3 months, or both such fine and imprisonment, for each subsequent offense. 

236. No person or persons shall hereafter, without the consent of the owner 
or shipper, use, sell, dispose of, buy, or traffic in any milk cans, cream cans, or 
cases belonging to any dealer or shipper of milk or cream residing in the 
State of Maryland or elsewhere, who may ship milk or cream to any city, town, 
or place within this State, having the name or initials of the owners, dealers, 
or shippers stamped, marked, or fastened on such cans, or willfully change by 
re-marking or otlnerwise said name or initials of any such owner, dealer, or 
shipper so stamped, marked, or fastened upon such cans ; nor shall any person, 
without the consent of the owner, use such cans for any other purpose than 
for milk or cream ; nor shall any person or persons, without the consent of the 
owner, place in any such cans any substance or product other than milk or 
cream. And any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this section 
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction before a justice 
of the peace of the city or county wherein the offense was committed, or in a 
court of competent jurisdiction, shall be fined not more than $50 and cost of 
prosecution ; one-half of all fines imposed shall be paid to the informer, and 
the other half of said fine shall be paid to the board of school commissioners 
of the county or city of Baltimore in which the offense shall be committed ; 
and in default in the payment of said fine shall be confined in the jail for a 
period not less than 30 days nor more than 60 days. 



CHARTEE. 
[1894, ch. 53.] , 

74. The commissioner of health shall appoint all inspectors and analysts for 
the proper inspection of milk or any and all other products offered for sale in 
the city of Baltimore, or intended for consumption therein, as by ordinance may 
be prescribed. 



ORDINANCES. 

Cows, COW stables, and dairies. 
[Ord. 56, May 13, 1902, sec. 1.] 

33. Keeping coios — Registration and permits. — It shall not be lawful for any 
person, persons, or corporation to keep or possess within the corporate limits of 
Baltimore city any cow or cows, either for the conduct of dairy business or for 
his ov her personal use, unless and except such cow or cows shall be stabled on 
or located and kept in and upon ground of not less than one-quarter acre in 
area, all of said area not occupied by the stable to be accessible to said cows 
and set apart for them for exercise and fresh air ; and upon the further express 
condition precedent that a permit shall have first been obtained from the com- 
missioner of health permitting such cow or cows to be located within the cor- 
porate limits of the city of Baltimore as by this subdivision of this article 
prescribed, which permit must designate upon its face specifically the location 
for the keeping of such cow or cows. The violation of any of the regulations 
and restrictions of this section shall subject the person, persons, or corporation 
so violating to a fine of not more than $20 nor less than $5, and a further fine of 
$1 for each day that the violation is continued after notice is given to discon- 
tinue. (See State v. Broadbelt, 89 Md., 565.) 



260 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

[Ord. 56, May 13, 1902, sec. 2.] 

34. It shall be unlawful for any person, pers^ous, or corporation to keep more 
than eight cows on each such area of one-quarter acre of ground ; any person, 
persons, or corporation violating this section shall be subject to a penalty of 
not more than $20 nor less than $5, and $1 per day additional for each day that 
the offense is continued after notice is given to discontinue said violation, and 
such permits to be revocable by the commissioner of health whenever said cow 
stables are not kept in good hygienic and sanitary condition. 

[Ord. 56, May 13, 1902, sec. 3.] 

35. Whenever under the two next preceding sections of this article cows may 
be kept, pasturage must be provided for them. Any person, persons, or corpo- 
ration violating this section shall be subject to a penalty of not more than $20 
nor less than $5, and $1 per day additional for each day that the offense is con- 
tinued after notice is given to discontinue said violation. 

[Ord. 56, May 13, 1902, sec. 4.] 

36. The owners of cows that may be kept within the city limits under the pro- 
visions of the three next preceding sections of this article shall register with the 
commissioner of health the place where said cows are kept, and the commis- 
sioner of health shall keep a complete register thereof. Failure on the part of 
the owners or possessors to register the place of their keeping shall subject 
such persons to a penalty of not more than $20 nor less than $5. 

[Ord. 56, May 13, 1902, sec. 6.] 

37. The commissioner of health shall, however, issue annual permits to per- 
sons desiring to keep not more than four cows on unimproved lots of less 
than one-fourth acre, but not less than one-eighth acre in area, providing said 
stable or stables have floors of cement or other nonabsorbent material, and 
have windows on at least two sides, giving 3 square feet of window space for 
each animal, and stables to have air space in that part occupied by the animals 
of li cubic feet for every pound, live weight, of the animals kept therein ; and 
provided further, that said stables have all other necessary equipments and 
appliances for securing absolutely perfect sanitary and hygienic condition. 

[Ord. 56, May 13, 1902, sec. 7.] 

38. That part of section 33 of this article regulating the size of the lot on 
which cows may be kept within the corporate limits of the city of Baltimore 
shall not apply to stables in which cows are temporarily kept for sale or 
exchange only ; provided said stables have floors of cement or other nonab- 
sorbent material, and have windows on at least two sides, giving 3 square feet 
of window space for each animal, and stables to have air space in that part 
occupied by the animals of li cubic feet for every pound, live weight, of the 
animals kept therein ; and provided further, that said stables have all other 
necessary equipment and appliances for securing absolutely perfect sanitary 
and hygienic conditions. 

[Ord. 56, May 13, 1902, sec. 8.] 

39. Nothing in sections 33 and 38, inclusive, of this article shall be construed 
as repealing any ordinances or provisions of any section of this article or regu- 
lations of the commissioner of health now existing for compelling perfect 
hygienic and sanitary conditions of all cow stables within the coi'porate limits 

of the city of Baltimore. 

[Old. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 1.] 

40. Coiv stables and dairies — Sanitary regulations. — No building shall be used 
for stabling cows for dairy purposes which is not lighted, ventilated, drained, 
and constructed according to the provisions of section 37 of this article. 

[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sfec. 2.] 

41. No building shall be used for stabling cows for dairy purposes which is 
not provided with a suitable floor of cement or other nonabsorbent materials, 
laid with grades and channels to carry off all drainage : if a public sewer abuts 
the premises upon which such building is situated they shall be connected there- 
with. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN" THE DISTEICT OP COLUMBIA. 261 

[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 3.] 

42. No building shall be used for stabling cows for dairy purposes which is 
not provided with good and sufficient feeding troughs or boxes and with a 
covered water-tight receptacle outside of the building for the reception of dung 
or other refuse. 

[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 4.] 

43. No water-closet, privy, cesspool, urinal, inhabited room, or workshop 
shall be located within any building or shed used for stabling cows for dairy 
purposes or for the storage of milk or cream ; nor shall any fowl, hog or horse, 
sheep or goat, be kept in any room used for such purposes. 

[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, see. 5.] 

44. The space in buildings or sheds for stabling cows for dairy purposes shall 
conform to the requirements of section 37 of this article, provided that no stall 
shall be less than 4 feet in width. 

[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 6.] 

45. It shall be the duty of each person using any premises for keeping cows 
for dairy purposes to keep such premises thoroughly clean and in good repair 
and well painted or whitewashed at all times. 

[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 7.] 

46. It shall be the duty of each person using any premises for keeping cows 
for dairy purposes to cause the building in which cows are kept to be thoroughly 
cleaned, and to remove all dung from the premises, so a.s to prevent its accumu- 
lation in great quantities. 

[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 8.] 

47. Every person keeping cows for the production of milk shall cause every 
such cow to be cleaned every day and to be properly fed and watered. 

[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 9.] 

48. Every person using any premises for keeping cows shall cause the yard 
used in connection therewith to be provided with a proper receptacle for drink- 
ing water for such cows, none but fresh clean water to be used in such recepta- 

[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 10.] 

49. Any inclosure in which cows are kept shall be graded and drained so as 
to keep the surface reasonably dry and to prevent the accumulation of water 
therein, except as may be permitted for the purpose of supplying drinking 
water. No garbage, urine, fecal matter, or other similar substances shall be 
placed or allowed to remain in such inclosure, and no open drain shall be 
allowed to run through it. 

[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896. sec. 11.] 

50. Any person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes shall 
provide and use a sufficient number of receptacles made of nonabsorbent ma- 
terials for the reception, storage, and delivery of milk, and shall cause them 
at all times to be cleaned and purified, and shall cause all milk to be removed 
without delay from the room in which the cows are kept. 

[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 12.] 

51. Contagious and infectious diseases. — It shall be the duty of any person 
having charge or control of any premises upon which cows are kept to notify 
the commissioner of health in writing of the existence of any contagious or 
infectious disease among such cows immediately upon the discovery "thereof , 
and to thoroughly isolate any cow or cows affected, or which may reasonably be 
believed to be affected, and to exercise such other precautions as may be directed 
by the commissioner of health. 



262 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTBICT OP COLUMBIA. 

[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 13.] 

52. It shall be the duty of any person owning or having control of cows used 
for the production of milk for sale or exchange to submit said cows to the 
tuberculin test for tuberculosis. 

[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 14.] 

53. It shall be the duty of any person having charge or control of any premises 
upon which milk or cream is produced, handled, stored, or distributed to notify 
the commissioner of health immediately upon the discovery of any case of 
Asiatic cholera, croup, diphtheria, measles, scarlet fever, smallpox, typhoid 
fever, typhus fever, or any other contagious or infectious disease upon such 
premises. No milk or cream shall be sold, exchanged, given away, or in any 
other manner distributed from such infected premises until all danger of spread 
of disease has been removed, and the commissioner of health certifies to that 
effect. No person who attends cows or milks them, or who has the care or 
handling of vessels for the sale, storage, or distribution of milk or cream, shall 
enter any place or premises wherein exists any of the diseases mentioned herein, 
nor shall any such person have any communication, direct or indirect, with any 
person who resides in or is an occupant of such infected place. 

[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 15.] 

54. Strict cleanliness of the hands and persons of milkers and those engaged 
in the handling of milk and cream, and of the bodies of the cows, especially of 
the udders and teats, must be enforced at all times, to the end that no impurity 
or foreign substance may be added to the milk or cream. 

[Ord. 65, Apr. 21, 1896, sec. 16.] ' 

55. Any person who violates, disobeys, omits, neglects, or refuses to comply 
with, or who resists any of, the provisions of sections 40 to 54, inclusive, of 
this article shall be fined not less than $10 nor more than $25 for each offense. 

[Ord. 103. May 6, 1908.] 

55a. Permits. — Every person or corporation desiring to sell, offer for sale, 
expose for sale, dispose of, exchange, or deliver milk or cream in the city of 
Baltimore shall make application to the commissioner of health for a permit so 
to do. Such application shall be made on a printed form, to be furnished by the 
commissioner of health upon demand, and the applicant, if an individual, shall 
state therein his full name and residence, and if a corporation shall state therein 
full name and residence of each of its officers. Such application shall also state 
the location of the place at which it is proposed to carry on the business. It 
shall also contain a statement of the number and character of wagons or other 
vehicles to be used by the applicant in or about his or its business; also the 
number of cows, if any, owned or controlled by the applicant, and such other 
data concerning the conduct of such business as the commissioner of health may 
require. 

The commissioner of health, upon receipt of such application, shall cause to 
be investigated the place of business described in such application and the 
wagons and other vehicles, if any, intended to be used by such applicant. If 
such places of business and such wagons or other vehicles are found upon such 
investigation to be in a sanitary condition and fit for the use and purposes to 
which they are intended to be put, said commissioner of health shall forthwith 
register said applicant in a proper record to be kept for the purpose and issue a 
permit authorizing such applicant to carry on, engage in. and conduct the busi- 
ness of vendors of milk in Baltimore city at the place designated in such appli- 
cation. All permits granted pursuant to this ordinance may at any time be 
revoked by the commissioner of health for the persistent, repeated, or willful 
violation of any law or ordinance or of any regulation of the commissioner of 
health governing the sale of milk in Baltimore city: Provided,, hoicever. That 
no such permit shall at any time be revoked by the commissioner of health 
unless he shall first have given the holder of the same not less than 10 days' 
notice in writing of his intention to revoke such permit and an opportunity to 
be heard by him as to why such should not be done, this proviso not to be taken 
to apply to cases where the sale of milk or cream may be temporarily prohibited 



THE MILK SiTUATlOSr iN THE DISTRICT Of COLUMBIA. 263 

by the commissioner of healtli because of disease on the premises, temporary 
insanitary condition, or similar causes. Such permits shall not be transferable, 
and no permit issued hereunder shall entitle or authorize the holders thereof to 
carry on, engage in, or conduct the business of vendor of milk in any place or 
places other than that described and set out in such permit. If any person 
having a permit to vend milk, as aforesaid, shall change the location of his or 
its place of business, notice of such proposed change shall be given to said com- 
missioner of health, and his consent in writing received to conduct such busi- 
ness at such new location ; and no business shall be conducted or carried on at 
such new location until such consent has been received. Any person or corpora- 
tion, or officer, agent, or servant thereof, who shall sell or offer for sale, expose 
for sale, dispose of, exchange, or deliver, or with intent to do so, as aforesaid, 
have in his, its, or their possession, care, custody, or control in Baltimore city, 
or who shall cause to be offered or sold milk or cream for human food without 
first having obtained a permit, as aforesaid, shall be fined not less than $5 nor 
more than $100 for each offense. 

[Ord. 108, May 6, 1908.] 

55b. Every vendor of milk having a permit, as aforesaid, shall, whenever so 
required, furnish the commissioner of health a statement of all changes in the 
data and information provided for in the preceding section, and shall also, 
whenever so required, furnish him a list of all persons from whom he or it 
receives milk or cream for use in his said business, whether said shipments be 
from within or outside the city of Baltimore; and said commissioner of health 
shall have power by regulation to require that changes or additions in said lists 
of shippers shall be furnished him from time to time as they occur. Said com- 
missioner of health shall keep a record of such shippers, when furnished as 
aforesaid, for the use of his office, but the same shall not be open to the inspec- 
tion of other persons. Any person or officer of a corporation failing to furnish 
lists, data, or information, as aforesaid, when so required by the commissioner of 
health, shall be fined not more than $50 for each offense. 

[Ibid.] 

55c. The permit to engage in the vending of milk, hereinbefore referred to, 
shall be posted conspicuously in the applicant's place of business, at a point to 
be designated by the commissioner of health or a health inspector. Each vendor 
of milk shall, before engaging in the sale of milk or cream, cause his name or 
the name of the dairy and the permit number, the former in letters of a read- 
able size and permit number in figures not less than 3 inches in height, to be 
placed and remain on each outer side of all wagons or other vehicles used by 
such vendors in the conveyance or sale of milk or cream. Any persons or cor- 
poration failing to so display said permit or to cause the lettering aforesaid to be 
displayed on any wagon or other vehicle used as aforesaid, as in this section 
provided, shall be fined not less than $10 nor more than $100 for each offense ; 
and each and every day on which said person or corporation shall fail to display 
such permit, as herein provided, or shall drive or operate, or cause to be driven 
or operated, any such wagon or other vehicle in violation of the provisions of 
this section, shall constitute a separate and distinct offense. 

[Ord. 103, May 6, 1908.] 

55d. The commissioner of health shall have power to adopt such regulations 
as he may deem proper and necessary to insure all milk and cream intended 
for consumption in Baltimore city being produced, transported, stored, kept, 
distributed, retailed, and delivered under conditions rendering them suitable 
for consumption as human food and to compel perfect hygienic and sanitary 
conditions of all cow stables, creameries, and dairies from which milk and 
cream so intended for consumption in Baltimore city are produced ; such regu- 
lations not to be inconsistent with existing laws or ordinances, and copies of 
the same to be printed and kept for free distribution to the public ; and said 
commissioner of health shall have power to prohibit the sale within the cor- 
porate limits of Baltimore city of milk or cream produced, transported, stored, 
kept, distributed, retailed, or delivered contrary to such regulations, whether 
said milk or cream be produced within or outside the corporate limits of the 
city of Baltimore; and to the end that said regtilations may be enforced in the 
case of milk or cream produced outside the corporate limits of the city of 



264 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Baltimore, but intended for consumption tlaerein, said commissioner of health 
may require such of the city milk inspectors as he may designate for the pur- 
pose to make inspections at such intervals and times as he may deem expedient 
of all dairy farms, stables, and other places outside the city of Baltimore from 
which milk or cream is shipped for consumption in Baltimore city. In case 
full access to such premises or a full opportunity to investigate all the condi- 
tions under which milk is there produced or kept shall be denied said inspectors, 
or in case upon such inspection the conditions are found such as in the opinion 
of said commissioner of health, render such milk or cream unsuitable or unsafe 
for human food, and warrant the exclusion of said milk or cream from sale in 
Baltimore city, said commissioner of health shall have power to absolutely 
prohibit the sale thereof at any place in Baltimore city until such time as the 
reason for their exclusion shall, in his opinion, have ceased, and he shall adopt 
such means of identifying such milk and cream as to him may seem proper and 
expedient. In case of the exclusion of any milk or cream as aforesaid from sale 
within Baltimore city, said commissioner of health shall immediately make a 
record of such fact in a properly indexed book, kept for that purpose, said book 
to be open to the inspection of all vendors of milk who may desire to inspect 
the same. Any person or corporation, or officer, agent, or servant thereof, who 
shall sell, offer for sale, expose for sale, dispose of, exchange, or deliver, or 
with intent to do so, as aforesaid, have in his, its, or their possession, care, cus- 
tody, or control any milk or cream which said commissioner of health shall so 
record as excluded from sale in Baltimore city, shall, upon conviction, be fined 
not less than $50 nor more than $100 for each offense. 

56. Food, food products, and milk. — Adulterating milTc^ — It shall not be law- 
ful for any person or persons to adulterate milk offered for sale or sold within 
the limits of the city of Baltimore, by mixing therewith water, or any drug or 
other articles whatsoever, under a penalty of not less than $20 for each and 
every offense; and any person or persons who shall sell or offer for sale any 
milk of a diseased cow within the limits of the city shall pay a fine of $20 for 
not less than $50 nor more than $100 for each offense. 

[Ord. 103, May 6, 1908.] 

56a. All consumers who receive milk or cream from vendors in cans, bottles, 
vessels, or other contaihers which are to be returned to said vendors shall, 
immediately after emptying the same and before their return as aforesaid, 
cause such cans, bottles, vessels, or other containers to be washed and thor- 
oughly cleansed. All dealers in milk or cream receiving such milk or cream in 
cans, bottles, vessels, or other containers which are to be returned to the person 
shipping or delivering the same to such dealers shall immediately after empty- 
ing the same and before their return as aforesaid cause such cans, bottles, ves- 
sels, or other containers to be rinsed or cleansed; and all dealers in milk or 
cream retailing the same in cans, bottles, vessels, containers, or receptacles of 
any kind shall thoroughly cleanse and sterilize all such cans, bottles, vessels, 
receptacles, and containers before such milk or cream is placed therein for de- 
livery to customers. Any violation of any of the provisions of this section shall 
be punishable by a fine of not less than $5 nor more than $50 for each offense. 

[Ord. 103, May 6, 1908.] 

56b. No person shall transfer milk or cream from one receptacle, can, bottle, 
or vessel of any kind to another vessel of the same or any other kind on 
wharves, at railroad depots, on streets, or in wagons, except that milk being 
delivered on wagons carrying the same in bulk, as herein elsewhere provided, 
may be transferred to the vessel of the purchaser at the time of delivery, 
and except that notliing herein contained shall be taken to prohibit the trans- 
fer of milk or cream from a relief wagon of a vendor in milk to the proper 
receptacle in a delivery wagon of such vendor, or to prohibit the replenishing 
of the supply in a churn or similar receptacle in a delivery wagon from a 
can or other vessel carried thereon for that purpose, or to prohibit the transfer 
of the contents of a leaking can or other receptacle to some other receptacle, 
provided such excepted transfers are made in accordance with the regulations 
of the commissioner of health governing the same. Any violation of this 
section shall be punishable by a fine of not less than $5 nor more than $100. 

1 City Code (1879), art. 23, sec. 48. City Code (1893), art. 23, sec. 70, 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 265 

[Ibid.] 

56c. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation engaged in the 
business of bottling or vending milk or cream to have on his, their, or its 
premises, or in any wagon used in the delivery of milk or cream, any acid, 
drug, chemical, substance, or compound to be used for coloring, adulterating, 
sophisticating, or preserving milk or cream ; and no such person, firm, or 
corporation shall have any such acid, drug, chemical, substance, or compound 
which can be used for coloring, adulterating, sophisticating, or preserving 
milk or cream, unless such person, firm, or corporation shall have a written 
permit from the commissioner of health in Baltimore city to keep the same 
for experimental or other purposes not connected with or related to the color- 
ing, adulterating, sophisticating, or preserving of milk or cream as such. Any 
violation of this section shall be punished by a fine of not less than $5 nor 
more than $100 for each offense. 

[Ord. 62, Mar. 19, 1904, sec. 1 ; ord. 87, May 16, 1894, sec. 1.] 

57. It shall not be lawful for any person or persons to sell, offer for sale, 
expose for sale, barter, deliver, or bring to another, or have on his. her, or their 
premises, store, stall, stand, or vehicle, or in or upon the premises of any other 
person or persons whatsoever, from or in which milk or any other food products 
are sold or delivered, any impure, adulterated, sophisticated, or unwholesome 
milk or other food products, or any tainted, unsound, rotten, or partly decom- 
posed fish, fruit, or vegetables or meat, or any food product that is kept fresh 
by salicylic or boracic acid or any other preservative. 

[Ord. 62, Mar. 19, 1904, sec. 2.] 

58. It shall not be lawful for any person or persons to secrete or remove, 
or assist in secreting and removing, any impure or unsound food products as 
above specified, after the same shall have been condemned as unsound by or 
by the authority of the commissioner of health, or in any way to impede or 
hinder the action of the subordinates of his subdepartment in confiscating and 
destroying the aforesaid impure food products so condemned as such ; but noth- 
ing herein contained shall be taken as imposing upon the said commissioner 
of health or any subordinate of his subdepartment, the duty or expense of 
removing the aforesaid impure food products so condemned as such. 

[Ord. 103, May 6, 1908.] 

59. Only pure, unadulterated, unsophisticated, and wholesome milk shall be 
sold or offered for sale in Baltimore city, and such article shall be understood 
to be the natural product of healthy cows, and which has not been deprived 
of any part of its cream, and to which no additional liquid or solid or pre- 
servative has been added, and which at a temperature of 60° F. shall have a 
specific gravity of not less than 1.029, not less than 12i per cent of total solids, 
and not less than 3* per cent of butter fats. All milk sold, received, kept, 
offered for sale, or delivered in the city of Baltimore shall not in any particu- 
lar be under the standard herein prescribed without being considered im- 
pure, adulterated, sophisticated, or unwholesome. Nothing in this sub- 
division of this article shall be construed to prevent the sale of skim milk 
or buttermilk, or of modified milk under the prescription of a physician, pro- 
vided they be sold as such and that the purchaser be in every instance notified 
of their true character. 

[Ord. 87, May 16, 1894.] 

60. It shall be the duty of the commissioner of health to carry out the pro- 
visions of this subdivision of this article, and to make or cause to be made 
inspections of milk, meats, vegetables, fruits, and fish, wherever such articles 
are sold, kept, or offered for sale in the city of Baltimore, and to obtain samples 
of milk and all other food products whose qualities are to be determined by 
chemical or microscopical examination. It shall also be the duty of the com- 
missioner of health to make such rules and regulations as may be required 
under this subdivision of this article for the better protection of the health 
of the city. 



266 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

[Ord. 87, May 16, 1894.] 

61. In order to provide for the additional duties imposed by the next two 
preceding sections of this article upon the commissioner of health, there shall 
be appointed, pursuant to authority conferred by the city charter, a competent 
analytical chemist and three inspectors of food, who shall be under the direction 
of the commissioner of health, and who must be bona tide residents and regis- 
tered voters of Baltimore city; the chemist shall be a practical analyst and 
skilled in the cliemical and microscopical examination of milk and other food 
products; he shall not be a member of or interested in any trust, corporation, 
or company dealing in food products ; he shall make such chemical and micro- 
scopical examinations as will be required under the provisions of this sub- 
division of this article, and shall report the result of all such examinations 
to the commissioner of health; he shall be present at the hearing and trials 
of all cases wherein he shall have made an examination. The speciiic duties of 
each food inspector shall be determined by the commissioner of health. The 
salary of each food inspector shall be $1,000 per annum. 

[Ord. 103, May 6, 1908.] 

61a. The commissioner of health and all other ofBcers of the health depart- 
ment and any inspector or police officer authorized by the commissioner of 
health shall have the right and power to enter and have full access to any 
building, structure, or premises where any milk and cream, or either of them, 
is stored or kept for sale, and shall have the right of access to all wagons, 
railroad cars, or other vehicles of any kind used for the conveyance or delivery 
of milk and cream, or either of them, and to any building, structure, or premises 
where he believes or has reason to believe milk and cream, or either of them, 
is stored or kept for sale; and shall have the right to take samples of milk 
and cream therefrom (such samples not to exceed 1 quart) for the purpose of 
inspecting, testing, or analyzing the same. Any person or corporation refusing 
to allow such right of entry or access or refusing to allow such samples of 
milk and cream to be taken or hindering or obstructing any officer named 
herein in carrying out the power conferred by this section shall be fined not 
less than $5 nor more than $100 for each offense. 

[Ord. 103, May 6, 1908.] 

61b. Every sample of milk delivered to any officer of the health department 
or inspector shall have a label attached to the vessel containing such sample, 
which shall have written thereon at the time of the delivery of such sample 
the number of the dealer's permit, the number of the sample, the date of col- 
lection, and the name of the inspector or officer taking the same; and a 
memorandum shall be made by the officer or inspector collecting such sample 
of the number of the sample and the name of the owner and driver from whom 
collected ; and no conviction shall be had of any person for selling or having in 
his possession adulterated milk as in these ordinances defined unless at the 
time of taking the sample upon the evidence of which conviction is asked a 
duplicate sample, properly sealed and marked for identification, shall have been 
delivered to the person from whose possession such original sample was taken. 
In taking samples the milk in the receptacle from which the same is taken 
shall be so agitated as to insure a fair mixture of the contents. 

[Ord. 87, May 16, 1894.] 

62. The term " food product " as used in -the five next preceding sections of 
this article shall be construed to mean any natural or artificial product that, 
with or without admixture, preparation, or cooking, is intended to be taken into 
the human stomach by way of food and not as a medicine : Provided, That alco- 
holic or fermented drinks shall not be classed as food products; also, that the 
term " adulteration " shall be construed to mean any artificial addition to nor- 
mal constituents ; and the term " sophistication " shall be construed to mean 
the substitution of one product for another, or any abstraction of or artificial 
change in the normal constituents : Provided, That goods canned according to the 
rules of the Canned Goods Exchange of Baltimore shall not be considered 
sophisticated ; and the term " unwholesome " shall be construed to mean dele- 
terious to health, or liable to introduce, cause, or increase sickness or impair- 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 267 

ment or derangement of the functions of the body by the temporary or continuous 
use of the unwholesome product ; and the term " impure " shall be construed 
to mean natural change or decomposition of normal constituents, or absorption 
of or commingling with deleterious gases, liquids, or solids : Provided, That in 
a . warrant, indictment, or legal paper or proceeding the term " impure " as 
applied to a food product shall be a good and sufficient description of the terms 
" adulterated," " sophisticated," " unwholesome," " unsound," " tainted," " rot- 
ten," " partly decomposed," or " impure " as used in this article, or of two or 
more of these terms. 

[Ord. 87, May 16, 1894, sec. 6; ord. 130, July 9, 1894; ord. 62, Mar. 19, 1894.] 

63. Any person or persons who violate, disobey, neglect, or refuse to comply 
with any of the provisions of the six next preceding sections of this article 
shall be subject to a penalty of not less than $20 nor more than $100 for each 
offense. And the milk or food products in the possession of the person or per- 
sons so violating, disobeying, refusing, or neglecting to comply with the pro- 
visions of this ordinance may be confiscated and destroyed by the inspector 
examining the same. 

[City Code (1879), art. 23, see. 33; City Code (1893), art. 23, sec. .50.] 

126. Stables. — If any person having a cow or cows, horse or horses in any 
stable within the city, shall keep the same in such manner that the filth and 
stench therefrom shall become offensive to or annoy any neighbor or other per- 
son, the person keeping such cow or horse, as aforesaid, shall forfeit and pay 
for each offense $5, and the further sum of $5 for each and every day the 
nuisance shall be suffered to remain, notice having first been given to the party 
offending. (Metropolitan Sav. Bank v. Manion, 87 Md., 68; King v. Hamil, 
97 Md., 103.) 

[City Code (1879), art. 23, sec. 12; City Code (1893), art. 23, sec. 21.] 

202. Fines and penalties. — If any person or persons shall refuse or neglect to 
comply with any order or notice of the commissioner of health, authorized by 
the provisions of any section of this article, and no other penalty is herein pro- 
vided for such neglect or refusal, such person or persons shall forfeit and pay 
the sum of $20 for each offense, and $5 for every day that such neglect or 
refusal shall continue. 

203. All fines, penalties, and forfeitures incurred by any violation of this 
article shall be recovered as other fines, forfeitures, and penalties imposed for 
the violation of city ordinances are recoverable, and the moneys so collected 
shall be paid to the comptroller. 

203a. No prosecution of any person or corporation on a charge of violating 
any law, ordinance, or regulation relating to or governing the sale of milk or 
cream in Baltimore city shall be had or maintained unless at the initial stage 
thereof such prosecution shall have been authorized and directed by the written 
order of the commissioner of health, signed by him or by an assistant commis- 
sioner of health, such written order to be filed with the papers in the pro- 
ceeding. 



HEALTH department's EULES AND REGULATIONS. 

1. Milk or cream shall not be kept for sale nor stored in any stable or room 
used for sleeping or domestic purposes, or in any room haVing any communica- 
tion with such stable or rooms or with water-closet apartments. 

2. Milk or cream must not be sold or stored in any room which is dark, 
poorly ventilated or dirty, or in which rubbish or useless material is allowed 
to accumulate, or where there are offensive odors. 

3. Cans or other receptacles containing milk or cream for sale shall not be 
allowed to stand on the sidewalk or outside the store door. 

4. Cans in which milk or cream is kept for sale shall be kept either in a 
milk tub, properly cooled, or in a clean ice box or refrigerator, in which only 
these or similar articles of food are stored, and the said milk or cream shall 
be kept at a temperature not more than 50° F. 



268 THE MTLK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

5. The vessels which contain milk or cream while on sale must be so pro- 
tected by suitable covers and must be so placed in the store or dairy that the 
milk or cream will not become contaminated by street dust and dirt. 

6. All cans, bottles, and other receptacles in which milk or cream is handled, 
transported, or sold must be thoroughly cleaned and sterilized by steam or hot 
water before filling. Such cleansing must be done in accordance with section 1 
of these rules and regulations. 

7. All dippers, measures, or other utensils used in handling milk or cream 
must be kept clean and sanitary while in use, and shall be thoroughly washed 
and sterilized directly after each day's use. 

8. The ice box, or ice tub or refrigerator in which milk or cream is kept 
must be thoroughly cleaned by scrubbing at least twice a week. 

9. The overflow pipe from the ice box or refrigerator in which the milk or 
cream is kept must not be connected directly with the drain pipe or sewer, but 
must discharge into an open sink, which is supplied with water, sewer connected 
and properly trapped, or which discharges upon the surface of the ground ; or 
else it must discharge into a movable receptacle, which shall be kept clean and 
free from odors. 

10. Any person having a contagious disease or caring for or coming in con- 
tact with any person having a contagious disease shall not handle milk. 

11. All cases of infections or contagious diseases within the premises where 
milk or cream is sold or stored must be reported to the health oflice at once. 

12. In selling milk the contents of the can or other receptacle should be 
thoroughly mixed before measuring out the amount desired. 

13. Ice must not be placed in the milk or cream to cool it. 

14. In testing milk by dealers samples must be removed fi'om the receptacle 
containing the milk, and if the samples are tasted or if fingers are put into the 
milk, or in any other way be subjected to the possibility of being contaminated, 
the samples must be thrown away and not put back into the milk containers 
or sold. 



Inspection Record Baltimore Health Department, District No. — . 

The conditions under which milk and cream are kept and handled for sale 

at this dairy or store, No. , have been examined and found to accord 

with the requirements of law, as signified by the undersigned inspectors on 
the dates entered below. 

rules and regulations. 

1. Milk or cream shall not be kept for sale nor stored in any stable or room 
used for sleeping or domestic purposes, or in any room having communication 
with such stable or rooms or with water-closet apartments. 

2. Milk or cream must not be sold or stored in any room which is dark, 
poorly ventilated or dirty, or in which rubbish or useless material is allowed 
to accumulate, or where there are offensive odors. 

3. Cans or other receptacles containing milk or cream for sale shall not be 
allowed to stand on the sidewalk or outside the store door. 

4. Cans in which milk or cream is kept for sale shall be kept either in a milk 
tub, properly cooled, or in a clean ice box or refrigerator, in which only milk 
or similar articles of food are stored, and the said milk shall be kept at a 
temperature not more than 50° F. 

5. The vessels which contain milk or cream while on sale must be so pro- 
tected by suitable covers and must be so placed in the store or dairy that the 
milk will not become contaminated by street dust and dirt. 

6. All cans, bottles, and other receptacles in which milk or cream is handled, 
transported, or sold must be thoroughly cleaned and sterilized by steam or 
hot water before filling. 

7. All dippers, measures, or other utensils used in handling milk or cream 
must be kept clean and sanitary while in use, and shall be thoroughly washed 
and sterilized directly after each day's use. 

S. The ice box or ice tub or refrigerator in which milk or cream is kept must 
be thoroughly cleaned by scrubbing at least twice a week. 

9. The overflow pipe from the ice box or refrigerator in which the milk or 
cream is kept^ must not be connected directly with the drain pipe or sewer, 
but must discharge into an open sink, which is supplied with water, sewer 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 



269 



connected and properly trapped, or which discharges upon the surface of the 
ground; or else it must discharge into a movable receptacle, which shall be 
kept clean and free from odors. 

10. Any person having a contagious disease, or caring for or coming in con- 
tact with any person having a contagious disease, shall not handle milk. 

11. All cases of infectious or contagious diseases within the premises where 
milk or cream is sold or stored must be reported to the health office at once. 

12. In selling milk the contents of the can or other receptacle should be thor- 
oughly mixed before measuring out the amount desired. 

13. Ice must not be placed in the milk or cream to cool it. 

14. On testing milk by dealers samples must be removed from the receptacles 
containing the milk, and if the samples are tasted or if the fingers are put into 
the milk, or in any way be subjected to the possibility of being contaminated, 
the samples must be thrown' away and not put back into the milk containers 
or sold. 



Date. 


Inspector. 


Date. 


Inspector. 


Date. 


Inspector. 







































BUELINGTON, VT. 

AN ORDINANCE Relating to the sale of milk and cream. 

It is hereby ordained by the city council of the city of Burlington, as follows : 

Section 1. Written applications for licenses to sell or supply milk or cream 
within the city of Burlington to be used by the inhabitants thereof shall be 
filed with the milk inspector on or before the 15th day of May in each year. 
Such licenses shall take effect on the 1st of June in each year, and shall con- 
tinue in force one year. If applications for licenses shall be made after May 15, 
they shall be acted upon by the board of health as soon as conveniently may be. 
Licenses granted after June 1 of any year shall expire on the 31st day of the 
next May. 

Sec. 2. The license fee shall be $5, which amount shall be deposited with the 
milk inspector at the time application for a license is^made. If a license should 
not be granted, the money so deposited shall be returned to the applicant. 

No .fee shall be required for the issuance of an additional license provided 
for in paragraph 4 of section 284 of the charter of said city. 

Sec. 3. A license shall not be granted hereunder unless the cows from which 
such milk or cream is to be produced are in a healthy condition, nor unless the 
barns, stables, premises, and utensils used in connection therewith are in good 
sanitary condition, nor unless such milk and cream are obtained and sold in a 
neat and cleanly manner. 

The stables and premises shall be kept light, dry, clean, and well ventilated. 
The walls and ceilings of the stables shall be kept well whitewashed and free 
from any accumulation of manure. The manure shall be removed from the 
stables at least once daily, and there shall not be a great accumulation of 
manure in the yard. 

The barnyard shall be well drained, the animals shall be allowed plenty of 
outdoor exercise, and shall be bedded when in the stable with clean, dry litter. 
Ample space shall be allotted for each cow. The cows shall be fed liberally 
with wholesome feeding stuff and supplied with an abundance of fresh, pure 
water. 

The cows shall at all times be kept clean and the udders and flanks be wiped 
with a clean cloth or washed before milking. All milkers and other attendants 
employed about the dairy shall be personally clean before entering upon their 
duties. 

Sec. 4. No milk or cream shall be sold or supplied or kept for sale or supply 
within said city, to be used by the inhabitants thereof, which was drawn from 
cows within 15 days before or 4 days after calving, nor unless the cows from 
which it was derived have within one year been examined by a competent 
veterinary surgeon, approved by the board of health, and found to be free from 
diseases dangerous to the public health. 



270 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Sec. 5. Such milk or cream in said city shall not be stored, cooled, strained, 
or otherwise handled in any room which is occupied by horses, cows, or other 
animals, or in any room used for domestic or sleeping purposes. All rooms in 
which said milk or cream is stored, cooled, strained, or otherwise handled shall 
be kept constantly clean and free from obnoxious odors. Such rooms shall 
contain proper appliances for washing or sterilizing all utensils employed in 
the handling and sale of milk and cream. 

Sec. 6. All such milk produced for the purpose of sale in the city of Bur- 
lington shall be strained and cooled as soon as it is drawn from the cow. 

Sec. 7. Milk or cream kept for sale as aforesaid in any store, creamery, milk 
depot, or other establishment within said city shall be stored in a covered cooler 
or refrigerator, which shall be used only for the purpose of storing milk or 
cream. No receptacles containing milk or cream for sale shall be allowed to 
stand outside said cooler or refrigerator except while a sale is being made. 
Every such cooler or refrigerator shall be properly drained and cared for and 
shall be kept tightly closed except during such intervals as are necessary for 
the introduction or removal of milk, cream, or ice, and they shall be kept only 
in such location and under such condition as shall be approved by the board of 
health. 

Sec. S. No cans, bottles, or other receptacles shall be used in the sale, deliv- 
ery, or distribution of milk or cream except such as have been thoroughly 
cleansed and sterilized by steam or boiling water and are smooth and free from 
rust, and all such receptacles shall be cleansed and sterilized before they are 
again used for the same purpose, and such receptacles shall be protected from 
dust while standing. No person shall use a milk or cream receptacle as a 
container for any other substance than milk or cream. During transportation 
the milk shall be tightly covered to protect from dust. 

Sec. 9. All vehicles used in the distribution of milk or cream for such sale 
or supply shall be kept in a cleanly condition. Such vehicles shall have the 
name of the owner of said milk or cream marked on them in plain letters not 
less than 1 inch in height and so placed as to be distinctly seen and read. 

Sec. 10. Every person engaged in the production, storage, transportation, sale, 
or distribution of such milk or cream immediately upon the occurrence of any 
case of communicable disease, either in himself or his immediate associates, or 
within the building where such milk or cream is stored, sold, or distributed, 
shall notify said board of health. The sale and distribution of such milk and 
cream shall be suspended by the board of health until all danger of infection is 
passed. 

Sec 11. No person shall remove from any dwelling that has in it a commu- 
nicable disease any bottle or receptacle which has been used for the storing or 
receiving of milk or cream. No receptacle which has been handled by persons 
suffering from a communicable disease shall be used to hold or convey milk or 
cream until such receptacle shall have been thoroughly sterilized. 

Sec 12. No persons shall within said city furnish, supply, sell, or distribute 
milk to the inhabitants thereof, or shall for that purpose keep or have the 
same in possession which contains less than 8.5 per cent solids not fat nor less 
than 3.25 per cent milk fat, and such milk shall contain not more than 100,000 
bacteria per cubic centimeter, nor have a temperature higher than 50° F. 

Sec 13. No person shall sell or supply within said city milk or cream to be 
used by the inhabitants thereof, or shall for that purpose keep or have the same 
in his possession, which contains any adulterant, preservative, or any substance 
added for the purpose of modifying the physical properties of said milk or 
cream. 

Sec 14. It shall be the duty of the milk inspector to inspect all dairies, cream- 
eries, milk depots, or stores wherever milk, or cream is produced, stored, sold, 
or distributed in said city to be used by the inhabitants thereof at least three 
times a year, and as much oftener as in his judgment seems necessary or as 
he may be directed by the board of health. He shall keep a careful record of 
each inspection, giving date and name of person controlling or operating each 
place, and such other information as may be desired by the board of health, 
and he shall issue a certificate of inspection to the owner or person in charge of 
each dairy inspected and found to meet the requirements of this ordinance. 

Sec 15. The said milk inspector shall at least semiannually, and at any other 
time or times in his own discretion or ut)on reasonable complaint procure and 
send to the State laboratory of hygiene for examination samples of milk or 
cream from the dairy o£ each party for the sale or supply of whose milk or 
cream a license has been obtained hereunder. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 271 

Said samples for examination shall be taken from the common stock of milk 
at such time and place as may be convenient for said milk inspector, and shall 
be furnished by the owner, or his servant or agent, to said milk inspector upon 
tender of the value thereof. Any money paid or advanced by the inspector for 
such samples shall be reimbursed to him from the city treasury. 

Sec. 16. The milk inspector shall report to the board of health all violations 
of these ordinances vphich come under his observations. 

Sec. 17. The board of health may revoke a license granted by them vphenever 
they deem it to be for the best interests of the public so to do. 

Passed in board of aldermen at meeting held May 3, 1909. 

Attest : 

M. C. Grand Y, Clerk. 

Approved May 3, 1909. 

James E. Burke, Mayor. 



LICENSE TO SELL MILK OB CREAM. 

Sec. 284. The board of health is hereby authorized to regulate and grant 
licenses for the selling or supplying of milk and cream vpithin the city of Bur- 
lington, and no person shall sell or supply milk or cream within said city to be 
used by the inhabitants thereof unless he shall first have procured a license 
therefor from said board of health. 

Before granting such license said board of health shall make or cause to be 
made proper inspection of the cows producing said milk or cream, and of the 
barns and premises used in connection therewith, and of the places where said 
milk or cream is stored or kept for sale. 

Each license shall state the dairies from which the licensee is authorized to 
sell or supply milk or cream under this section, and no licensee shall sell or 
supply milk or cream within the city of Burlington produced from any other 
dairy not specified in his license. 

The board of health may issue from time to time to any licensee an addi- 
tional license to sell or supply milk or cream from any dairy not specified in his 
license upon the terms and conditions hereinbefore prescribed. 

No license tax shall be required of a person selling or supplying milk or cream 
in said city to licensed milk dealers who sell the same at retail. 

A person who violates any provision of this section shall be subject to the 
penalties hereinbefore prescribed for a violation of a city ordinance. (See also 
No. 118, acts of 1908.) 



CHICAGO, ILL. 

[Department of health, city of Chicago, W. A. Evans, M. D., commissioner.] 

Rules Regulating the Handling and Sale of Milk — Foe Dairy Farms 

Outside the City. 

[Approved by the city council Apr. 13, 1908.] 

Rule 46. Unclean milk not to enter the city of Chicago. — All milk entering the 
city of Chicago, and all milk sold, offered for sale, or received with the intention 
of selling or offering for sale must be clean, wholesome, and uninfected with 
disease germs or anything liable to convey and transmit disease. 

Rule 47. Unclean milk — Defined. — All milk produced on farms, or prepared, 
handled, or otherwise treated on the premises or in places where the rules of the 
department are violated shall be declared unclean, unwholesome, and infected. 
The sale of or offering for sale of such milk is prohibited. 

Rule 48. Unclean milk condemned. — All unclean, unwholesome, or infected 
milk shall be condemned for human food. Such milk shall be returned to the 
producer and tagged with the " department condemned " tag, and condemnation 
slip shall be mailed to the shipper at once. If, following this, the said producer 
or shipper again sends into the city unclean, unwholesome, or infected milk, the 
same shall be condemned and rendered unfit for human food by coloring or 
otherwise treating or shall be poured into the sewer. 



272 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Rule 49. Condition and care of cows for production of milk. — The cows must 
be healthy and free from tuberculosis. If an examination by the dairy inspector 
shows evidence of excessive emaciation, glandular enlargement, nodular forma- 
tions, mastitis, tumor, recent parturition, cough, dyspnoea, fever, pneumonia, 
exhaustion, lockjaw, blackleg, anthrax hemorrhagic septicemia, or any other 
infectious disease, or any evidence of tuberculosis, the milk of the herd shall 
be declared infected until the unhealthy cow or cows have been removed and 
until an acceptable statement from a recognized, licensed veterinarian or regular 
dairy inspector is filed with the milk division showing that such suspicious cow 
or cows are free from infectious disease. Milk from cows reacting to tuberculin 
shall be rejected unless it shall have first been pasteurized at a temperature of 
175° F. or over for 30 seconds or longer in a stream not more than a quarter of 
an inch thick. Milk from cows 15 days before and 1 week after calving shall 
be rejected. Cows must be kept as clean as possible on flanks, belly, udder, 
and tail. I^ong hair must be clipped from the udder and sufficiently from the 
tail to clear the ground. The feeding of slops, refuse of any distillery or brew- 
ery, glucose, or any malt and ensilage that has been subject to fermentation, 
putrefaction, or decomposition is prohibited. Pure water in sufficient quantities 
must be at hand at all times. The cows must not be overheated by hard driv- 
ing, nor be allowed to stand in mudholes, dirty sloughs, or ditches. Mudholes, 
dirty sloughs, and ditches shall not be allowed to exist in the pastures or cow 
yards where cows for the production of milk are kept. 

Rule 50. Condition of darnyard for production of clean milk. — The barnyard 
or cow yard must be kept reasonably clean and free from mud, soft manure, and 
must be well drained. Piles and heaps of manure shall not be less than 25 
feet away from any stable door or window between December 1 and April 1 
and not less than 300 feet avi^ay during the other months of the year. 

Rule 51. Stable for production of clean milk.— The floors must be tight, pref- 
erably constructed of cement, and free from defects. The ceilings should be 
tight if a storage loft is kept above. The walls should be whitewashed every 
spring and fall and kept clean at all times. Each cow must have at least 400 
cubic feet of air space, and there must be ample provision for movement of air 
and ventilation, so that the air never gets foul. At least 2 square feet of unob- 
structed window-glass space shall be provided for each cow. Soiled bedding 
must be removed daily and the manure must be removed from the stalls 
and open manure gutters twice a day. All bedding, removing of manure, sweep- 
ing, and cleaning of mangers must be done at least one-half hour before milking. 
The stable must be reasonably free from flies. Cats and dogs must not be per- 
mited in the stable. 

Rule 52. Milkers in relation to production of clean milk. — Milkers should 
neither have nor come in contact with contagious disease. Should any case of 
communicable disease — such as scarlet fever, smallpox, typhoid fever, diphtheria, 
measles, or chicken pox — occur on the dairy farm among the milkers or their 
families, the division of milk inspection must be promptly notified. 

The contagious diseases of importance in relation to milk are: 

CONSUMPTION. 

Milkers and attendants in the cow stable and milk room should be free from 
tuberculosis. A consumptive can be harmless if he is intelligent and can be 
trusted to carry out the physician's instructions, viz, to receive all the sputum 
in a sputum cup or on clean cloths and properly destroy it by fire or immersing 
in 1 to 5,000 bichloride or 5 per cent carbolic-acid solution. 

Consumptives should never be allowed to cough without using a clean cloth 
before their mouth, and under no circumstances be permitted to moisten their 
hands with saliva before milking. They siiould always wash their hands well 
before beginning to milk and after each handling of sputum cloths. If the indi- 
vidual can not be relied upon to do this at all times he should be excluded from 
the dairy and given employment out of doors. 

If consumption occurs in the milker's family or in the family of the farmer 
where the milker is rooming or boarding, the same instructions in regard to the 
care and disposition of the sputum should be issued. 

In case of death, the house should be thoroughly disinfected bj^ using 8 
ounces of formaline to 1,000 cubic feet, spread upon sheets left in the rooms for 
8 hours, with the windows and doors tightly closed. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 273 



The milkers affected with or convalescent from this disease should be abso- 
lutely excluded from the dairy. On account of the infectiousness of the excreta 
from such individuals, it might be good practice to keep them away from the 
handling of milk for at least four to six weeks after convalescence. 

When typhoid fever occurs in the families of milkers or attendants, the greatest 
care should be exercised in the disposition of the excreta and handling of the 
bed linen and other clothes coming in contact with the patient. The bowel 
movements and urine should be disinfected with 4 per cent chloride of lime or 5 
per cent carbolic-acid solution and buried. The bed linen and other clothes 
should be soaked in 1 to 10,000 bichloride solution or 5 per cent carbolic-acid 
solution and then thoroughly boiled. Special attention should be given to the 
exclusion of flies from the sick room and also from the dairy. The other mem- 
bers of the family should be permitted in the dairy only if intelligent and after 
having been thoroughly instructed in regard to cleanliness and other details. 
The milking utensils should not be brought into the house, and should always 
be washed with cloths and brushes that have not come in contact in any way 
with things from the typhoid patient. Samples of the water used should be 
sent to the city laboratory in boiled bottles for examination. 

SCARLET FEVER. 

Milkers should neither have nor come in contact with scarlet-fever cases. 
After scarlet fever the scales on the hands carry the contagion for about four 
weeks and sometimes longer. Scarlet-fever cases during convalescence should 
not be permitted to come in contact with the handling of milk in any way until 
the scaling has been completed and they have been given an antiseptic bath, 
such as a 1 to 10,000 bichloride of mercury solution and their hands anointed 
with 5 per cent carbolic salve. 

When scarlet fever occurs in the families of the farmers, milkers, or other 
attendants, the house should be quarantined. This means that no member of 
the household or other person must leave that house and mingle with attendants 
in the dairy in any manner or form while the quarantine exists. The sale of 
milk and cream from the quarantined premises is not permitted unless the cows 
are taken care of, the milking done, and the utensils handled by individuals 
entirely disassociated with the quarantined family. The quarantine is ter- 
minated only after a thorough disinfection of the premises and the patient in 
the manner indicated under " Tuberculosis." 

DIPHTHERIA. 

Milkers affected with diphtheria or sore throat should be excluded from the 
dairy. They should not be permitted to retui'u to the care of cows, milking, and 
handling of utensils until from 10 to 14 days after an attack of diphtheria. 
Throat cultures should be made to determine the absence of diphlheria bacilli 
before the patient is pronounced well. In cases of simple sore throat the patient 
should be examined by a physician before he is permitted to reenter upon his 
work. When diphtheria occurs in the families of milkers and dairy attendants, 
the house should be quarantined until the disease lias been properly terminated 
by throat cultures and disinfection of the premises. 

SMALLPOX. 

When smallpox occurs in milkers, attendants, and their families, a strict quar- 
antine must be established at once. The members of the families not affected 
should be vaccinated and the quarantine should be continued for about 20 days. 
This means that the milk and cream produced on these premises shall not be 
sold for domestic use if handled by individuals who come in contact with such 
a smallpox case and are still under quarantine. In such cases the milking 
must be done, the utensils handled, and the cows taken care of by individuals 
entirely disassociated with the quarantined family. All milkers and attendants 
should be vaccinated to prevent such outbreaks. 

MEASLES. 

Milkers should neither have nor come in contact with measles cases. Measles 
cases during convalescence should not be permitted to come in contact with the 
handling of milk in any way until the scaling has completed and they have 

82444''— S. Doc. 863, 61-3 18 



274 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

been given an antiseptic bath such as a 1 to 10,000 bichloride of mercury solution 
and their hands anointed with 5 per cent carbolic salve. 

When measles occurs in the family of the farmer, the house should be quar- 
antined and the same precautions taken as for scarlet fever. 

CHICKEN POX. 

Milkers should neither have nor come in contact vp^ith chicken-pox cases. 
Chicken-pox cases during convalescence should not be permitted to come in con- 
tact vs^ith the handling of milk in any way until the scaling has been completed 
and they have been given an antiseptic bath, such as a 1 to 10,000 bichloride of 
mercury solution, and their hands anointed with 5 per cent carbolic salve. When 
chicken pox occurs in the families of the farmer, milkers, or other attendants, 
the house should be quarantined and the same precautions taken as for scarlet 
fever and measles. * 

Rule 53. Milking im, the production of clean milJc. — Before each milking the 
udder should be wiped with a clean damp cloth or washed with soap and water 
if necessary. The hands should be washed before starting to milk and again 
well dried with a clean towel. The hands and teats should be kept dry during 
milking. If they become moistened with milk, they should be wiped dry with 
a clean towel. Suitable clean outer garments, such as overalls and jumpers, 
should be put on before milking. The milk stool must be clean. Milking should 
be done regularly, having the periods of as nearly equal length as possible. 
The first few streams from each teat should be rejected. The first half of the 
milk given should not be separated from the latter half or strippings and be sold 
separately. The top of the milk pail should be as small as possible — not larger 
than 6 or 8 inches — to keep out dirt, and if anything falls into the milk, such 
as straw or manure, then the milk should be rejected. The milk from each cow 
should be removed from the stable immediately after it is obtained. 

Rule 54. MilJc cans and utensils for keeping and shipping of clean milk. — ^All 
utensils used in the production and shipping of milk, such as cans, covers, bot- 
tles, dippers, skimmers, measures, strainers, stirrers, etc., must be so constructed 
that all parts are absolutely free from places where milk can accumulate or 
soak in, so that it can not be removed by simple washing. The surface coming 
in contact with milk and cream must be smooth and free from excessive rust. 
All utensils, including cans, must be kept scrupulously clean, inside and out- 
side, at all times. They should be cleansed by washing with a brush and soap 
or washing powder and hot water and thorough rinsing. After this cleansing 
they should be sterilized with boiling water and then kept inverted in a place 
free from dust and flies. Strainers, whether metal, gauze, or cotton, must be 
absolutely clean when used for the straining of milk. Milk cans should be used 
for no other purpose. Bottle caps must be kept in clean, covered, dry, and dust- 
proof receptacles. All cans and utensils must be free from defects and rough 
or uneven surfaces. 

Rule 55. Care of milk on the dairy farm. — The room where utensils, milk 
pails, strainers, and the milk are kept should be separated from both the house 
and the stable and be used only for dairy purposes. It should be kept neat, 
clean, well ventilated, and free from flies and dust. No odds and ends or other 
unnecessary things should be stored in the milk room. The milk room must be 
free from odor. 

Milk should be strained through a piece of clean linen or cotton, then it should 
be rapidly cooled to 50° F. within two hours after milking and kept below that 
temperature until delivery. The evening milk must not be mixed with the 
morning milk, and old milk must not be mixed with the fresh. The cans must 
be tightly closed when kept in the cooler and sealed when hauled to the milk 
platform. During this transportation they must be covered and protected from 
the he'at. This is best accomplished by carrying in a covered spring wagon. 
Cans should never be delivered too early to the milk platform. They should 
be covered with a damp cloth in the warm weather while standing there. 

Rule 56. Water supply in relation to clean milk. — The water supply on the 
farm must be ample and free from any danger of pollution with animal matter 
or refuse. Water used for the washing of cans and utensils must be free from 
all nitrites and not contain more than nine thousandths of 1 part of free 
ammonia and nine thousandths of 1 part of albuminoid ammonia in 100,000 
parts. It must not contain more than 1,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter and 
be free from pathogenic bacteria, including colon bacilli. Water from sloughs 
ponds, ditches, or other sources subject to contamination must never be used 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COI/UMBIA. 275 

for the washing of cans or utensils. When typhoid, fever occurs, tlie use of the 
water on the farm must be discontinued for the washing of cans and utensils 
until' it has been passed upon by the director of the laboratory of the department 
of health. 

Rule 57. Sanitary- standard for milJc. — ^AIl milk sold, offered for sale, kept 
with the intention of selling, or sent to the city for the purpose of selling must 
be free from dirt, foreign material, and sediment. Not more than a perceptible 
sediment shall be left on a piece of white linen cloth 4 inches square when a 
quart of well-mixed milk is strnined through it. Milk on ai-rival in the city 
must not contain more than 1,000,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter from May i 
to September 30 and not over 500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter between 
October 1 and April 30. Milk for delivery to the consumer shall not contain an 
excessive number of bacteria. The sale of milk containing over 3,000,000 bac- 
teria per cubic centimeter is prohibited, and the dealer selling or offering for 
sale such milk shall, after three examinations of his milk on successive days 
by the bacteriologist and showing bacterial counts above 8,000.000, be prohibited 
from selling milk until the method of production and handling of his milk 
supply has been properly regulated by the department. The sale of milk 
containing tubercle, typhoid, diphtheria, or other pathogenic bacteria is pro- 
hibited. The sale of milk containing excessive numbers of putrefying and gas- 
producing microorganisms is prohibited. 

■RUiac, MADE BY DE. W. A. EVANS, COMMISSIONER OF HEALTH, REQUIRING OPERATORS 
OF DAIRY FARMS TO FURNISH INFORMATION ABOUT CONTAGIOUS DISEASE. 

This card must be filled out in detail and sent to the Chicago health depart- 
ment on the 1st and 15th days of each month. If this is not done promptly, 
the milk supply will be considered suspicious and will not be admitted until 
an investigation can be made. 

Date , 190-. 

Chief Dairy Inspector. 

Dear Sir: We have had contagious disease in our home and in the 

families of milkers and attendants , as follows : Typhoid, ; 

diphtheria, ; chicken pox, ; tuberculosis, ; scarlet fever, 

; smallpox, ; measles, ; sore throat, . (Answer 

"Yes" or "No" in each blank space.) Patient took sick on (give date) and 

is attended by Dr. . 

Address : 

Signed 



P. O. address 



An Ordinance Requiring Tuberculin Test of Cows. 

[Passed by city council July 13, 1908.] 

MILK. 

Be it ordained ty the city, council of the city of Chicago: 

Section 1. No milk, cream, buttermilk, or ice cream shall be sold, offered 
for sale, exposed for sale, or kept with the intention of selling within the city 
of Chicago after January 1, A. D. 1909, unless such milk or cream, or the milk 
or cream contained in buttermilk and ice cream, be obtained from cows that 
have given a satisfactory negative tuberculin test within one year. The cows 
having been satisfactorily tested shall be marked " tuberculin tested," and shall 
be numbered and a certificate shall be filed with the division of milk inspection 
of the department of health of the city of Chicago, upon forms furnished by 
the commissioner of health, giving' the number, a brief description of the 
animal, the date of the taking of said test, and the name of the owner. Said 
certificate shall be signed by the person making such test : Provided, Iwwever, 
That from January 1, 1909, for a period of five years, to wit, until January 1, 
•1914, milk or cream or buttermilk and ice cream made from milk or cream 
obtained from cows not tuberculin tested or not free from tuberculosis may be 
sold within the city of Chicago if the milk or cream from said cows is 
pasteurized according to the rules and regulations of the department of health 
of the city of Chicago, 



276 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Sec. 2. Any milk, cream, buttermilk, or ice cream offered for sale, exposed 
for sale, or kept with the intention of selling within the city of Chicago which 
shall be found within the city in violation of section 1 shall be forthwith 
seized, condemned, and destroyed by the milk and food inspectors or other 
duly authorized agents or employees of the department of health of the city 
of Chicago. 

Sec. 3. This ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after 
January 1, 1909. 

BUTTER. • 

Be it ordained hy the city council of the city of Chicago: 

Section 1. No butter shall be sold, or offered for sale, or kept with the 
intention of selling in the city of Chicago after January 1, 1909, unless such 
butter be made from milk or cream obtained from cows that have given a 
satisfactory negative tuberculin test within one year : Provided, however. That 
from January 1, 1909, for a period of five years, to wit, until January 1, 1914, 
butter made of milk obtained from cows not tuberculin tested or not free from 
tuberculosis may be sold in the city of Chicago if the milk or cream from 
which such butter was made was pasteurized according to the rules and regu- 
lations of the department of health of the city of Chicago. 

Sec. 2.' It shall be unlawful to sell any butter in the city of Chicago unless 
there be stamped on the package in plainly legible letters of not less than 
one-eighth- inch type: "Made of milk (or cream) from cows free from tuber- 
culosis, as shown by tuberculin test," or "Made from milk (or cream) pas- 
teurized according to the rules and^ regulations of the department of health of 
the city of Chicago." 

Sec 3. Any butter offered for sale, exposed for sale, or kept with the intention 
of selling in the city of Chicago which shall be found within the city in viola- 
tion of this ordinance shall be forthwith seized, condemned, and destroyed by 
the milk and food inspectors or other duly authorized agents or employees of 
the department of health of the city of Chicago. 

Sec. 4. This ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after January 
1, 1909. 

CHEESE. 

Be it ordained ty the city council of the city of Chicago: 

Section 1. No domestic cheese shall be sold, or offered for sale, or kept with 
the intention of selling in the city of Chicago after January 1, 1909, unless 
such cheese be made from milk or cream obtained from cows that have given 
a satisfactory negative tuberculin test within one year : Provided, however. 
That from January 1, 1909, for a period of five years, to wit, until January 1, 
1914, domestic cheese made of milk obtained from cows not tuberculin tested 
or not free from tuberculosis may be sold in the city of Chicago if the milk 
or cream from which such cheese was made was pasteurized according to 
the rules and regulations of the department of health of the city of Chicago. 

Sec 2. It shall be unlawful to sell any such cheese in the city of Chicago 
unless there be stamped on the package in plainly legible letters of not less 
than one-eighth-inch type: "Made of milk (or cream) from cows free from 
tuberculosis, as shown by tuberculin test," or "Made from milk (or cream) 
pasteurized according to the rules and regulations of the department of health 
of the city of Chicago." 

Sec 3. Any cheese offered for sale, exposed for sale, or kept with the inten- 
tion of selling in the city of Chicago which shall be found within the city in 
violation of this ordinance shall be forthwith seized, condemned, and destroyed 
by the milk and food inspectors or other duly authorized agents or employees 
of the department of health of the city of Chicago. 

Sec 4. This ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after January 
1, 1909. ' 

Rules Regulating the Handling and Sale of Milk for Milk Depots. 
[Approved by the city council Apr. 13, 1908.] 



Rule 1. AppUcation for license. — Application for a milk license shall be made 
In writing to the commissioner of health. Such application shall set forth 
the name and residence of the applicant, if an individual, and the names and 



THE MILK SITUATION IN" THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 277 

residences of the principal officers, if the applicant is a corporation, together 
with the location of the place for which such license is desired. Such applica- 
tion shall also state whether the milk is to be sold in a store, depot, or also 
from a delivery wagon. It shall further state whether the milk and cream 
is to be sold in bottles exclusively or in bulk and bottles. It shall also state 
if cows are to be kept ; and if so. shall state the number. 

Rule 2. Inspection and investigation of previous record. — No application for 
license shall be approved by the commissioner of health after May 1, 1908, if 
the records of the milk division show that the depot, store, or any part of the 
establishment in which the business is to be conducted is in an insanitary con- 
dition. 

If the applicant's record is not on file in the office, or if he is newly engag- 
ing in the milk business, an insi^ection of his place shall be made within five 
days after making the application, to determine the sanitary conditions. No 
application for license shall be approved if applicant has a bad record. 

The applicant, if refused a license on account of bad sanitary conditions or 
for repeated adulterations of milk and cream, may make application to the 
commissioner of health for a hearing. The commissioner of health may then 
recommend the applicant for a license if he is satisfied that the regulations of 
the department will be complied with in the future. 

Rule 3. Revoking of license. — If at any time after the granting of such 
license the holder fails to comply with the sanitary regulations of the depart- 
ment, or repeatedly sells, or ofCers for sale, or has in his possession for the pur- 
pose of selling, milk and cream below the grade prescribed by the ordinances 
or rules of the department of health, the chief food inspector shall recom- 
mend to the commissioner of health that his license be revoked with or without 
further notice. Said commissioner of health may grant the defendant a hear- 
ing if he deems this necessary. 

Rule 4. Reissuing of revoked license. — If all the regulations of the depart- 
ment have been complied with the commissioner of health may recommend 
that the license be reissued. 

Rule 5. License exhiMted. — Every milk dealer shall post his license in a 
conspicuous place on the premises for which it has been issued. 

MILK DEPOTS. 

Rule 6. Definition. — By " milk depot " is meant any place, house, or room 
where milk is received from the farm, or large wholesale dealer, in bottles or 
cans and prepared for distribution. The milk depot shall not be used for any 
other purpose, nor shall any other business be conducted therein. 

Rule 7. Where to he established. — No milk depot shall be established or 
maintained in a room or rooms which communicate directly with any living 
rooms, kitchen, sanitary closet, laundry, or stable, and places where animals are 
kept or slaughtered. No milk depot shall be maintained which communicates 
in any way with a horse or cow barn and shall be separated therefrom by an 
air and odor proof partition or wall. After May 1, 1908, milk depots shall 
not be maintained in any building where horses and cows are kept. The imme- 
diate vicinity of the milk depot, especially the place within 10 feet of the doors 
and windows thereof, shall be kept free from the accumulations of rubbish, 
garbage, manure, and any other putrefying, decomposing, infectious, and bad- 
smelling substances. 

Rule 8. Construction. — The floor shall be smooth, free from crevices and de- 
fects, and water tight. When below the street level it must be constructed of 
impervious material, such as cement, asphalt, or tiles laid in cement. It shall 
be well drained, and the drains must be trapped and ventilated. The walls and 
ceilings shall be smooth, tight, and free from unnecessary projections, niches, 
etc., and kept well painted or lime washed. 

Windows : Glass space corresponding to 15 per cent of the floor space shall 
be provided. All windows must be so located as to admit light freely and be 
unobstructed. 

Screens : Between May 1 and November 1 all windows shall be provided with 
fly and dust screens, and all doors shall be provided with self-closing door 
screens. 

Ventilation : All depots shall be provided with adequate ventilation by means 
of windows, air shafts, air ducts, or otlier mechanical apparatus, if required, so 
as to insure free circulation of fresh air at all times. 

Rule 9. Wash rootns. — Wherever milk is bottled or otherwise prepared, a 
separate room shall be maintained for the purpose of receiving, storing, and 



278 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

cleaning cans, bottles, and utensils, known as the " wash room." This shall 
be separated from that part of the milk depot where the milk is stored and bot- 
tled, known as the " milk room," by a complete partition and door. The wash 
room shall be so located that dirty utensils do not have to pass through or be 
received in the room where the milk is handled or prepared. The floor of the 
wash room shall be so arranged that its drainage does not run into the milk 
room. Dirty cans and utensils shall not be taken into, kept, or stored in the 
milk room. 

Rule 10. Ai)ijHanc'Cs. — Vats shall be constructed preferably of impervious 
material and should have a smooth inner surface. They shall be provided with 
dust-proof covers and be drained indirectly into the sewer. The water in the 
vats shall be kept clean, sweet, and free from sediment and odor. The vats shall 
always be kept clean, free from dust, slime, sediment, or milk crusts. The 
temperature of the water shall not be above 50° P. ' 

Refrigerator and ice boxes : The inner wall of the compartment of the re- 
frigerator and ice boxes where the milk is kept shall be smooth and preferably 
metal or porcelain lined. The floor shall be drained indirectly into the sewer. 
The milk compartment shall be kept clean and free from any odor. Nothing 
but milk, cream, and butter shall be stored in the ice box. 

Bottling machine : The bottling machine shall be so constructed that it can 
readily be taken apart and cleaned, especially the springs and plungers. It 
shall be cleaned thoroughly every day, and when not in use it shall be kept 
covered with a clean cloth. 

Drying racks : Drying racks shall be provided on which bottles can be placed 
in an inverted position, for proper drainage and drying. In no instance shall 
bottles be inverted in bottle cases for the purpose of draining and drying. 

Pasteurizers and separators : Pasteurizers and separators shall be so con- 
structed that all parts, including pipes, can be readily cleaned and sterilized. 
These appliances must be kept scrupulously clean, inside and outside, at all 
times. 

Rule 11. Utensils. — All shipping cans, bottles, dippers, skimmers, measures, 
strainers, stirrers, and other utensils must be so constructed that all parts are 
absolutely free from spaces where milk can accumulate or soak in so that it 
can not be removed by simple washing. The surface coming in contact with 
milk and cream must be smooth and free from excessive rust. All utensils must 
be kept scrupulously clean, inside and outside, at all times. Utensils must be 
Irept in good repair and free from rough surfaces of any kind. When not in 
use they should be kept dry, inverted, and on specially provided racks or 
hooks, when possible. Bottle caps must be kept in clean, covered, dry, and 
dust-proof receptacles. 

Rule 12. Maintenance and care. — The floor shall be kept clean and scrubbed. 
Dry sweeping and dusting is not to be permitted. The walls and ceiling, 
shelves, windows, and all other surfaces must be clean and kept free from 
dust by washing or wiping with a damp cloth. Unnecessary articles, such as 
boxes, old utensils, reserve stock, blankets, harnesses, lanterns, paint cans, oil 
cans, and other articles not required in the milk business shall not be kept in the 
milk depot. Dogs and cats should be kept out. Children should not be permit- 
ted to play or gather in the milk depot. 

Rule 13. Attendants. — Every person is charge of such milk depot shall keep 
himself and his employees in a clean condition and cleanly clothed while en- 
gaged in the bottling, pouring, measuring, and skimming of milk. Smoking, 
snuffing, or chewing of tobacco is forbidden in a milk depot, and a plain notice 
shall be posted forbidding all persons from using tobacco or spitting on the floor. 

Rule 14. CommunicaNe diseases. — No person with consumption, venereal dis- 
eases, or communicable skin disease shall work in a milk depot or engage in 
the handling of milk. When typhoid, scarlet fever, diphtheria, smallpox, 
measles, or chicken pox occur in the house or families of anyone engaged in the 
handling of milk, it shall be the duty of the milk dealer to notify the division 
of food inspection at once of this fact, so that the necessary regulations can 
be enforced in cooperation with the bureau of contagious diseases to prevent 
the spread of disease. No one afflicted with or convalescent from typhoid, 
scarlet fever, diphtheria, smallpox, measles, chicken pox, or any other communi- 
cable disease shall engage in the handling of milk or cream, nor enter a milk 
depot. When typhoid fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, or smallpox exists in 
the house or families of anyone engaged in the handling of milk, he shall at 
once discontinue his work in the milk depot and vehicles. The depot and wagon 
shall be declared infected, if anyone with or convalescent from typhoid, scarlet 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 279 

fever, diphtheria, or smallpox, or residing in a house or apartment where these 
diseases exist, has worked therein, together with all milk and cream therein, 
except such cans as are still properly sealed and closed and have not been 
opened since they were closed and sealed in the country. No person convales- 
cent from contagious disease or living in houses or premises in which con- 
tagious disease exists shall reengage in the handling of milk until the bureau of 
contagious diseases has enforced suitable quarantine regulations and the neces- 
sary disinfection has been done by the department. No individuals residing 
in a quarantined house or place shall be permitted to enter a milk depot. 

Rule 15. Ope7'ation. — All milk shall be stored at a temperature not above 
50° F. No can or bottle of milk shall be completely submerged in impure 
water or water from impure or insanitary ice. Impure ice, especially such ice 
sold for refrigei'ating purposes only, must not come in contact with milk and 
milk utensils or be used in water or milk vats. Sour milk must not be per- 
mitted to stand in the farmers' cans. Nothing except milk, cream, or butter 
shall be permitted in the milk vats, ice boxes, and coolers. Returned empty 
bottles and other utensils must be thoroughly cleaned and sterilized before 
being taken into the milk room. 

CITY DAIRIES. 

No cow or cows shall be kept In the city for the purpose of producing milk, 
except in conformity with the following rules : 

Rule 36. Permit to keep coios required. — A jpermit to keep cows must be 
secured from the health department for each location, meaning thereby each 
barn or closely related system where such cows are to be kept. The application 
for this permit must show: {a) The number of cows; (&) the cubic feet of 
air space; (c) the facilities for disposing of manure; (d) the ventilation; 
(e) the distance from human habitation; (/) the facilities for excluding flies. 

Rule 37. Location. — No cows shall be stabled within 30 feet of a residence, 
the distance being measured in a straight line from the nearest point of the 
stable to the nearest point occupied by a person. 

Rule 38. Construction. — A permit shall not be issued unless the facilities are 
such that the stable shall have ample ventilation, to wit, 3,000 cubic feet of 
fresh air per cow or other animal per hour, or unless the stables are clean, 
well lighted, and capable of being so maintained. Manure and urine must be 
cared for so as not to become a nuisance. The barn must be so constructed that 
flies can not reach the animal or the manure. 

Rule 39. Revolting of permit. — The permit shall be canceled if the premises 
are not kept clean, or the manure is allowed to accumulate, flies breed or con- 
gregate therein, or the place becomes or is allowed to become a nuisance. 

Rule 40. Cows must 6e free from tuberculosis. — Cows kept for the purpose of 
producing milk shall be tested with tuberculin once each year. The results of 
such tests shall be open to the inspection of the health department at all times. 
No tubercular cow or markedly undernourished cow shall be allowed in any 
herd or stable, except a special permit be granted therefor. The milk from 
such cows shall be pasteurized at a temperature not less than 175° F. for more 
than 30 seconds in a stream not more than one-quarter of an inch thick be- 
fore it shall be deemed fit for human food. 

Rule 41. Keeping and care of milk. — Milk from cows held in the city shall not 
be kept in the same room with the cows nor any ^other animal, nor in any 
place ventilating into such room. 

Rule 42. Standards of purity for such milk. — The milk in all particulars shall 
conform to the same rules and regulations as those pertaining to country-pro- 
duced milk. 

Rule 43. Maintenance. — The stables shall be cleaned every day. The ma- 
nure shall be hauled away every day from May 1 to October 1 and once a week 
for the remainder of the year, provided the stable is within 200 feet of a house. 
If the distance to the nearest house is over 200 feet then it shall be hauled 
away not less often than once a week. 

Rule 44. Keeping of cows. — No cows shall be confined in any yard or tethered 
on any street or common within 30 feet of any dwelling, church, school, store, 
or hall. 

Where an owner tethers a cow on a street or common he shall maintain 
the tether zone free from anything which may make it a nuisance. 

Rule 45. Maintenance of nuisance prohibited. — Nothing in these rules shall 
be construed as allowing the maintenance of a nuisance. 



280 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Rule 57. Sanitary standard for milk. — All milk sold, offered for sale, kept 
with tJie inteutiou of selling, or sent to the city for the purpose of selling, 
must be free from dirt, foreign material, and sediment. Not more than a per- 
ceptible sediment shall be left on a piece of white linen cloth 4 inches square 
when a quart of well-mixed milk is strained through it. Milk on arrival in 
the city must not contain more than 1,000,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter 
from May 1 to September 30, and not over 500,000 bacteria per cubic centi- 
meter between October 1 to April 30. Milk for delivery to the consumer shall 
not contain an excessive number of bacteria. The sale of milk containing 
over 3.000,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter is prohibited and the dealer selling 
or offering for sale such milk shall, after three examinations of his milk on 
successive days by the bacteriologist and showing bacterial counts above 
3,000,000, is prohibited from selling milk until the method of production and 
handling of his milk supply has been properly regulated by the department. 
The sale of milk containing tubercle, typhoid, diphtheria, or other pathogenic 
bacteria is prohibited. The sale of milk containing excessive numbers of 
putrefying and gas-producing micro-organisms is prohibited. 

MILK DELIVERY AND MILK VEHICLES. 

Rule 23. Transjmrted in closed receptacles and in covered wagons. — Milk 
shall not be transported in open or improperly closed cans and receptacles. 
It shall be properly protected from the dust and the sun's rays with adequate 
.•overing. This covering shall be clean, nonodorous, and free from dust. 
Wagons used for the delivery of milk to consumers shall be covered with 
material tha!t will allow of washing and shall always be kept clean. The 
interior of the wagon shall be kept clean, free from milk crusts, and odor of 
any kind. Drivers' seats shall be divided off from the compartment or com- 
partments where the milk and cream are kept. The compartments where 
milk and cream are kept shall be tight and opened only when necessary for 
the removal of their contents. 

Rule 24. Preparing and iottling of milk on street prohibited. — Milk and cream 
shall not be prepared or bottled in the street or in a vehicle. The distribution 
of milk and cream into specially constructed pouring cans shall be done in 
the milk depot, and is prohibited upon the street. Milk for delivery in bulk 
shall be carried in covered pouring cans, provided with a spout or faucet. 
Milk shall not be dipped from farmers' or stock cans for delivery to the 
consumer. 

Rule 25. Temperature of milk. — The milk for delivery to the consumer on the 
wagons shall not be above 70° F. 

Rule 26. Utensils. — Here the same rules shall apply as for utensils used in 
the milk depot. (See Rule 10.) 

Rule 27. Attendants and communicahle diseases. — Same rule shall apply as 
for milk depots. (See Rules 13 and 14.) 



Rules Regulating the Handling and Sale of Milk foe Stobes. 
[Approved by the city council Apr. 13, 1908.] 

license. 

Rule 1. Application for license. — Application for a milk license shall be made 
in writing to the commissioner of health. Such application shall set forth the 
name and residence of the applicant, if an individual, and the names and resi- 
dences of the principal oflBcers if the applicant is a corporation, together with 
the location of the place for which such license is desired. Such application 
shall also state whether the milk is to be sold in a store, depot, or also from a 
delivery wagon. It shall further state whether the milk and cream is to be sold 
in bottles exclusively or in bulk and bottles. It shall also state if cows are to be 
kept, and if so shall state the number. 

Rule 2. Inspection and investigation of previous record. — No application for 
license shall be approved by the commissioner of health after May 1, 1908, if the 
records of the milk division show that the depot, store, or any part of the estab- 
lishment in which the business is to be conducted is in an insanitary condition. 

If the applicant's record is not on file in the office, or if he is newly engaging 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 281 

in the milk business, an inspection of his place shall be made within five days 
after making the application, to determine the sanitary conditions. No applica- 
tion for license shall be approved if applicant has a bad record. 

The applicant, if refused a license on account of bad sanitary conditions, or for 
repeated adulterations of milk and cream, may make application to the commis- 
sioner of health for a hearing. The commissioner of health may then recom- 
mend the applicant for a license if he is satisfied that the regulations of the 
department will be complied with in the future. 

Rule 3. Revoking of license. — If at any time after the granting of such license 
the holder fails to comply with the sanitary regulations of the department, or 
repeatedly sells or offers for sale, or has in his^'possessiou for the purpose of sell- 
ing, milk and cream below the grade prescribed by the ordinances or rules of the 
department of health, the chief food inspector shall recommend to the commis- 
sioner of health that his license be revoked with or without further notice. Said 
commissioner of health may grant the defendant a hearing, if he deems this 
necessary. 

Rule 4. Reissuing of revohed license. — If all the regulations of the department 
have been complied with the commissioner of health may recommend that the 
license be reissued. 

Rule 5. License exhihited. — Every milk dealer shall post his license in a con- 
spicuous place on the premises for which it has been issued. 

STORES. 

Rule 28. Definition. — These shall include all places and rooms where milk is 
sold, together with other foodstuffs, such as groceries, meats, bakery goods, 
delicatessen articles, and confectionery. 

Rule 29. Location. — Such stores must be separated by tight-fitting doors and 
a complete partition from living rooms, kitchen, laundries, sanitary closet, sleep- 
ing rooms, and from places where horses, cattle, fowl, and other animals are 
kept or slaughtered. 

Rule 30. Construction. — Stores where milk is sold must be properly lighted 
and ventilated. Between May 1 and November 1 the windows must be fitted 
with fly screens and the doors with self-closing door screens. 

Rule 31. Appliances. — Vats shall be the same as those required for milk 
depots. (See rule 10.) The cover of the vat shall be so constructed that the 
dust does not fall into the box when the lid is raised. 

Ice boxes and refrigerators : The compartment where milk and cream is kept 
shall be separated by an impervious water and odor proof partition from all 
other compartments and by a nonleaking partition from the ice chamber. The 
inner surface of this compartment, where milk and cream is kept, shall be 
smooth and preferably metal or porcelain lined. The floor shall be similarly 
constructed. Free and adequate drainage shall be provided ; the drain connect- 
ing indirectly with the sewer shall be trapped and ventilated. The ice box shall 
be kept scrupulously clean at all times and entirely free from any odor. Milk 
and cream shall not be kept in ice boxes with any other foodstuffs except butter. 
Milk shall not be kept in the ice box for the purpose of souring or making 
cheese. All milk and cream kept in such ice boxes shall be considered as milk 
and cream for sale, and hence must be up to the standard required by the city 
ordinance. Unclean utensils, cans, and bottles shall not be kept in the ice box. 
The doors and covers of such ice boxes shall be dust proof and so constructed 
that upon opening the dust on the outer surface does not fall into the milk 
compartment. 

Rule 10. Appliances. — Vats shall be constructed preferably of impervious 
material and should have a smooth inner surface. They shall "be provided with 
dust-proof covers and be drained indirectly into the sewer. The water in the 
vats shall be kept clean, sweet, and free from sediment and odor. The vats shall 
always be kept clean, free from dust, slime, sediment, or milk crusts. The tem- 
perature of the water shall not be above 50° F. 

Rule 32. Utensils. — Utensils shall be kept in the manner as required for milk 
depots. (See rule 10.) 

Rule 11. Utensils. — All shipping cans, bottles, dippers, skimmers, measures, 
strainers, stirrers, and other utensils must be so constructed that all parts are 
absolutely free from spaces where milk can accumulate or soak in, so that it can 
not be removed by simple washing. The surface coming in contact with milk 
and cream must be smooth and free from excessive rust. All utensils must be 
kept scrupulously clean, inside and outside, at all times. Utensils must be kept 



282 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

in good repair and free from rough surfaces of any liind. When not in use they 
should be kept dry, inverted, and on specially provided racks or hooks, when 
possible. Bottle caps must be kept in clean, covered, dry, and dust-proof 
receptacles. 

Rule 33. Maintenance and care. — The entire place shall be kept in a good 
sanitary condition and free from unnecessary articles, garbage, and rubbish. 
The air shall be kept pure and free from deleterious odor. In the immediate 
vicinity of the vat and ice box, to a distance of at least 5 feet, no fermenting or 
putrefying substances or things vv^ith deleterious odors shall be kept, such as 
cheese, pickles, sauerkraut, ft-esh, salted, and smoked fish, soap, aromatic oils. 
Kerosene and kerosene cans shall be kept 15 feet distant from the milk boxes. 

Bule 34. CommunicaNe diseases. — Same rules as for milk depots. (See 
rule 14.) 

Rule 14. Communicadlc diseases. — No person with consumption, venereal dis- 
eases, or communicable skin disease shall work in a milk depot or engage in the 
handling of milk. When typhoid, scarlet fever, diphtheria, smallpox, measles, 
or chicken pox occur in the house or families of anyone engaged in the handling 
of milk, it shall be the duty of the milk dealer to notify the division of food 
inspection at once of this fact, so that the necessary regulations can be enforced 
in cooperation with the bureau of contagious diseases to prevent the spread of 
disease. No one afflicted with or convalescent from typhoid, scarlet fever, diph- 
theria, smallpox, measles, chicken pox, or any other conmiunicable disease shall 
engage in the handling of milk or cream, nor enter a milk depot. When typhoid 
fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, or smallpox exists in the house or families of 
anyone engaged in the handling of .milk, he shall at once discontinue his work in 
the milk depot and vehicles. The depot and wagon shall be declared infected if 
anyone with or convalescent from typhoid, scarlet fever, diphtheria, or smallpox, 
or residing in a house or apartment where these diseases exist, has worked 
therein, together with all milk and cream therein, except such cans as are still 
properly sealed and closed and have not been opened since they were closed and 
sealed in the country. No person convalescent from contagious disease or living 
in houses or premises in which contagious disease exists shall reengage in the 
handling of milk until the bureau of contagious diseases has enforced suitable 
quarantine regulations and the necessary disinfection has been done by the 
department. No individuals residing in a quarantined house or place shall be 
permitted to enter a milk depot. 

Rule 35. Operation. — All milk shall be stored at a temperature not above 
50° F. No can or bottle of milk shall be completely submerged in impure water 
or water from impure or insanitary ice. Sour milk must not be permitted to 
stand in the farmers' cans. Empty cans and bottles must be cleaned and washed 
with hot water before returning to the wholesale dealer or farmer. In selling 
bulk milk stir up the contents of the can thorotifehly and thus prevent uninten- 
tional skimming. 

Rule 57. Sanitary standard for milk. — ^All milk sold, offered for sale, kept 
with the intention of selling, or sent to the city for the purpose of selling, must 
be free from dirt, foreign material, and sediment. Not more than a perceptible 
sediment shall be left on a piece of white linen cloth 4 inches square when a 
quart of well-mixed milk is strained through it. Milk on arrival in the city 
must not contain more than 1,000,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter from May 1 
to September 30 and not over 500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter between 
October 1 to April 30. Milk for delivery to the consumer shall not contain an 
excessive number of bacteria. The sale of milk containing over 3,000,000 bac- 
teria per cubic centimeter is prohibited, and the dealer selling or offering for 
sale such milk shall, after three examinations of his milk on successive days by 
the bacteriologist and showing bacterial counts above 3,000,000, be prohibited 
from selling milk until the method of production and handling of his milk sup- 
ply has been properly regulated by the department. The sale of milk containing 
tubercle, typhoid, diphtheria, or other pathogenic bacteria is prohibited. The 
sale of milk containing excessive numbers of putrefying and gas-producing 
microorganisms is prohibited. 

An Ordinance Prohibiting the Sale of Bulk Milk in Stobes. 

[Passed by the city council June 22, 1908.] 

Section 1. No person, firm, or corporation shall sell, offer for sale, expose for 
sale, or keep with the intention of selling, any milk or cream in stores or in other 
places where other merchandise than milk or cream is sold, unless the milk or 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 283 

cream is kept, offered for sale, exposed for sale, or sold in ligliLly closed and 
capped bottles or receptacles of a similar character, such as shall be approved 
by the commissioner of health of the city of Chicago. 

Sec. 2. Any person, firm, or corporation who shall violate any of the provi- 
sions of section 1 shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than $100 for each 
offense. 

Sec. 3. This ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after its 
passage and due publication. 

Rules Regulating the Handling and Sale of Milk fob Stores in Bottles 

Only. 

[Approved by the city council June 22, 1908.] 

Section 1. No person, firm, or corporation shall sell, offer for sale, expose for 
sale, or keep with the intention of selling any milk or cream in stores or in 
other places where other merchandise than milk or cream is sold unless the 
milk or cream is kept, offered for sale, exposed for sale, or sold in tightly closed 
and capped bottles or receptacles of a similar character, such as shall be ap- 
proved by the commissioner of health of the city of Chicago. 

Sec. 2. Any person, firm, or corporation who shall violate any of the pro- 
visions of section 1 shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than $100 for each 
offense. 

Sec. 3. This ordinance shall be in full force and eft'ect from and after its 
passage and due publication. 

Rules Regulating the Pasteurizing of Milk and Milk Products. 

The following rules shall regulate the pasteurizing of milk and milk products 
offered for sale, exposed for sale, or kept with the intention of selling within 
the city of Chicago after January 1, A. D. 1909 : 

Rule 1. Milk and skimmed milk.— Milk and skimmed milk shall not contain 
more than 100,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter from May 1 to September 30 
and not over 50,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter between October 1 and April 30. 

Rule 2. Cream and ice cream. — Cream and ice cream shall not contain more 
than 200,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter from May 1 to September 30 and not 
over 100,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter between October 1 and April 30. 

Rule 3. Milk, skimmed milk, Ijutter milk, cream, and ice cream. — An original 
package of pasteurized milk, skimmed milk, butter milk, cream, or ice cream 
exposed to the temperature of the room for 48 hours and stoppered with a 
sterile cotton plug shall not show evidences of putrefaction after being so ex- 
posed. 

Rule 4. Skimmed milk and ice cream. — Skimmed milk and ice cream shall 
give a negative test when treated in the following manner : 

To 5 cubic centimeters of the pasteurized product add 2 drops of a 2 per 
cent solution of paraphenylenediamin and 1 drop of a 2 per cent solution ot 
hydrogen peroxide and agitate. 

Not more than a tinge of blus shall be obtained by this test within 30 seconds 
after mixing. 

Rule 5. Butter. — Butter shall respond to the following test : 

Twenty-five grams of pasteurized butter placed in a small beaker and heated 
by being placed in water at G0° C, the clear butter fat then poured off, and the 
remaining liquid then diluted with an equal volume of water. The mixture 
thus obtained is now treated with 2 drops of a 2 per cent solution of para- 
phenylenediamin and 1 drop of a solution of 2 per cent hydrogen peroxide. 

When thus treated not more than a perceptible blue color shall be obtained 
within 30 second after mixing. 

Rule 6. Pasteurising temperatures. — All pasteurized milk, cream, skimmed 
milk, miak products, and milk and cream used in the production of milk products 
shall be pasteurized in accordance with the following regulations : 

(A) Continuous pasteurization. In all continuous pasteurization the milk 
and cream shall be heated to a temperature which shall be determined and fixed 
by the department of health for each machine at a point corresponding to the 
temperature required to kill 99 per cent of the bacteria and all pathogenic bac- 
teria contained in the raw product. For this determination ordinary raw milk 



284 THE MILK SITUATION IN" THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

contaiuing in the ueigliborliood of 3,000,UU0 bacteria slaall be used, and the pas- 
teurized product sball be collected as it flows from the cooling apparatus. 

All continuous pasteurizers shall be equipped with a feeding pipe which is so 
constructed that the pasteurizer can not be fed in excess of its normal working 
capacity ; that is. in excess of the working capacity of the machine at which 99 
per cent of the bacteria are killed when the required amount of heat is applied. 

All continuous pasteurizers operated outside of the city limits for the produc- 
tion of pasteurized milk and milk products to be sold in the city of Chicago 
shall be equipped with an apparatus regulating automatically the supply of 
steam and heat, so as to correspond with and produce the required temperature 
of the outflow of the pasteurized product. These automatic thermo regulators 
shall be accurate and must be approved by the commissioner of health before 
being installed. 

A recording apparatus shall be installed upon all continuous pasteurizers 
operated within the city limits so as to record during operation the temperature 
of the pasteurized product as it flows from the heater. The thermometer of 
this recording ap]3aratus must be accurate and kept immersed in the milk in 
such a way that it is not exposed to escaping steam or other heat except the 
heated milk. 

The records made by this recording thermometer must be accurate and made 
in a chamber which is kept under lock and key in the control of the department 
of health. 

The automatic thermo regulating and recording apparatus may be combined 
into one instrument, and it is recommended that all pasteurizers be equipped 
with both appliances or combination apparatus. 

(B) Held pasteurization. Whenever milk is held during pasteurization in 
such a manner that the process of pasteurizing is not a continuous one, namely, 
a continuous flow of milk through the heating or heat-retaining chamber, 
the process shall be designated as " held pasteurization." Such methods 
of pasteurization and pasteurization appliances or systems installed and used 
shall be examined and approved by the commissioner of health, or his duly 
appointed representatives, when all of the following requirements are fulfilled : 

1. When the pasteurized product shows that over 99 per cent of the bacteria 
and all pathogenic bacteria contained in the raw product have been destroyed. 

2. When the mechanism of the pasteurizer or pasteurizing system is such that 
the three important elements, namely, the temperature, time of exposure, and 
the quantity of milk exposed at one time, can be readily kept under control and 
observation by the department of health. 

3. When the following conditions are complied with : 

A uniform heating of 140° F. maintained for 20 minutes, 150° F. maintained 
for 15 minutes, 155° F. maintained for 5 minutes, 160° F. maintained for li 
minutes, and 165° F. maintained for 1 minute. 

The time shall be calculated from the period that the entire quantity reaches 
the required temperature. 

Rule 7. Cooling temperatures. — The pasteurized product shall be cooled at 
once to a temperature of 45° F. or less. This cooling shall be so conducted 
that the pasteurized product is not exposed to the air or other contamination. 
This cooling apparatus shall be so constructed that it can be readily cleansed 
and sterilized. 



Obdinances Requiking Tuberculin Test of all Cows Supplying Milk and 

MiLK~ Products. 

[Passed by the city council, July 13, 1908.] 

MILK. 

Be it ordained "by the city council of the city of Chicago: 

Section 1. No milk, cream, buttermilk, or ice cream shall be sold, offered for 
sale, exposed for sale, or kept with the intention of selling within the city of 
Chicago after January 1, A. D. 1900, unless such milk or cream or the milk or 
cream contained in buttermilk and ice cream, be obtained from cows that have 
given a satisfactory negative tuberculin test within one year; the cows having 
been satisfactorily tested shall be marked " tuberculin tested " and shall be 
numbered and a certificate shall be filed with the division of milk inspection of 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 285 

the department of health of the city of Chicago upon forms furnished by the 
commissioner of health, giving the number, a brief description of the animal, 
the date of the taking of said test and the name of the owner. Said certificate 
shall be signed by the person making such test : Provided, however. That from 
January 1, 1909, for a period of five years, to wit, until January 1, 1914, milk 
or cream or buttermilk and ice cream made from milk or cream, obtained from 
cows not tuberculin tested or not free from tuberculosis, may be sold within 
the city of Chicago if the milk or cream from said cows is pasteurized according 
to the rules and regulations of the department of health of the city of Chicago. 

Sec. 2. Any milk, cream, buttermilk, or ice cream offered for sale, exposed for 
sale, or kept mth the intention of selling within the city of Chicago which shall 
be found within the city in violation of section 1, shall be forthwith seized, con- 
demned, and destroyed by the milk and food inspectors or other duly authorized 
agents or employees of the department of health of the city of Chicago. 

Sec. 3. This ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after January 
1, 1909. 

BUTTEB. 

Be it ordained by the city coimcil of the city of Chicago: 

Section 1. No butter shall be sold or offered for sale or kept with the intention 
of selling in the city of Chicago after January 1, 1909, unless such butter be 
made from milk or cream obtained from cows that have given a satisfactory 
negative tuberculin test within one year: Provided, however, That from January 
1, 1909, for a period of five years, to wit, until January 1, 1914, butter made of 
milk obtained from cows not tuberculin tested or not free from tuberculosis 
may be sold in the city of Chicago if the milk or cream from which such butter 
was made was pasteurized according to the rules and regulations of the depart- 
ment of health of the city of Chicago. 

Sec. 2. It shall be unlawful to sell any butter in the city of Chicago, unless 
there be stamped on the package in plainly legible letters of not less than one- 
eighth inch type: "Made of milk (or cream) from cows free from tuberculosis, 
as shown by tuberculin test," or, "Made from milk (or cream) pasteurized 
according to the rules and regulations of the department of health of the city 
of Chicago. 

Sec. 3. Any butter offered for sale, exposed for sale, or kept with the intention 
of selling in the city of Chicago, which shall be found within the city in viola- 
tion of this ordinance, shall be forthwith seized, condemned, and destroyed by 
the milk and food inspectors or other duly authorized agents or employees of 
the department of health of the city of Chicago. 

Sec. 4. This ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after January 
1, 1909. 

CHEESE. 

Be it ordained hy the city coimcil of the city of Chicago: 

Section 1. No domestic cheese shall be sold or offered for sale or kept with the 
intention of selling in the city of Chicago after. January 1, 1909, unless such 
cheese be made from milk or cream obtained from cows tbat have given a 
satisfactory negative tuberculin test within one j^ear : Provided, however, That 
from January 1, 1909, for a period of five years, to wit. until January 1, 1914, 
domestic cbeese made of milk obtained from cows not tuberculin tested or not 
free from tuberculosis, may be sold in the city of Chicago if the milk or cream 
from which such cheese was made was pasteurized according to the rules and 
regulations of the department of health of the city of Chicago. 

Sec. 2. It shall be unlawful to sell any such cheese in the city of Chicago 
unless there be stamped on the package in plainly legible letters of not less than 
one-eighth inch type: "Made of milk (or cream) from cows free from tubercu- 
losis, as shown by tuberculin test," or " Made from milk (or cream) pasteurized 
according to the rules and regulations of the department of bealth of the city 
of Chicago." 

Sec. 3. Any cheese offered for sale, exposed for sale, or kept with the inten- 
tion of selling in the city of Chicago, which shall be found within the city in 
violation of this ordinance, shall be forthwith seized, condemned, and destroyed 
by the milk and food inspectors or other duly authorized agents or employees of 
the department of health of the city of Chicago. 

Sec. 4. This ordinance shall be in full force and effect from and after January 
1, 1909. 



286 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 

Rules Regulating the Tubeeculin Testing of Cows. 

Rule 1. Who may make the test. — Tuberculin tests made on animals supply- 
ing the city of Chicago with millc or milk products may be made by licensed 
graduate veterinarians, Federal or State veterinarians, Federal, State, or city 
dairy and milk inspectors, and by persons regularly employed by the Chicago 
department of health for that purpose. 

Rule 2. The test to 6e employed. — The regular injection method of tuberculin 
testing shall be employed. The temperature shall be taken at least four times 
on the day preceding the inoculation and at least six times on the day following 
the inoculation, at not less that two-hour intervals. A rise of 2° over the aver- 
age temperature on the day preceding the inoculation shall be considered a posi- 
tive test. If a rise of from 1* to 2° is obtained, the results shall be considered 
doubtful and the animal subjected to a later retest. Animals that have been 
added to the herds within the last six weeks shall be tested by the ordinary 
Injection test supplemented by Calmette's ophthalmic test, and a positive result 
with either one or the other shall oondenni the animal. The department of 
health shall have the power to require the retesting of all animals submitted for 
milk supply by the Calmette ophthalmic method or any other method to be de- 
cided on in the future. 

Rule 3. The numbering and tagging of animals. — ^All tested animals shall bear 
an indestructible tag indicating the series, and also the number assigned to the 
animal. Tags placed by Federal, State, and municipal inspectors will designate 
by abbreviations or otherwise the series represented. Veterinarians supplying 
the numbered tags must have their initials or some other distinctive mark ap- 
pear on the tag with the number to indicate the series. 

Rule 4. Statement to he submitted. — A statement must be filed with the divi- 
sion of milk inspection for every tuberculin-tested animal supplying the city of 
Chicago with milk or milk products. This statement must indicate the number 
and series given to the animal, which number and series must correspond with 
the tag or mark worn by the animal. This statement must also state the age 
and color of the animal and any other distinctive marks shown by the animal. 
In addition the statement must show the temperature record of the animal on 
the days preceding and following the test, the date and the exact time of taking 
these temperatures, and the date and time of making the injection and amount 
and kind of tuberculin used ; the name of the owner and the signature of the 
person making the test, together with the official capacity of said person or per- 
sons making the test and their address. The statement submitted shall also 
indicate the date of the last tuberculin test made upon the animnl and the method 
of making this test, and the length of time that the animal has been in the herd. 



CLEVELAND, OHIO. 

Regulations JBoabd of Health, 1908 — Milk. 

PART two. 

Title V — Dairy inspectors. 

Section 1. Dairy inspectors shall under the direction of the chief veterinarian 
inspect dairies, milk houses, and other places and conditions relative to the pro- 
duction, transportation, and sale of milk, and shall perform all duties and 
carry out all orders and regulations as hereinafter set forth, or as otherwise 
directed by the board of health or the superintendent of sanitation. 

Sec. 2. The chief veterinarian upon receiving notification from the health 
office of any dairyman, milk dealer, or other person who has made application 
for a permit for the sale of milk, shall have the premises and place of business 
of said dairyman, milk dealer, or other person inspected and shall report to 
the health office the extent to which the provisions of Part Five, Title III and 
Title IV of this code are complied with. 

Sec. 3. The chief veterinarian upon receiving notification from the health 
office of any person supplying milk which is brought into the city for sale, 
shall have the premises of such person inspected according to the provisions of 
Part Five, Title IV of this code, and shall report to the health officer his find- 
ings with regard to same. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 287 

Sec. 4. On and after the day of , 1906, no milk will be allowed to 

be sold or offered for sale or brought into the city from any cow or cows unless 
the owner of said cow or cows holds a certificate of the chief veterinarian or 
other veterinarian acceptable to the board of health that said cow or cows 
are free from tuberculosis, as shown by the tuberculin test. 

Sec. 5. Any person selling or offering for sale any milk from uninspected 
cows shall have his license revoked upon the recommendation of the chief 
veterinarian. 

PABT FIVE. 

Title III— Milk. 

Section 1. No person shall bring into the city for sale, or shall sell or offer for 
sale, any milk, without a permit from the superintendent of sanitation. 

Sec. 2. No person shall bring into the city for sale, or shall sell or offer for 
for sale, any milk which has been obtained from any milk dealer, dairyman, 
or other person not having a permit or the official license based on the approval 
of the chief veterinarian. 

Sec. 3. Any dairyman, rpilk dealer, or other person, upon application to the 
health office for a permit to sell or deliver milk, shall file a sworn statement 
giving his name and address, the number of cows he owns or has charge of, 
the average amount of milk (estimated) which he sells each day, the names, 
addresses, and license numbers of all persons from whom he buys milk, the 
average amount of milk (estimated) which he buys from them each day, the 
average amount of milk (estimated) sold by each of them each day, and the 
number of cows owned by or in charge of each. 

' Sec. 4. No person shall bring into the city for sale, or shall sell or offer for 
sale, any milk — 

(a) Containing more than 88 per cent of water or fluids. 

(6) Containing less than 12 per cent of milk solids. 

(c) Containing less than 3 per cent of fats. 

(d) From which any part of the cream has been removed. 

(e) Having a specific gravity of less than 10.29. 

(/) Containing any boracic or salicylic acid, formaldehyde, or other foreign 
chemical. 

(g) Containing any pathogenic bacteria. 

(h) Containing bacteria of any kind, more than 500,000 per cubic centimeter. 

(i) Drawn from any cow having a communicable disease, or from a herd 
which contains any diseased cattle, or from a herd the attendants of which 
are afflicted with or have been exposed to any communicable disease. 

(;■) Drawn from any cow within 15 days before or after parturition. 

(fc) Drawn from any cow which has been fed on garbage, refuse, swill, moist 
distillery waste, or other improper food. 

(l) Having a temperature or which has been kept at a temperature higher 
than 55° F. 

(m) Which has existed or has been kept under conditions contrary to the 
provisions of this code. 

Provided, That the first five subdivisions of this section shall not apply to 
milk sold under the name of " skimmed milk," as provided in section 5 of this 
title. 

Sec. 5. No person shall bring into the city for sale, or sell or offer for sale, 
milk from which the cream has been removed, either in part or in whole, unless 
sold as skimmed milk, and unless on both sides of the vehicle from which such 
milk is sold, in letters not less than 1 inch in height, the words " skimmed 
milk," or if not sold from a vehicle, upon each and every vessel from which 
such milk is sold, there be painted a bright red band in width at least one-tenth 
the height of said vessel, or displayed in plain and legible manner, the words 
" skimmed milk." 

Sec. 6. No person shall bring into the city for sale, or sell or offer for sale, 
any so-called skimmed milk containing less than 9^ per cent of milk solids. 

Sec. 7. No person shall ship or store any milk in any basement, cellar, re- 
frigerator, milk house, dairy, or other place unless such place have 1 square foot 
of window space to each 4 square feet of floor space. Such place shall be pro- 
vided with a cement floor, properly drained, and shall contain a vat made of 
nonabsorbent material large enough to store all milk. Windows and doors shall 
be provided, from May 1 to September 30, inclusive, with sound screens of 
mesh sufficiently flne to keep out flies and other insects. 



288 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Sec. 8. No person shall store any milk in any basement, cellar, refrigerator, 
milk house, dairy, or other place which is within 15 feet of any closet or privy 
vault or cesspool, or any horse or cow stable, or any chicken or poultry yard 
or coop. 

Sec. 9. Every person using in the sale or distribution of milk a delivery wagon 
or other vehicle shall keep the same at all times in a cleanly condition and free 
from any substance liable to contaminate or injure the purity of the milk. 

Sec. 10. Every person using in the sale or distribution of milk a delivery 
wagon or other vehicle shall keep the name of the owner thereof and the number 
of the wagon license, in letters not less than 2 inches in height, upon the side 
of said delivery wagon or other vehicle. 

Sec. 11. Every person using in the sale or distribution of milk a delivery 
wagon or other vehicle shall, from May 1 to September 30, inclusive, have and 
keep over said delivery wagon or other vehicle a covering of canvas or other 
material, so arranged as adequately to protect the contents thereof from the 
rays and the heat of the sun. 

Sec. 12. No person shall bottle any milk upon any delivery wagon or vehicle, 
or in any other place than a milk house, dairy, or other building whei'e milk is 
regularly stored and sold. 

Sec. 13. No person or dealer shall give, furnish, sell, or ofCer for sale, or 
deliver any milk, buttermilk, whey, sour milk, skimmed milk, or cream in 
quantities less than 1 gallon, except in sanitary bottles, sealed with a suitable 
cap or stopper, and except where the milk is sold at the milk house or dairy, 
when the same may be dipped (and the dipped milk shall not be carried on 
the street in any other than a covered vessel), but the milk house, dairy, or 
other place in which milk is handled or stored shall be located no less than 15 
feet from any water-closet or privy vault or cesspool, or any horse or cow 
stable, or any chicken or poultry yard or coop, and the milk house, dairy, or 
other place shall be a room which is not used for any other purpose than the 
handling and storing of milk. 

Sec. 14. No person shall transfer any milk intended for sale from one can, 
bottle, or receptacle into another can, bottle, or receptacle on any street, alley, 
or thoroughfare, or upon a delivery wagon or other vehicle, or in any exposed 
place in the city of Cleveland, except in a creamery, milk depot, or in the 
inclosed premises of the customer of the dealer in milk. 

Sec 15. No person shall remove from any dwelling in which exists any case 
of communicable disease any bottles or other receptacles which have been or 
which are to be used for containing or storing milk except with permission of 
the health ofBcer. 

Sec 16. No person shall use any milk ticket more than once. 

Sec 17. No person shall keep any cow without a permit from the health office. 

Sec. 18. No person or dealer shall sell, offer for sale, or deliver any milk, 
buttermilk, whey, sour milk, skimmed milk, cream, Dutch cheese, or other milk 
product in quantities exceeding 1 gallon unJess the can or receptacle containing 
the same is securely sealed by lock and chain, wire, or other contrivance equally 
efficient : Provided, Iwivever, That the persons or dealers engaged exclusively in 
the wholesale delivery or sale of milk, buttermilk, whey, sour milk, cream, 
skimmed milk, Dutch cheese, or other milk product from wagons not carrying 
milk in bottles may deliver the same from unsealed cans or receptacles : And 
provided further, That said wagon or wagons shall have inscribed conspicuously 
thereon in plain letters, not less than 3 inches in height, the words " Whole- 
sale delivery." 

Title IV. — Rules governing the inspection of milk Tyy the dairy inspectors. 

Section 1. The dairies of all persons shipping milk for sale in Cleveland will 
be inspected and rated according to the following provisions: 

(a) CoiDS. — Condition and healthfulness — Perfect score 10. 

(Two points will be deducted if cows are in poor flesh and 8 points if not 
tuberculin tested.) 

Cleanliness — Perfect score 5. 

(All cows clean, 5; good, 4; fair, 3; medium, 2; poor, 1; bad, 0.) 

(&) StaiJes. — Construction of floors— Perfect score 5. 

^If the floor is of cement or stone flag in good repair, 5; brick or matched 
board in good repair, 4; ordinary wooden floor in good repair, 3; one-half wood 
and one-half cement, 3 ; half wood, cement, or other material and half dirt, 2 ; 
any material in poor repair, 1; if no floor, allow 0.) 



THE MILK SITUATIOlSr IN THE DISTBICT OF COLUMBIA. 289 

Cleanliness — Perfect score 5. 

(If stables are thoroughly clean, including windows, walls, and ceiling, 5; 
deduction will be in proportion to dirt, cobwebs, etc.) 

Light — Perfect score 5. 

(For 4 square feet per cow, 5 points will be given; 3 square feet per cow, 4; 
2 square feet per cow, 3; 1 isq^are foot per cow, 2; 6 square inches per cow, 1; 
less than 6 square inches per cow, 0.) 

Ventilation — Perfect score 4. 

( If ventilation is good, 4 points will be given ; deductions will be made in 
proportion for lack of ventilation; if all windows are closed and no attempt 
at ventilation is made, will be allowed.) 

Cubic space per cow — Perfect score 3. 

(If 500 cubic feet per cow, 3 points will be allowed; less than 500 and over 
400 cubic, feet per cow. 2 ; less than 400 and over 300 cubic feet per cow, 1 ; 
less than 300 cubic feet per cow, will be allowed.) 

Removal of manure — Perfect score 2. 

(If manure is hauled to the fields daily, 2 points will be allowed; removed 30 
feet from stable, 1 ; otherwise, 0. ) 

Stable yard — Perfect score 1. 

(If stable yard is in good condition and well drained, 1 point will be allowed; 
otherwise, 0.) 

(c) Water supply. — For cows — Perfect score 5. 

(If cows are supplied with pure running water, 5 points will be allowed; 
running well water from windmill or otherwise, 4; ordinary well water, 3; 
pond or other muddy water, 0.) 

For milk house — Perfect score 5. 

(If milk house is supplied with pure, clean running water, 5 points will be 
allowed; pure well water, 3; otherwise, 0.) 

(d) Milk house. — Construction — Perfect score 5. 

(If the floor is of cement or tight boards well drained, if the walls and 
ceiling are sound, and the milk house is well lighted and ventilated and not 
attached by doorway to any other building, 5 points will be given ; if the milk 
house is in a barn or house, 2 points will be deducted, and deductions will be 
made in proportion to deficiency in construction, light, and repair. If there is 
no milk house, will be allowed.) 

Equipment — Perfect score 5. 

(If hot water is installed for cleaning utensils, 1 point will be given; proper 
pails used for no other purpose, 1; proper strainers, 1; aerator, 1; soda or wash- 
ing powder for utensils, 1 ; 1 point will be deducted for absence of any. ) 

Cleanliness of interior — Perfect score 5. 

(If the interior is absolutely clean, including windows, 5 points will be 
allowed; good condition, 4; medium. 3; fair, 2; poor, 1; bad, 0.) 

Care and cleanliness of utensils — Perfect score 5. 

(If all utensils are thoroughly clean and kept on suitable racks, 5 points 
will be allowed ; 2 points will be deducted for absence of rack ; deductions will 
be made for rusty utensils or careless washing. The lighting and ventilation 
of the milk house, together with its location in regard to other buildings, will 
be taken into consideration. 

(e) Milkers and milking. — Health of attendants — Perfect score 5. 

(If the attendants are all in a healthy condition, 5 points will be allowed; If 
any of the attendants are sick or a contagious disease exists in the family, 
will be allowed.) 

Cleanliness of milking — Perfect score 10. 

(If milking is done in special suits for milking, with clean, dry hands and 
with attention to cleanliness of udders and teats before milking, 10 points will 
be given; all of the above except special suits, 7; in addition 4 points will be 
deducted for unclean teats or udder and 3 points for dirty hands ; if wet milking 
is done, will be allowed.) 

(/) Handling the milk. — Prompt cooling — Perfect score 5. 

(If milk is poured from pail into cool receptacle as soon as milked, 5 points 
will be given; if poured into can and can is put into cold water as soon as 
filled, 2; otherwise, 0.) 

EflBcient cooling — Perfect score 5. 

(If the milk reaches a temperature of 60° before being shipped, 5 points will 
be given; a temperature of 65°, 3; a temperature of 70°, 1; above 70°, will 
be allowed.) 

82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-^ 19 



290 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Storing at low temperature — Perfect score 5. 

(If milk is stored at a temperature of 60°, 5 points will be given; a tem^jera- 
ture of 65°, 3; a temperature of 70°, 1; above 70°, will be allowed.) 

Sec. 2. All dairies will be scored by the inspector upon a card in the follovs^ing, 
form : 

Owner or lessee of farm . Town, , State . 

Number of cows, . Quarts of milk produced daily, » 

Is product sold at wholesale or retail? . 

If shipped to dealer, give name and address : . 

Permit No. . Date of inspection, , 190 — . 

Perfect 

Cows : «°°™- 

Condition (2), health (8) 10 

Cleanliness . 5 

Stables : 

Construction of floors 5 

Cleanliness 5 

Light 5 

Ventilation 4 

Cubic space per cow 3 

Removal of manure (2), cleanliness and drainage, stable yard (1) 3 

Water supply : 

For cows 5 

For milk house 5' 

Milk house : 

Construction 5- 

Equipment 5- 

Cleanliness : 5' 

Care and cleanliness of utensils S» 

Is house detached? , lighted? , ventilated? . 

Milkers and milking : 

Health of attendants 5'' 

Cleanliness of milking 10- 

Handling the milk : 

Prompt cooling 5 

Efficient cooling 5 

Storing at low temperature 5 

Total score 100 

Sanitary conditions are— Excellent ; good ; medium ; poor . 

Suggestions by inspector . 

Milk or cream from dairies falling below 45 in the rating as indicated above 
will be excluded from sale in Cleveland during 1908 ; milk or cream from dairies 
falling below 50 will be excluded from sale in Cleveland during 1909. 



COLUMBUS, OHIO. 

[Board of Health.] 
Sanitary Code of the City of Columbus, Ohio. 

PART II. — administrative. 

Title IX. — Milk inspectors. 

Section 1. The milk inspectors shall enforce all rules and orders of the board 
as relate to dairies and dairy supplies. They shall visit dairies supplying milk 
to the city and milk venders within the city and make careful inspections of 
dairy herds, stables, milk houses, receptacles, containers, methods of milking 
and of handling milk, and all matters pertaining to the sanitary condition of all 
dairy products at all times, as provided in this code. 

Sec. 2. Their time shall be fully devoted to the inspection of dairies and dairy 
products in stores and markets. They shall gather samples from distributors 
of milk for laboratory examinations. They shall report daily to the health 



THE MILK SITUATION IN" THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 291 

office a detailed account of their inspections. They shall report to the health 
officer any evidence of violations of law, order, or rule. They shall vpork inde- 
pendently of each other and under the general supervision of the health officer. 
******* 

PART III.— FOOD. 

Title I.— Milk. 

Resolved 6y the board of health, That the first three paragraphs of the rules 
governing milk, adopted by the board July 29, 1903, be amended so as to read 
as follows : 

Section 1. Permits. — No one shall engage in the sale of milk or cream in the 
city of Columbus, Ohio, ship same into the city for sale, or supply to others for 
use in the city unless he shall first obtain a permit from the board of health 
so to do. 

A fee of $1 will be charged for each permit, and the same shall be credited 
to the sanitary fund. Permits shall be renewed annually in January. Permits 
issued after July 1 shall be charged at the rate of 50 cents for each permit for 
use only during the second half of the year. On or before the 1st day of Janu- 
ary permits will be issued by the board of health for the ensuing year to all 
applicants who comply with the provisions of these rules and regulations regu- 
lating the sale of milk or cream in the city of Columbus, but before the issuance 
of any permit eveiry vender or shipper of milk or cream shall make application 
therefor upon a printed form, provided by the board for that purpose, on which 
shall be stated: 

1. The name, residence, post-office address, and location of the business place 
or places of the applicant. 

2. The number of cows from which milk is obtained for sale and the kind 
of food which the cows are given. 

3. If the applicant buys part or all his milk supply, the names and addresses 
of all persons from whom he obtains milk or cream. 

4. If the applicant be a shipper of milk or cream into the city, he shall, in 
addition to the above, state the route of his shipments. 

Sec. 2. Inspections for permits. — The board will not issue any permit unless 
it is satisfied, after inspection, with the cleanly and sanitary condition of tbe 
stables, cows, wagons, store, or place of business of the applicant therefor and 
with all the utensils used by him from which his milk or cream is obtained ; and 
that the food given the cows is pure and wholesome; and that all persons en- 
gaged in the care and handling of the milk are free from any contagious dis- 
eases and that said persons use due cleanliness in their work. 

Sec. 3. Applications for permits. — All applications for permits shall be 
signed by the applicant and when received by the milk and dairy inspector shall 
be placed on file, and the name of such applicant shall be entered in a book of 
registration kept for such purpose. As soun as possible after an application is 
received at the health office for a permit to sell milk, the milk and dairy in- 
spector shall visit the dairy or place of business of such applicant and make 
such observation and gather such information as will enable the board to prop- 
erly consider such application. Should the applicant live at such distance from 
the city of Columbus as to make it impracticable for the milk and dairy in- 
spector to visit such dairy premises, such applicant shall furnish evidence, satis- 
factory to the board, of the sanitary condition of his dairy before he will be 
given a permit to ship milk or cream to the city. 

Sec. 4. Revoking permits. — (a) If, after issuing a permit to sell milk or 
cream, the board of health shall become satisfied that the provisions of this 
subdivision of the sanitary code are being violated, it will at once revoke the 
permit issued to such person or persons, and no new permit will be issued until 
all insanitary conditions have been rectified and all other provisions of this 
subdivision of the sanitary code are complied with. 

(&) Anyone doing business under a permit from the board of health who 
shall change the location of such business without notifying the health office of 
such change shall have such permit revoked without further notice. 

Sec. 5. Milk tickets. — If dairymen or other persons offering milk for sale use 
tickets as representatives of value, these tickets must be in coupon form and 
must be destroyed after once using. 

Sec. 6. The stable and .lurroiindings. — The surroundings to the stable must be 
kept in a sanitary condition. Cows must not be allowed to stand in manure 
and filth. 



292 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OP COLUMBIA. 

Sec. 6a. All parts of stable except floors and windows must be painted in some 
light color, or whitewashed at least twice a year. Stables must be kept free 
from dirt, dust, cobwebs, and odor. Manure and urine must be removed from 
stable at least twice daily, and if not taken to field daily, must be moved at least 
30 feet from stable and placed where cows can not get into it. Manure must 
not be thrown out through stable windows. If horses are kept in same stable, 
a tight partition should separate them from cattle. No other animals or fowls 
will be allowed in cow stable. Floors must not be laid less than 1 foot higher 
than outside surface level, so that good drainage can be procured; floors must 
be constructed of asphalt, concrete brick with surface flushed with cement, or 
of wood, water-tight. They must be kept in good repair at all times, and also 
constructed with a gutter not less than 12 inches wide and 6 inches deep ; a 
4-foot walk back of cows and not less than a 20-inch manger in front. (Front 
half of cow stall may be made of clay.) 

Ceiling must be dust tight and kept free from cobwebs. 

Light. At least 3 square feet of unobstructed window glass must be provided 
per cow and equally distributed ; at least 500 cubic feet of space must be pro- 
vided for per cow ; windows must be left partially open, if no other method of 
ventilation is provided for. Stable yard must be well drained and kept clean. 

Sec. 7. Cows must be kept clean; manure litter, etc., must not be allowed to 
become caked and dried on them. They must not be allowed to stand in nor 
wade through filth and manure. The bedding must be kept sweet and clean at 
all times and of sufiicient quantity to protect the animals from lying in filth. 

Sec. 8. Feed and water.— -Cows must be fed on clean, dry feed, neither decayed, 
moldy, dusty, distillery waste, nor starch waste. If malt is fed it must not be 
fed when sour. 

Pure running spring water or ordinary well water, free from contamination, 
pumped in clean tanks, must be provided. 

Sec. 9. Milkers. — The milkers must thoroughly wash and wipe their hands 
and the cows' udders before they begin milking. They must not use pails, cans, 
strainers, etc., unless they have been thoroughly washed in hot water and soap, 
or hot water and soda, and afterwards sterilized with boiling water or steam. 
Care must be taken that the seams of the vessels are thoroughly cleaned with 
a brush. They must refrain from milking or handling milk, in any way, when 
in themselves or their families there is even a suspicion of any contagious or 
infectious disease, such as smallpox, scarlet fever, diphtheria, typhoid fever, 
tuberculosis, or the like. 

Sec. 10. Handling the milk. — Immediately after milking, the milk shall be re- 
removed from the stable into a milk room screened from flies and other insects, 
aerated and cooled to at least 60° temperature, and put into perfectly clean 
bottles or cans. Dairymen who use both bottles and cans in delivering milk 
shall not fill bottles while on their delivery route. 

Sec. 10a. The milk house or milk room must be located at least 25 feet from 
any other building and provided with a tight fioor, either concrete or wood, laid 
so as to provide drainage. It must be kept clean at all times and free from any 
odor. 

Sec. 11. Care of cans or hottles. — (a) All cans or bottles used in the distribu- 
tion of milk must be thoroughly cleaned, either by hot water and soap or hot 
water and soda, or other alkalies, rinsed and sterilized by boiling water or 
steam before they are again used as receptacles for milk. Extreme care must 
be exercised in cleaning the faucets to cans by use of a brush. 

(&) Milk cans must be washed and cleansed immediately after the milk or 
cream is emptied therefrom, and in no case shall the washing be later than 24 
hours after the receipt of the can. 

(c) No person shall use a milk bottle for other than milk purposes. 

Sec. 12. Quality of milk. — No person shall bring into the city for sale, or shall 
sell or offer for sale, any milk — 

(a) Containing more than 88 per cent of water or fluids. 

(&) Containing less than 12 per cent of milk solids. 

(c) Containing less than 3 per cent of milk fats. 

\d) From which any part of the cream has been removed. 

(e) Having a specific gravity of less than 1.029. 

(/) Containing any dirt, foreign matter, or sediment. 

(fir) Containing any boracic or salicylic acid, formaldehyde, or other foreign 
chemicals. 

{h) Containing any pathogenic bacteria. 

(t) Containing bacteria of any kind, more than 500,000 per cubic centimeter. 



THE MILK SITUATION- IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 293 

(/) Drawn from any cow having a communicable disease or showing cltaical 
Symptoms of tuberculosis, or from a herd which contains any diseased cattle, 
or are afflicted with or have been exposed to any communicable disease. 

(fc) Drawn from any cow within 15 days before or 12 days after parturition. 
(?) Drawn from any cow which has been fed on garbage, refuse, swill, moist 
distillery waste, or other improper food. 

(m) Having a temperature, or which has been kept at a temperature higher 
than 65° F. 

(n) Which has existed or has been kept under conditions contrary to the 
provisions of this code. 

(o) No milk shall be kept, sold, or offered for sale drawn from cows suffering 
with sore and inflamed udders and teats, or from cows diseased. 

Provided that the subdivisions (a), (&), (c), and (d) of this section shall not 
apply to milk sold under the name of " skimmed milk." 

Sec. 13. Retailerfi. — ^All grocers, bakers, or other persons having or offering for 
sale milk or cream, shall at all times keep the names and addresses of the 
dairymen from whom the milk on sale was obtained posted up in a conspicuous 
place wherever such milk may be sold or offered for sale. If skimmed milk is 
kept or offered for sale, each and every container of such milk shall be plainly 
marked with the words " skimmed milk " tu letters not less than 1 inch in 
height. 

Sec. 14. Skimmed milk. — (a) No person shall bring into the city for sale or 
sell, or offer for sale, milk from which the cream has been removed, either in 
part or in whole, unless on two sides of the container from which such milk is 
sold there appears in red letters, not less than 1 inch in height, the words 
" skimmed milk." 

(6) No person shall bring into the city for sale or sell or offer for sale any 
so-called skimmed milk containing less than 9.3 per cent of milk solids. 

Sec. 35. Storage. — (a) No person shall ship or store any milk in any base- 
ment, cellar, refrigerator, milk house, dairy or other place unless such place 
have 1 square foot of window space to each 4 square feet of floor, wtih a 
cement floor, properly drained, and shall contain a vat made of nonabsorbent 
material large enough to store all milk. Windows and doors shall be provided 
from May 1 to October 1, inclusive, with sound screens of mesh sufficiently fine 
to keep out flies and other insects. 

(6) No person shall store any milk in any basement, cellar, refrigerator, milk 
house, dairy, or other place which is within 15 feet of any water-closet or 
privy vault or cesspool, or any horse or cow stable, or any chicken or poultry 
yard or coop. 

Sec. 16. Milk delivery wagons. — (a) No one shall use any vehicle for the de- 
livery of milk in the city of Columbus which has not painted thereon in legible 
Roman letters not less than 3 inches in height, and on both sides of the vehicle 
in a conspicuous place, the name and location of his dairy and the number of 
his permit, and if such vender sells skimmed milk, each and every container 
of skimmed milk shall have the words " skimmed milk " thereon in plain let- 
ters not less than 1 inch in height. 

Sec. 16b. Every person using in the sale or distribution of milk a delivery 
wagon or other vehicle shall keep the same at all times in a cleanly condition 
and free from any substance liable to contaminate or injure the purity of the 
milk, and from May 1 to October 1 shall have and keep over such delivery 
wagon or other vehicle a covering of canvas or other material so arranged as 
to thoroughly protect the contents thereof from the rays and heat of the sun. 

Sec. 17. Sealed container. Wholesale delivery. — No person or dealer shall 
sell, offer for sale, or deliver any milk, buttermilk, whey, sour milk, skimmed 
milk, cream, Dutch cheese, or other milk product in quantities exceeding 1 
gallon unless the can or receptacle containing the same is securely sealed by 
lock and chain, wire, or other contrivance equally efficient : Provided, however, 
That the persons or dealer engaged exclusively in the wholesale delivery or sale 
of milk, buttermilk, whey, sour milk, cream, skimmed milk, Dutch cheese, or 
other milk products from wagons not carrying milk for retail customers, may 
deliver the same from unsealed cans or receptacles: And provided further, 
That said wagon or wagons shall have inscribed conspicuously thereon in plain 
letters, not less than 3 inches ia height, the words " wholesale delivery." 

Sec. 18. Original container. — No person or milk dealer shall sell, deliver, sell 
or offer to sell, or keep for sale in stores, milk or cream, in quantities less than 
1 gallon unless delivered and kept in the original package or container. (Ex- 
ception : Original packages of not greater capacity than 1 quart may be broken 
for sale if the unsold portion is kept in the original package, properly closed.) 



294 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

The compartment where milk or cream is kept shall be separated by an im- 
pervious water and odor proof partition from all other compartments of any 
ice box or refrigerator; neither milk nor cream shall be kept in the same com- 
partment with any other foodstuffs except butter and cheese. 

Sec. 19. BlilJc plants. — (a) Construction: Floors must be made of asphalt, 
cement, or other smooth vitrified substance, laid so as to allow ready drainage; 
walls and ceiling shall be smooth, tight, and kept painted in some light color; 
window space shall be equivalent to 10 per cent floor space. 

(&) Equipment: Must be arranged and constructed so it can be easily and 
efHciently cleaned ; all piping used to convey milk must be of the sanitary taken 
down form. Windows and doors, from May 1 to October 1, must be provided 
with sound screens of mesh sufficiently fine to keep out flies and other insects. 
Building and equipment must be kept clean at all times and free from odors. 

(c) Handling milk: Milk shall be pasteurized at the following temperatures: 
140° F., uniform heating, 20 minutes; 150° F., uniform heating, 15 minutes, 
155° F., uniform heating, 5 minutes ; 160° F., uniform heating, 1.5 minutes ; 165° 
F., uniform heating, 1 minute. 

The time shall be calculated from the time that the entire quantity reaches 
the required temperature. The milk shall be promptly cooled after pasteuriza- 
tion to a temperature of 50° F., or less, and stored at a similar temperature. 

Sec. 20. Contagious diseases. — (a) Should scarlet fever, smallpox, diphtheria, 
typhoid fever, tuberculosis or other dangerous or infectious disease occur in the 
family of any dairyman or among any of his employees, or in any house in which 
milk is kept for sale, or in the family or among the employees of any person 
who ships milk into the city for sale, such dairyman, such venders or shippers 
of milk shall immediately notify the health officer of the facts of the case, and 
the health officer shall at once investigate and order the sale of such milk 
stopped, or sold under such regulations as he thinks proper. 

(6) Should dairymen, venders, or shippers of milk fail to notify the health 
officer when contagious diseases exist in their families or in the families of 
their employees, or who, after such information is given the health officer, fail 
to obey his directions, the milk and dairy inspector shall seize and destroy all 
milk sent into the city by such persons, and he shall, when acting in good faith, 
be held harmless in damages therefor in any suit or demands made. 

(c) In delivering milk to families in which there exists any of the above- 
named contagious or infectious diseases, the dairyman shall not enter, neither 
shall he permit any of his milk bottles or vessels to be taken into such houses, 
but shall pour such milk as each family wishes into vessels furnished by such 
family. 

Sec. 21. Milk inspectors. — The milk or dairy inspector, the health officer, or 
any person authorized by the board of health, may examine all dairy herds, 
utensils for handling millc, of all dairymen or other persons engaged in selling 
or shipping for sale milk or cream to the city of Columbus. These inspectors 
shall have power to open any can, vessel, or package containing milk or cream, 
whether sealed (locked) or otherwise, or whether in transit or otherwise, and 
take samples of the milk or cream for testing or analysis ; and if, upon inspec- 
tion, the milk or cream is found to be filthy, or the cans or other containers are 
in an unclean condition, the said inspector may then and there condemn the 
milk or cream as deemed by him to be filthy and pour the contents of such 
bottles, vessels, or packages upon the ground forthwith, and he shall, if done in 
good faith, be held harmless in damages therefor in any suit or demand made. 

Sec. 22. Penalty for violation. — Whoever violates any provisions of this sub- 
division of the sanitary code of the city of Columbus shall be fined in any sum 
not exceeding $100, or imprisoned for any time not exceeding 90 days, or both ; 
but no person shall be imprisoned under this section for the first offense, and 
the prosecution shall always be for such first offense, unless the affidavit upon 
which the prosecution is instituted contains the allegation that the offense is a 
second or repeated offense. (Sec. 2119, O. L., vol. 95, p. 424.) 

These rules and regulations shall take effect and be in force 10 days from 
first publication. 

"(1536-756.) R. S. Sec. 2139. Inspectors; appointment and duties; record of 
meat and milk dealers ; permit ; examination of cows ; certificate ; contagious 
disease in family of dairyman, etc. ; may make and enforce orders : The board 
of health may appoint such number of inspectors of dairies, slaughterhouses, 
shops, wagons, appliances, food and water supplies for animals, milk, meat, 
butter, cheese, and substances purporting to be butter or cheese, or having the 
semblance of butter or cheese, and such other persons as may be necessary to 
carry out the provisions of this chapter, define their duties, and fix their com- 



THE MIEK STTHJATrOS" risT THE DTSTBTCT OF COLUMBIA. 295r 

pensation, and the health officer may be appointed and authorized by said board 
to perform all the duties of such inspectors; and 'SUCh inspectors may, for 
such purpose, enter any house, vehicle, or yardi; and the board of health shall 
keep for public inspection a record of the names, residences-, and places of 
business of all persons engaged in the sale of milk or meat, and may require 
permits, to be renewed semiannually and for which a charge of not more than 
50 cents may be made, after inspection, to vend either milk or meat, and' the 
board may refuse to grant such permit or revoke one already given if, upon 
inspection, the cows or milk are found to be kept in an unsanitary condition ; 
and the board may require a certificate from a licensed veterinarian showing 
the cows furnishing milk brought for sale within its jurisdiction are free from 
tuberculosis or other dangerous disease, and should scarlet fever, typhoid, or 
other dangerous contagious or infectious disease occur in the family of any 
dairyman or among his employees, or in any house in which milk is kept for 
sale, it shall be the duty of such dairyman or vender of such milk to imme- 
diately notify the health officer of the city, village, or hamlet in which such 
milk is sold, or is offered for sale, of the facts of the case, and the health officer 
may order the sale of such milk stopped, pending an investigation to be made 
without delay, and for such time thereafter as the board of health may require; 
and the board of health may make and enforce such orders as it may deem 
necessary to prevent the sale of impure, adulterated, and unwholesome milk, or 
milk liable to carry disease. (O. L., vol. 95, p. 433.)" 

"(1536-757.) R. S. Sec. 2140. Places where meat, butter, cheese, etc., are 
made, subject to inspection ; analysis of milk, butter, etc. : All dairies, includ- 
ing the cows, cow stables, milk houses, and milk vessels, the owners of which 
offer for sale within the limits of the corporation milk or butter manufactured 
by such owners, shall be subject to inspection by the inspectors, and also any 
manufactory of butter or cheese, or place where such substance or either of them 
are sold, shall be subject to inspection by the inspectors; the inspector may 
enter any place where milk is sold or kept for sale, and all carriages used for 
the conveyance of milk within the corporate limits; and also any manufactory 
or place where butter or cheese, or substances having the semblance of butter 
or cheese, are manufactured, or any place where such substances are sold or 
kept for sale within the corporate limits ; and whenever he has any reason to 
believe milk found therein is impure or adulterated, or any butter or cheese, or 
substances having the semblance of butter or cheese found therein contain any 
Impure, unwholesome, or deleterious substances, or is being sold or offered for 
sale under any false of deceptive name or designation ; that any butter or cheese 
not made from pure cream or milk, or any substance having the semblance of 
butter or cheese, is being sold or offered for sale, without being branded or 
stamped, as required by section 7090, he shall take specimens thereof and 
subject them to satisfactory tests ; or, if the board of health so direct, to 
chemical analysis, the result of which he shall record and preserve as evidence, 
and a certificate of such result, sworn to by the analyst shall be admissible 
in evidence in all prosecutions under this chapter or any law of this State. 
(O. L., vol. 95, p. 434.)" 

" Sec. 2. Refilling milk bottles : It shall be unlawful to fill or refill, with milk, 
cream, or other milk product, any glass jar or bottle, with intent to sell or vend 
such milk, cream, or other milk product, unless such glass jar or bottle be first 
thoroughly cleansed and sterilized. (O. L., v. 99, p. 454.)" 

DIRECTIONS FOE SCOEING DAIRIES BY DAISY DIVISION SCOEE CARD. 
[Adopted Mar. 19, 1908.] 

Cows. No. 

Healthf ulness : points. 

If tuberculin tested and in good condition 170 

In good condition, but not tuberculin tested 40 

In poor condition and not tuberculin tested 

Comfort : 

If well bedded 10 

If stable temperature is 50° to 60° F 10 

Otherwise 

Cleanliness : 

Clean cows having no litter on them, hair on tail braid, quarter and 
flank clipped, tail brushed and cleaned, hair on udder singed, skin 
soft and pliable, free from eruptions, scab, grubs, and running 
sores. Cows must look well groomed 60 



296, THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

No. 
Cleanliness — Continued. points. 

Cows having no litter on them, free from skin eruptions, scab, grub, 

and running sores _ 50 

Cows fairly clean, free from skin eruption, scab, grub, and running 

sores 30 

Cows free from skin eruptions, scabs, grub, and running sores 20 

Cows dirty, with or without running sores 

Total number points for cows 250 

^ ,. StaUes. 

Cleanliness : 

If all parts of the stable, except floor and windows, are painted in 
some light color, or whitewashed within the last six months, and 
thoroughly cleaned, including windows, mangers, gutters, stable 
drains, etc 50 

Deduct in proportion as many points as is necessary, if stable is not 
whitewashed, not free from dust, dirt, cobwebs, etc 

Stables not whitewashed, full of cobwebs, dirty, or dusty, with odors 

strong enough to injure milk 

Location of dairy stable: 

If located on an elevation with floor laid not less than 1 foot higher 
than outside surface level and located so that good drainage can be 
secured, and 600 feet away from any marshy ground, stagnant 
water, cesspools, privies, hogpens, henneries, and horse stable, or 
other buildings in which other animals are kept, with the sur- 
roundings free from accumulation of rubbish or decomposing 
matter : 20 

All points same as above, with the exception of permitting horses in 
the same barn as cows, with a tight partition between the cows' 
stable and horse stable 10 

All points as above, horses in the same barn, with a tight partition, 
and other buildings close by, with the exception of outhouses and 
privies 5 

Otherwise 

Construction of stable floors: 

Asphalt or concrete floor, kept in good repair, with gutters not less 
than 14 inches wide, and not less than 8 inches deep, and made of 
the same material, with 4 feet of space for walk back of the cows, 
and with a manger not less than 20 inches wide in front of the 
cows, also made of the same material 50 

Wood laid on cement floor with space between cement and wood, 
flushed with pitch or tar, with gutter and walk made in the same 
manner, and with the same size and dimensions for gutter and 
walk as given above 40i 

Brick laid edgewise in concrete, sand, or on sand and boards, with 

the surface slushed with cement, so that there are no crevices 40' 

Matched wood floor in good repair, smooth, and made water-tight 30j 

Ordinary wood floor, thoroughly covered with pitch or tar and made 

water-tight, and kept in good repair 30) 

Ordinary wood floor, in good repair, with not less than a 2-foot walk 

back of cows ; 20> 

Floor with front half of cow-stall platform made of dirt, with back 
half of platform and gutter made of cement, with a walk not less 
than 2 feet back of cows 10 

If no floor is provided, or floors with no gutters, or floors that are not 

tight and have no drainage O 

Sides of cow stable : 

If the asphalt or concrete floor is continued up on the side to a height 
not less than 2 feet from the floor level, with round corners, and 
plastered smooth, and kept in good repair, to form a side base- 
board. Side, continued above side baseboard, constructed of con- 
crete wood pulp plaster, or any other material that forms a hard, 
smooth, nonabsorbent surface, and kept in good repair 20 

Baseboard on side not less than 2 feet high fi-om floor level, made of 
concrete or plaster, with round corners, but sides continued above 
this, made of wood, well painted or whitewashed, and kept in good 
repair 20 



THE MILiK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 297 

No. 
Sides of cow stable — Continued. points. 

Sides made of wood througtiout, rough or open construction, in good 

repair r — , 10 

Sides roughly constructed, or of open construction, out of repair, with 

corners that will allow accumulation of filth 

Ceiling of stable: 

Smooth, dust-tight ceiling, in good repair, made of plaster, smooth 
metal, or matched boards, and thoroughly insulated above so that 

no moisture will collect on ceiling 20 

Open construction with matched lumber laid on joist must be dust 

tight and well insulated 10 

Ceiling made of unmatched lumber, smooth or rough boards in 

good repair 5 

Ceiling made of rails or litter, including straw or roughage 

Light : 

4 square feet of unobstructed window glass per cow, distributed 

in that part of the stable where the cows stand 50 

3 square feet of unobstructed window glassper cow, distributed as above. 40 
2 square feet of unobstructed wiudow glass per cow, distributed as above_ 30 
1 square foot of unobstructed windowglasspercow,distributedasabove_ 20 
6 inches or less than 6 inches of unobstructed window glass per cow_ 

Cubic feet of space per cow in stable: 

600 to 1,000 cubic feet of space per cow 50 

500 cubic feet of space per cow 40 

400 cubic feet of space per cow 30 

300 cubic feet of space per cow 20 

Less than 300 cubic feet of space per cow 

Ventilation : Two methods of ventilation may be used : First, the flue 
system ; second, the canvas system : 
Flue system should be constructed in the following manner — 
Exhaust flue — 

First. Size, 30 square inches per cow. 

Second. Distribution. Flues may be built one or more In 

number. 
Third. Construction. May be made of wood or other air- 
tight material that is a good nonconductor. 
Fourth. Inlet. Must not be more than 18 inches above the 

floor. 
Fifth. Outlet. Flue must extend thrbugh roof and above the 

highest point of the building. 
Flue should be made as straight as possible, without any 
obstructions, to allow for free circulation of air. 
Intake or fresh-air flue. — If air is taken from the stables through 
the exhaust flue, arrangements must be made to allow fresh 
air to come into the stable. This flue should allow 20 square 
inches per cow. If more than one flue, they should be uni- 
formly distributed throughout the stable. 
Inlet. — Fresh air must be taken from some point below the outlet 
of this flue in the stable. Flue must not be less than 1 foot 
perpendicularly. Outlet must be near or in the ceiling of 

the stable 20 

The canvas system consists in placing muslin and wire screens in 

open or unobstructed air spaces. 

If 3 square feet of muslin is provided per cow, and uniformly 

distributed from the highest to the lowest convenient point, 

but not higher than from 2 feet of the floor to within 18 inches 

of the ceiling 20 

If 2 square feet of muslin is provided per cow, and uniformly 
distributed from the highest to the lowest convenient point, 
but not higher than 2 feet of the floor to within 18 inches of 

the ceiling 15 

If 1 square foot of musliji is provided per cow, and uniformly 
distributed from the highest to the lowest convenient point, but 
not higher than 2 feet of the floor to within 18 inches of 

the ceiling . 10 

Ventilation caused by open windows, etc 10 

If no attempt is made to ventilate at all 



298 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 

No. 
Removal of manure : points. 

If manure is immediately disposed of by hauling it into the fields or 
away from the barns daily and none allowed to accumulate around 
the stable 40 

If manure is removed from the stable daily, to a distance of 30 feet 
from stable, and placed in a manure bin, or any other tight in- 
closure 30 

If manure is removed 10 feet from the stable daily and kept in a place 

where cows can not walk into same 20 

Otherwise 

Stable yard : 

If yard for turning out cows is a covered yard and the shed contain- 
ing not less than 4 feet of light per cow, properly ventilated as 
above, and 150 square feet of space per cow, elevated so that it 
will drain readily, and kept bedded with straw or other roughage 
at all times, so that it is dry 30 

Yard not covered, but well drained and kept clean 20 

Yard well bedded with straw or roughage, so as to keep cattle out of 
the mud and ihanure 10 

Otherwise 

Total number of points for stable 350 

Water supply. 

First. Pure running water from a spring that is protected from the en- 
trance of flow to outlet, or artesian wells, or artificially forced water, 
free from oils, sulphur, or other offensive and distasteful material, free 
from contamination and supplied from a source not less than 250 feet 
from a barnyard, privy, cesspool, etc., temperature not more than 70° 
and less than 45° 50 

Second. Ordinary well water, free from contamination, and stored in 
clean tanks 40 

Third. Ordinary well water pumped in ordinary troughs that are kept clean_ 30 

Fourth. Water from ponds, dirty troughs, muddy, or otherwise contaminated- 



Total number points for water supply 50 

Location: ^^^^^ ^o^*««- 

If built on relatively high or elevated ground, floor level not less than 
1 foot above ground surface, and including otherwise the same con- 
ditions as described under " location of dairy stable," with the ad- 
dition that it should be located at least 100 feet away from the 

dairy stables and 250 feet away from any other stable 5 

All conditions same as above, except location, 25 feet away from 

stable and 100 feet away from any other stable 3 

All conditions, same as above except it is placed 10 feet away from 
dairy stable and 50 feet from any other part of stable where 

animals are kept 1 

If connected with stable with tight partition i 

Otherwise 

Purpose : 

The place where the milk is to be taken immediately after milking 
each cow, where it is to be cooled, aerated, separated, or pasteur- 
ized, and stored in tanks of water, with temperature not exceeding 
50° F.. and is supposed to remain there until time of delivery. In 
this milk house there must be a tight partition, and the second 
room should be a wash room used only for the purpose of washing 
and sterilizing dairy utensils. 
Outside construction : 

May be of asphalt, brick, stone, or a combination of the same, in 
good repair, with shingle, slate, or tile roof, and if not attached by 

door to any other building 5 

Tight wood construction, plainly sided, well painted, and in good repair- 3 

Ordinary wood construction 2 

Wood construction of plain, impainted. or stained rough boards 1 

Old and partially decayed boards and dirty 



THE MILK SiTtJATION m THE DlSTEICT 01^ COLUMBIA. 29^ 

No. 

Floors : points. 

Asphalt, cement, or other smooth, vitrified floor, laid so as to allow 
ready drainage with a slope of 1 inch to the foot, provided with a 

drain, and the drain provided with a standard metal trap 10 

Cement floor, with no slope 5 

Wood floor, water-tight, in good repair 2 

Ordinary wood floor, in good repair 1 

Otherwise 

Walls and ceiling: 

Sides provided with a baseboard made of concrete or other hard, 
nonabsorbent, and nondecayed material, with sides and ceiling 

plastered smoothly, and kept in good repair 10 

With baseboard concrete or other hard, nonabsorbing, undecayable 
material, sealed smoothly with boards and painted, and kept in 

good repair 5 

Smooth wood walls and ceiling in good repair 2 

Otherwise . 

Light : 

40 square feet of glass to 1,000 cubic feet of air space 10 

30 square feet of glass to 1,000 cubic feet of air space 5 

20 square feet of glass to 1,000 cubic feet of air space 3 

10 square feet of glass to 1,000 cubic feet of air space 2 

Less than 5 square feet of glass to 1,000 cubic feet of air space 

Ventilation : 

A ventilator placed in the ceiling of the milk room and wash room 10 

Provisions to open the top half of the windows to provide ventilation- 5 

No attempt to ventilate at all 



Total number points for milk house 50 

Equipment for milk house. 
Milk room : 

Provided with concrete insulated tanks built with overflow outlets 
and ice chambers and with good, well-painted covers. Everything 
kept in good repair 10 

Provided with wood tanks with overflow outlets and ice chambers 5 

Wood tanks without ice chambers 2 

Otherwise 

Wash room : 

Equipped with hot water (temperature not less than 205° F.) for 
cleansing and sterilizing utensils ; a sterilizing vat and place to lay 
or hang utensils after being boiled. This place must be free from 
dust, clean, well ventilated, and located where the sun's direct rays 
have access to it at least three hours each day 10 

If nothing is prepared to take care of the dairy utensils, such as 

racks and hooks 5 

If the building is so located thsit the sun does not have access to 
utensils at least a part of the day ' 2 

Otherwise 

Milk pails: 

Use for no other purpose except for milking, and if thoroughly 
flushed with solder so that there are no sharp corners or crevices 
on the inside, plainly constructed with an opening not larger than 
6 inches through which the milk passes 10 

Pails same as above with larger opening 5 

Otherwise 

Strainers : 

Plainly constructed, all points and crevices flushed and smoothly 
soldered, with wire gauze having 100 meshes to the inch. And in 
connection with this, provisions should be made so that the milk 
passes through two thicknesses of cheesecloth with absorbent cotton 
between. Both of the latter must be sterile, and a new piece must 
be used before each milking 10 

Strainers same as above, without cloth and cotton strainers • 5 

Otherwise 



300 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

No. 
Aerator and cooler: points. 

Aerator and cooler plainly constructed, with, all points flushed with 
solder so that it can be easily cleansed, and having no crevices, and 
effective to cool to 50° F 10 

Cooler without aerator but made as described above 5 

Milk cooled in milk can and stirred with a metal stirrer made so that 

it can be kept clean 

Transportation cans : 

Transportation cans plainly constructed, well tinned, with all corners 
and joints smoothly flushed with solder, with lid so constructed 
that it can be hermetically sealed to prevent the removal or leaking 
of milk or cream while in transit 10 

Can constructed as above, having a common loose lid with lead seal — 5 

Can not well tinned, with common lid and lead seal 2 

Otherwise 

Cleanliness of interior : 

Ceiling, walls, and walks free from flyspecks, cobwebs, dust, or other 
filth ; well painted or surfaced with any other hard material and of 
uniform light color. Floor kept free from milk and other foreign 
materials not belonging to a milk house 20 

Ceiling and walls slightly flyspecked, but other conditions same as 

above 10 

Milk room slightly specked; used as a storeroom for utensils, with 

other conditions as above 5 

Milk room dirty ; used as a storeroom for utensils, for implements, 

clothes, or other material not belonging to a milk house 

Cleanliness of utensils : 

All utensils that come in direct contact with milk should be first 
rinsed with warm water, then washed in a hot solution of sal soda 
or some washing powder, then rinsed and sterlized by subject- 
ing them to high pressure steam in a steam sterilizer. They 
should then be removed and kept on clean, suitable racks exposed 
to plenty of sunlight as prescribed under heading " Equipment in 
wash room " 20 

Same as above except utensils are subjected to hot water not less 
than 200° temperature, containing at least 5 per cent of borax and 
subjected to this for not less than 20 minutes. They should then 
be removed and kept in a clean, suitable rack, with plenty of sun- 
light, as prescribed under heading " Equipment in wash room " — 10 

If utensils are rusty, not well cleaned and not sterlized 

Total number points for equipment 100 

Health of attendants. 

Attendants free from disease 50 

If attendants are healthy but room or board with a family in which some 

disease exists 20 

If any attendant or attendants are sick or suffering from some infectious 

disease 

Total number points for health of attendants 50 

Cleanliness in milTcing. 
Udders and teats: 

Clean and thoroughly wash' with clean water a-nd dry with clean 
cloths before milking. A cloth should be provided for each in- 
dividual cow 20 

Udder and teats washed as above but no separate cloths provided 

for each cow 10 

Udder unwashed and otherwise dirty 

Milking with clean hands: 

Hands should be washed in soap and water after milking each cow__ 20 
Hands should be thoroughly cleaned and washed before each milking. 10 
Hands not washed previous to milking and otherwise dirty 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 301 

No. 
Clothing : points. 

White suit® laundered freshly every day and used only during the 
milking time 10 

Suits laundered every day, but not white 5 

White suits laundered twice a week 5 

White suits laundered once a week 2 

If milking is done in the same clothes that are used for daily dress 

or otherwise filthy 

Dry milking: 

Milking should be done without allowing any milk to come in contact 
with the outside of the teat — in other words, it should be done with 
a dry hand. If teats are chafed or inflamed, a small amount of 
vaseline may be used during milking; this must then be carefully 
wiped off and care should be taken that none of this drops into 
the milk 20 

Where wet milking is practiced 

Filthy habits of attendants : 

If attendant has a clean appearance, does not smoke while milking, 
nor use tobacco or liquor or is not saturated with any other strong- 
smelling materials, and free from chafed hands 10 

Attendants otherwise 

First milk : 

If the first few streams of milk from each teat are rejected before 
each milking ^ 10 

Otherwise 

Feeding : 

If cows are fed on clean, dry feed, neither decayed, moldy, nor 

dusty, and if not fed on any wet malt or distillery feeds 20 

Otherwise 

Handling milk after milking: 

Immediately after milk is drawn from the cow if aerated and cooled 

to not less than 50° 20 

Immediately after it is drawn from the cow if aerated and cooled 
to 62° - - 10 

Immediately after it is drawn from the cow, removed to the milk 

house and poured into a can which is placed in water cooled to 55° _ 5 

If poured into cans in stables and can-s placed in cold water 3 

Otherwise , 

Storing at low temperature of can and bottled milk : 

If milk is stored in the milk house at a temperature of 50° 20 

If milk is stored in the milk house at a temperature of 60° 10 

Milk to be bottled must be aerated and cooled to .50° before bottling. 
Immediately after bottling bottles should be tightly capped and 
placed in a crate and packed in crushed ice. Bottles must be kept 
packed in crushed ice until delivery is made 20 

Milk bottled if cooled and aerated to 50° and immediately delivered 

without being placed in crushed ice 10 

Otherwise 

It is understood that bottles and caps must be sterile and crates 

must be thoroughly cleaned. 

Total number points for cleanliness of milking 150 

Grand total 1, OOO 

Milking may be done in the open air on clean sod, but not during windy or 
rainy weather, and full credit will be given. 

If bad conditions are found in addition to those indicated under these groups 
further deduction will be made. 

Title II. — Cream. 

Section 1. Cream. — No person shall bring into the city for sale, or shall sell 
or offer for sale, any cream unless such cream is produced from milk which 
must conform to all the rules and regulations of this code relating to milk. 
nor unless such cream be kept at or below 65° F., free from foreign substances, 
and shall not contain more than 1,000,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, and 
shall not contain less than 16 per cent of milk fat. 



302 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Title III. — Ice cream. 

Section 1. Ice cream,. — No person, firm, or corporation shall manufacture, 
sell, or offer for sale in the city, or bi'ing: into the city, any ice cream, nut ice 
cream, fruit ice cream, or French ice cream, unless such ice cream, nut ice 
cream, fruit ice cream, or French ice cream shall conform strictly to the 
standards, requirements, and provisions prescribed in the following sections : 

Sec. 2. Constituents of ice cream. — That ice cream shall be made from whole- 
some milk products, sugar, with or without natural flavoring, and with or with- 
out not to exceed in the aggregate seven-tenths of 1 per cent of starch, gelatin, 
gum arable or tragacanth, and shall contain not less than the per cent of milk 
fat as hereinafter designated. 

Sec. 3. Pmit ice cream. — That fruit ice cream shall be made from materials 
used in making ice cream as designated in section 2 of this article, together 
with sound, clean, mature fruits. 

Sec. 4. Nut ice cream. — That nut ice cream shall be made from material used 
in making ice cream as designated by section 2 of this article, together with 
sound, nonrancid nuts. 

Sec. 5. French ice cream. — That French ice cream shall be made from mate- 
rials used in making ice cream as designated by section 2 of this article, together 
with fresh eggs. 

Sec. 6. Per cent of milk fat. — That ice cream, nut ice cream, fruit ice cream, 
and French ice cream shall contain at least 10 per cent of milk fat, unless the 
per cent of milk fat is stated as provided in section 7 of this article, but no sub- 
stance containing less than 8 per cent of milk fat shall be designated as or called 
ice cream, nut ice cream, fruit ice cream, or French ice cream. 

Sec. 7. Labels and placards. — That no person by himself or by his servant or 
agent, or as servant or agent of any other person, shall manufacture, offer or 
expose for sale, sell or deliver any ice cream, nut ice cream, fruit ice cream, or 
French ice cream containing less than 10 per cent milk fat, unless the per cent 
of milk fat is conspicuously stamped, labeled, or marked in plain letters at least 
three-eighths of an inch square, so that the words can not be easily defaced, 
upon two sides of each and every bucket, box, can, wrapper, or other package 
containing' said ice cream, nut ice cream, fruit ice cream, or French ice cream. 
When any ice cream, nut ice cream, fruit ice cream, or French ice cream con- 
taining less than 10 per cent milk fat is sold at retail, a white placard not less 
in size than 10 by 14 inches shall be kept so as not to be concealed in any 
manner, but to be easily seen and read, if desired, by the purchaser at the time 
of the purchase, on which placard shall be printed, in black letters not less in 
size than 1^ inches square, the per cent of milk fat contained in each and every 
grade of ice cream, nut ice cream, fruit ice cream, or French ice ci-eam being 
offered for sale, and said placard shall not contain other words than the name 
of the manufacturer of said ice cream, nut ice cream, fruit ice cream, or French 

ice cream. 

******* 

Title VIII. — Ice cream, parlors and soda fountains. 

Section 1. Sanitary conditions. — Sanitary conditions in ice cream parlors and 
places where soda fountains are in operation, for the enforcement by the health 
office, are declared to exist only when the floors are clean and free from litter 
and accumulated dirt ; when the side walls and ceilings are free from cobwebs, 
dust, and accumulated dirt, when the counters, shelves, drawers, and bins are 
clean, when refrigerators and soda fountains are free from foul and unpleasant 
odors, mold, and slime. Glassware, spoons, etc., used at a soda fountain shall 
be thoroughly washed and rinsed in clean water after each using. Soda foun- 
tains, sirup cans, and bottles shall be thoroughly washed before refilling. Draft 
tubes shall be kept clean. Drainage boards, sinks, shelves, etc., on which glasses 
are placed must be kept clean. Beverages drawn from a fountain or faucet 
must be free from the danger of chemical action while in contact with lead, 
copper, or other metals. 

PART VI. INSANITAKY CONDITIONS AND PUBLIC NUISANCES, 

Title V. — Miscellaneous nuisances. 

******* 

Sec 8. Every owner, lessee, tenant, or occupant of any stall, stable, or apart- 
ment in the city in which any horse, cattle, or other animal shall be kept, or 
any place in which manure, stable refuse, or any liquid discharge of such ani- 



The milk situation in the district of Columbia. 303 

mals shall collect or accumulate, shall cause such manure, stable refuse, or 
liquid to be promptly and properly removed therefrom, and shall at all times 
keep, or cause to be kept, such stall, stables, or apartments, and the drains, 
yards, and appurtenances thereof, in a clean and sanitary condition, so that no 
offensive odor shall be allowed to escape therefrom. Every such stable and the 
yards and appurtenances thereof shall be connected with the city sewer. 

Sec. 9. Every person owning, leasing, or occupying any stall, stable, or com- 
partment where any horse or any cattle or mule shall be kept, and every owner 
of any horse, mule, or head of cattle shall maintain a durably made receptacle 
or bin, which, if located outside the building, must be so constructed and kept 
as to preserve the contents at all times dry and free from rain ; or other struc- 
•tures, as vault or cellar, in which receptacles shall be placed all manure or 
refuse from such horse, mule, or cattle. In no event or circumstance shall such 
manure or refuse be thrown or deposited in alley, street, or public place, or 
suffered to remain therein. 

Sec. 10. Every stable or building which may be constructed or reconstructed 
within the city in which any horse, mule, or cow is to be provided for or kept 
shall be so constructed and drained that no fluid excrement or refuse liquid 
shall flow upon or into the natural ground or earth. 

Sec. 11. All of the surface of the ground beneath every stall in every such 
building and for a distance of at least 4 feet in the rear of every such stall 
shall be covered and protected from pollution by a water-tight floor or covering 
made impervious to said fluid excrement or refuse liquid, which shall be con- 
ducted into the city sewer. 

* * * * « :|c « 

Sec. 23. No person shall burn or suffer to be burned within the city any 
leaves, garbage, refuse woolen, silk, leather or India rubber goods, or other sub- 
stances so that the same shall give rise to offensive odors or gases. 

Sec. 24. No person shall use the sidewalks or the streets of the city, or the 
gutters between them, as a drainage to carry off any water that has been used, 
or other fluids, or soap suds or dye stuffs, or liquid manures, or any other 
liquids, whether from privies or otherwise. 

Sec 25. No person shall clean, scale or wash any fish, meat, clothes, carriage 
or buggy, or anything tending to create a nuisance on any of the streets, alleys, 
public grounds, or markets of the city. 

Sec 26. No person shall deposit on any street, alley, private or public place 
in the limits of the city, any dirt, brick, or other material in such a manner as 
to obstruct the free flow of water along any gutter. 

Sec 27. No person owning, occupying or having charge of any building, stable 
or other premises shall keep or allow to be kept thereon any fowl, dog, or other 
animal which shall by barking or other noise, or by offensive kennel or other 
place of keeping, disturb the quiet or repose, or the purity of the air in the 
living-rooms of those thereon or in the vicinity thereof to the detriment of the 
life, health, or comfort of any person or persons. 

Sec 28. No person shall water any horse or other animal that is affected with 
glanders, nasal catarrh, or any other disease of a contagious character, at any 
public drinking fountain or public well within the city. 

Sec 29. No person shall keep or maintain a dairy within the city and no 
person shall keep more than two cows within the city limits, nor feed or milk 
any cow on any sidewalk within the city, nor feed any cow or swine on any 
street or sidewalk or alley within the city. 



Care of Milk in the Home. 

[Issued by the Board of Health of Detroit, Mich.] 

DETROIT, MICH. 

The Board of Health, 

Detroit, Mich., May 1, 1908. 
The quality of the milk supply of a city has a great deal to do with the 
health of the people. Milk is the most valuable single article of diet known 
to man, and is the only proper food for babies under 1 year of age, when they 
can not get the nourishment which nature intended for them — their mother's 
milk. But, while good milk is such an excellent food, bad milk is one of the 



304 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

most dangerous foods possible, being responsible for a large part of the bowel 
troubles of babies and for the death of very many of them. The chief means 
by which milk is made dangerous are (1) dirty methods of keeping and milk- 
ing the cows, dirty milkers, and dirty milk vessels; (2) failure to cool the milk 
promptly and keep it cool until used; and (3) keeping the milk too long before 
it is used. 

Bad milk, therefore, so far as danger to health is concerned, is dirty milk or 
warm, stale milk. 

The Board of Health of Detroit is doing everything in its power to make the 
milk supply of this city all that it should be from a sanitary and chemical 
standpoint, and the dairymen are actively responding to our efforts. Nearly 
all of the undesirable dealers have been forced out of business. 

But it is not sufficient that the milk be clean and pure when delivered to you. 
TJnless the proper care is taken in your own home after the milk is received 
you will not have good milk in spite of our efforts and the work of the dairymen. 
It is therefore important that you should carefully follow the instructions given 
in this circular — ^not just to-day, but every day, the whole year round. In the 
home, as on the farm and in the city dairy, cleanliness and cold are the two 
essentials in the securing of wholesome milk. All vessels used for milk should 
be thoroughly cleansed as soon as empty, using first clean, cold water for rins- 
ing, and then scalding them with hot water containing a small amount of 
washing soda or borax. After thorough washing, the vessels should be rinsed 
with clean water and then well aired and sunned in some place where they 
will be protected from dust. 

If your milkman delivers his milk in sealed bottles, see that he does not leave 
these in a place where they will be exposed to the heat of the sun before being 
brought into the house. They should be taken in as soon as possible and placed 
at once in the refrigerator until used. As soon as you have emptied a bottle, 
wash it out carefully. Do not return to your milkman bottles containing stale 
milk. Milk quickly absorbs odors from surrounding substances. After using 
part of the milk, always replace the cap before returning the bottle to the ice 
box. 

If you are getting bottled milk, and a case of typhoid fever or other " catch- 
ing " disease breaks out in your house, you should tell your milkman at once, 
and he should not take away any milk bottles from your house until after the 
case has gotten well, as one of these bottles might otherwise be the means of 
carrying the disease to other houses. We will instruct the milkmen what to 
do in such cases. 

If you are getting milk in bulk and not in bottles, it is best to have the milk- 
man deliver it directly to you or your servant, and you should see that it is 
put on ice immediately and kept cold. The practice of putting out an uncovered 
pitcher or other vessel for milk the night before can not be too strongly con- 
demned. Such a pitcher or vessel, exposed to the dust and dirt of the street, 
will collect thousands of germs before the milk is put into it. Many of these 
may be dangerous to life and health, besides which they will certainly cause 
the milk to sour in a short time and become unfit for use. The purest milk 
received in such a vessel may become as bad in a few hours as the worst milk 
from a dirty farm. 

If you wish to stand out a vessel to receive your milk, provide yourself with 
several glass preserve jars, which should be used for this purpose only. They 
should be kept well washed and aired as above described. Get jars with clamp 
tops. Those with screw tops are hard to keep properly cleansed. Do not use 
the rubber ring which comes with most jars, as it is diffi(?ult to keep clean and 
the jar will be sufficiently tight without it. Instead of a preserve jar, a bowl 
covered by a plate may be used. A pitcher can not be tightly covered on account 
of the projecting spout. 

Give your own personal attention to your milk vessels. 

The milkmen of Detroit state that many persons have the idea that if milk 
is delivered to them warm, this is proof of its being fresh from the cow and 
hence better. So far from this being true, only by cooling the milk as soon as 
it is gotten from the cow is it possible to prevent rapid decomposition of the 
milk in warm weather. The regulations of the board of health (which have 
been adopted for your benefit) require that all milk sold in Detroit shall be 
cooled immediately after milking and kept cooled until delivered to you. 

While bad milk is the chief cause of bowel troubles among young infants, it 
is by no means the only cause. Improper feeding is another cause. Never give 
anything but milk to a child under 1 year unless advised to do so by your 
family physician. 



THE MIIiK SITUATION" IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 305 

If yoTir baby has any bowel trouble, call in your doctor at once, so that the 
case may be treated before it has gone too far. 

Never buy milk for the baby from a grocery store. Store milk has often been 
kept over from the day before. Such milk is dangerous as a food for babies. 
Never buy bulk milk from a grocery store. Storekeepers are prohibited by a 
regulation of the board of health from selling bulk milk, which formerly only 
too often stood around on the floor gathering sweepings or in -an open pitcher or 
can in a refrigerator, perhaps without ice, in which meats or vegetables were 
also kept. 

By paying careful attention to the above instructions you will do much toward 
keeping your family well during the summer, and especially the little ones who 
live on milk. You will also find that your milk will keep longer and taste better. 

Keep this circular and read it from time to time until thoroughly familiar with 
its contents. If you change servants, be sure to give instructions to the new 
ones ia the care of milk in your home. 



LOS ANGELES, GAL. 

An Oedinance Regulating the Production and Sale of Milk and the 

Products Thereof. 

[Ordinance No. 20587, new series.] 

The mayor and council of the city of Los Angeles do ordain as follows : 

Section 1. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to bring 
or receive, or to cause or permit to be brought or received, into the city of Los 
Angeles for sale, or to sell, exchange, or deliver, or to offer for sale, exchange, 
or delivery, or to cause or permit to be sold, exchanged, or delivered, or to 
be offered for sale, exchange, or delivery, or to have in possession for sale, 
exchange, or delivery therein any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, 
pasteurized milk, condensed, or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated 
skimmed milk, without first applying for and receiving a permit from the board 
of health of the city of Los Angeles so to do in the manner hereinafter pro- 
vided : Provided, hoioever, That the provisions of this section shall not apply to 
condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk that 
is sterilized and contained in hermetically sealed packages, labeled with the 
name of the article and with the name of the person, firm, or corporation by 
whom the same is prepared. 

Sec. 2. Every applicant for any such permit shall file with the said board 
of health a written application which shall set forth the name and address 
of the applicant, the number of cows owned by such applicant, if any, the name 
and address of any and all persons, firm, or corporations from whom he is pur- 
chasing or obtaining, or from whom he is intending to purchase or obtain milk, 
cream, buttermilk, skimmed miJk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated 
milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk, and the number of gallons 
of each thereof sold by him daily as nearly as he can estimate the same. Such 
application shall also contain a description of the property by street and num- 
ber wherein or whereon the applicant conducts or proposes to conduct his place 
of business, and if the same has no street number, then such description as 
will enable the same easily to be found. 

If such permit be granted, it shall be the duty of the holder thereof to give 
written notice to the said board of health stating the name and address of any 
person, firm, or corporation from whom he obtains his supply of milk, cream, 
buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, 
or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk, within twenty-four hours after be- 
ginning to obtain any such milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized 
milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed 
milk from any such person, firm, or corporation other than those named in his 
application : Provided, hoioever. That if such holder of a permit intends to 
obtain any such milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, 
condensed or oA^aporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk, from 
any person, firm, or corporation to whom a permit shall not have been granted 
by the board of health pursuant to the provisions of this ordinance, then written 
notice of such intention shall be given to the board of health at least five days 
before beginning to obtain such milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pas- 

82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-3 20 



306 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

teurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated 
skimmed milk from such person, firm, or corporation. 

If such permit be granted, it shall be the duty of the person, firm, or corpora- 
tion to whom the same is granted to secure the same from the office of the board 
of health within 30 days after the date on which the same is granted by the 
said board, and it shall also be the duty of such person, firm, or corporation to 
post such permit and to keep the same posted at all times in a conspicuous 
place in the milk house of such person, firm, or corporation, or in the room or 
place in which milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, con- 
densed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk is kept 
for sale. 

It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to fail, refuse, or 
neglect to comply with any of the provisions of this section. 

Sec. 3. If it shall appear to the said board of health upon considering such 
application that the statements therein made are true, and that the applicant 
does not propose selling or offering for sale any adulterated milk, cream, but- 
termilk, skimmed miik, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or con- 
densed or evaporated skimmed milk, or any thereof, that does not conform to 
the standard as hereinafter defined and prescribed, and that the dairies, cows, 
cow stables, houses, vessels, and vehicles from which such milk, cream, butter- 
milk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or con- 
densed or evaporated skimmed milk is sold or offered for sale, or is supplied 
for the purpose of being sold, conform to the provisions of this ordinance 
and to the rules of the board of health, it shall be the duty of the said board 
of health to issue, without cost to such applicant, a permit to bring and receive 
into the said city for sale, and therein to sell, or offer for sale, milk, cream, but- 
termilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or con- 
densed or evaporated skimmed milk: Provided, however. That such permit 
shall be granted only on the express condition that the same shall be subject to 
suspension for a period not exceeding six months by the said board of health, 
in its discretion, upon proof to the satisfaction of said board of a violation by 
the holder thereof, or his servant, employee, or agent, of any of the provisions 
of this ordinance, or of any rule of the board of health relating to the inspection 
and sanitary condition of dairies, or upon proof of violation by such holder of 
any law of the State of California providing against the adulteration of milk, 
cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated 
milk, or condensed or evaporated skimnied milk. 

No such permit shall be suspended until after a hearing shall have been had 
by the board of health, notice of which hearing shall be given in writing and 
served at least three days prior to the date of hearing upon the holder of such 
permit or upon his or its manager or agent. Such notice shall state the ground 
of complaint against the holder of such permit and shall also state the time 
when and place where such hearing will be had. Such notice shall be served 
upon the holder of such permit by delivering the same to such person, firm, or 
corporation, or to his or its manager or agent, or to any person of suitable age 
and discretion in charge of or employed in the place of business of such person, 
firm, or corporation ; or if such person has no place of business, then at his place 
of residence, or by leaving such notice at the place of residence of such person 
with some person of suitable age and discretion. If the holder of such permit 
can not be found and service of such notice can not be made upon him or it in 
the manner herein provided, then a copy of such notice shall be mailed, postage 
fully prepaid, addressed to such holder of such permit at such place of business 
or residence at least three days prior to the date of such hearing: Provided, 
however. That the health officer shall have power and he is hereby authorized 
to suspend any such permit at any time when he shall ascertain that any pro- 
vision of this ordinance or any such rule of the board of health is being violated 
by the holder of such permit, or his servant, employee, or agent, and such sus- 
pension shall be effective until the next meeting of the board of health after the 
date of such suspension. 

If any such permit shall be suspended by the board of health or by the health 
officer, it shall be unlawful during the period of such suspension for the holder 
of such permit to bring or receive, or to cause or permit to be brought or 
received, into the city of Los Angeles, for sale, or to sell, exchange or deliver, 
or to offer for sale, exchange or delivery, or to cause or permit to be sold, ex- 
changed or delivered, or to be offered for sale, exchange or delivery, or to have 
in possession for sale, exchange or delivery therein, any milk, cream, butter- 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 307 

milk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or con- 
densed or evaporated skimmed milk. 

Sec. 4. Sucli permit shall be good until the same is suspended as provided 
by this ordinance, or until the holder of such permit changes the location of 
his place of business, or conveys or otherwise disposes of the business of sell- 
ing milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or 
evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk : Provided, how- 
ever, That any person, firm, or corporation who shall purchase any such busi- 
ness, for which a permit shall have been obtained and shall be in force at the 
time of such sale, may conduct and operate such business under such permit 
■ for a period of not more than 30 days from and after the date of such sale, 
unless such permit is suspended as herein provided, and such purchaser shall, 
during the said period of 30 days, apply for and obtain a permit in the manner 
provided by this ordinance : And provided further. That if any holder of any 
such permit shall change or remove the location of his place of business, such 
holder may continue to conduct and operate such business under such permit 
for a period of not more than 30 days from and after the date of such change 
or removal, unless such permit is suspended as herein provided, and such holder 
shall, during the said period of 30 days, apply for and obtain a permit in the 
manner provided by this ordinance. 

If such new permit is not applied for and obtained in the manner and within 
the time herein prescribed, such person, firm, or corporation shall be deemed to 
be conducting and operating such business without a permit from and after 
the expiration of such period of 30 days. 

Sec. 5. All dairies, cows, cow stables, houses, vessels, and vehicles, whether 
within the city of Los Angeles or not, from which milk, cream, buttermilk, 
skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed 
or evaporated skimmed milk is sold or offered for sale, or is supplied for the 
purpose of being sold, within the limits of the said city, and all places and 
vehicles within the said city in which milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, 
pasteurized milk, condensed Or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated 
skimmed milk is sold, kept, carried, or conveyed, shall be subject at all times 
to inspection by the health officer or by some one deputed by him, or by mem- 
bers of the board of health, or by the inspectors in the health department, and 
it shall be the duty of all persons owning or having charge of such dairies, 
cows, cow stables, houses, vessels, or vehicles to allow such inspection, and 
to allow such dairies, cow stables, houses, vessels, or vehicles to be entered by 
the health officer or by some one deputed by him, or by members of the board 
of health, or by the inspectors in the health department for the purpose of such 
inspection ; and in case the owner or person in charge of a dairy, cow, cow 
stable, house, vessel, or vehicle without said city, from which milk, cream, but- 
termilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or 
condensed or evaporated skimmed milk is sold, or is supplied to the holder of 
a permit for the purpose of being sold within the limits of said city, refuses 
to allow such entry or inspection, then such holder shall, upon notification by 
the health officer, or some one deputed by him, or an inspector in the health 
department, immediately discontinue selling or offering for sale any milk, 
cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated 
milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk furnished or supplied by such 
owner or person so refusing. 

All persons selling or offering for sale milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, 
pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated 
skimmed milk within said city or furnishing or supplying milk, cream, butter- 
milk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or con- 
densed or evaporated skimmed milk to be sold therein shall allow samples 
Thereof to be taken by the health officer, or by any person deputed by him, or by 
the members of the board of health, or by the inspectors' in the health depart- 
ment at any time when demanded. 

Sec. 6. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to sell, ex- 
change, or deliver, or to offer for sale, exchange, or delivery, or to cause or per- 
mit to be sold, exchanged, or delivered, or to be offered for sale, exchange, or 
delivery, or to have in possession for sale, exchange, or delivery any milk, cream, 
buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or 
condensed or evaporated skimmed milk, except in sealed bottles or other sealed 
receptacles : Provided, however. That the provisions of this section shall not 
apply to any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, con- 
densed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed mil}£ sold, ex- 



308 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE BISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 

changed, or delivered, or offered for sale, exchange, or delivery, or had in pos- 
session for sale, exchange, or delivery in any place devoted exclusively to the 
sale or storage for sale of milk and the products thereof, or devoted exclusively 
to the sale or storage for sale of eggs, milk, and the products of milk and shall 
not apply to milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed 
or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk sold to be con- 
sumed upon the premises wherein or v^^hereon the same is sold. 

Sec. 7. It shall be unlaM^ful for any person, firm, or corporation keeping for 
sale any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed 
or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk in any store, 
restaurant, bakery, or other establishment to fail, refuse, or neglect to keep the 
same at all times before the sale thereof in a clean and w^ell-drained cooler or 
refrigerator. Such cooler or refrigerator shall be kept tightly closed at all 
times, except vphen articles are being placed into or taken from the same, and 
shall be kept in such location and under such conditions as shall be approved by 
the board of health. 

Sec. 8. All wagons or vehicles used in carrying or transporting milk, cream, 
buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or 
condensed or evaporated skimmed milk shall have the name of the owner, the 
name of the dairy, the number of the wagon license, and the word " milk," or 
the word " cream," or the words " milk and cream," or the word " buttermilk," 
or the words "condensed (or evaporated) milk," painted thereon in plain and 
legible English, in letters or figures not less than 2 inches high; the word or 
words so painted shall indicate the article or articles carried in such wagon or 
other vehicle. 

Sec. 9. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation who uses in 
his or its business a wagon, cart, or other vehicle to fail, refuse, or neglect to 
have and keep upon such wagon, cart, or other vehicle a covering of canvas or 
other material so arranged as to protect securely the contents of such wagon, 
cart, or other vehicle from dust and the rays of the sun. 

Sec. 10. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation selling or 
offering for sale any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, 
condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk, in 
the city of Los Angeles, or for use or to be used therein, to feed, or to cause or 
permit to be fed, to his milch cows, or to have in possession with intent to feed 
to such cows, any garbage, swill, refuse, or other improper, unclean, or unwhole- 
some food. 

It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to bring or receive, 
or to cause or permit to be brought or received, into the city of Los Angeles, for 
sale, or to sell, exchange, or deliver, or to offer for sale, exchange, or delivery, 
or to cause or permit to be sold, exchanged, or delivered, or to be offered for 
sale, exchange, or delivery, or to have in possession for sale, exchange, or 
delivery therein, any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, 
condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk, from 
any cow or cows to which any garbage, swill, refuse, or other improper, unclean, 
or unwholesome food shall have been fed. 

Sec. 11. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to bring or 
receive, or to cause or permit to be brought or received, into the city of Los 
Angeles, for sale, or to sell, exchange, or deliver, or to offer for sale, exchange, 
or delivery, or to cause or permit to be sold, exchanged, or delivered, or to be 
offered for sale, exchange, or delivery, or to have in possession for sale, ex- 
change, or delivery therein, any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteur- 
ized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed 
milk produced from cows that are kept in any place where the water, ventila- 
tion, food, or surroundings are not wholesome and sufficient for the preserva- 
tion of the health and safe condition of such cows, and the preservation of the 
wholesomeness of the milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, 
condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk pro- 
duced therefrom. 

Sec. 12. It shall be the duty of every person, firm, or corporation producing 
or dealing in milk or cream to cool or reduce the heat thereof to a temperature 
of not exceeding 70° F., immediately after the same is milked, and to maintain 
such milk or cream at or below such temperature at all times prior to the de- 
livery thereof to a consumer or consumers, except during such time as such milk 
or cream is undergoing the process of pasteurization, condensation, sterilization, 
or evaporation, and it shal^be unlawful for any such person, firm, or corpora- 
tion to fail, refuse, or neglect so to do, 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 309 

Sec. 13. The standard of milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized 
milk, condensed or evaporated milk, and condensed or evaporated skimmed milk 
in and for the city of Los Angeles, is hereby defined and prescribed as follows : 

Milk is the fresh, clean lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milking 
of one or more healthy cows, properly fed and kept, excluding such secretion 
obtained for a period of 20 days before calving and for a period of 8 days after 
calving, and containing, by weight, not less than 8.5 per cent of milk solids, not 
fat, and not less than 3.5 per cent of milk fat, and a total of milk solids of 
not less than 12.5 per cent. 

Cream is that portion of milk, rich in milk fat, that rises to the surface of 
milk on standing, or is separated from milk by centrifugal force, is fresh and 
clean, and contains, by weight, not less than 20 per cent of milk fat, and in 
the nonfatty portion thereof not less than 8.8 per cent nor more than 9.8 per 
cent of milk solids. 

Buttermilk is the product which remains when butter is removed from milk 
or cream in the process of churning and contains, by weight, not less than 8 
per cent of milk solids. 

Skimmed milk is milk from which all or a portion of the milk fat has been 
removed, and which contains, by weight, in the nonfatty portion thereof, not less 
than 8.8 per cent of milk solids. 

Pasteurized milk is milk that has been heated above 305° F., and maintained 
at or above such temperature for not less than 20 minutes, and immediately 
cooled to 70° F., or lower, and maintained at or below 70° F. at all times prior 
to delivery thereof to a consumer or consumers. 

Condensed or evaporated milk shall contain, by weight, not less than 7.7 per 
cent of milk fat, and a total of milk solids of not less than 28 per cent. 

Condensed or evaporated skimmed milk shall contain, by weight, not less 
than 18 per cent of milk solids. 

It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to bring or receive, 
or to cause or permit to be brought or received, into the city of Los Angeles, for 
sale, or to sell, exchange or deliver, or to offer for sale, exchange or delivery, 
or to cause or permit to be sold, exchanged or delivered, or to be offered for 
sale, exchange or delivery, or to have in possession for sale, exchange or de- 
livery therein, any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, 
condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk, that 
does not conform to the standard hereinbefore defined and prescribed therefor. 

Sec. 14. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to place, or 
to cause or permit to be placed, any water or any foreign substance of any 
kind in any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed 
or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk. 

It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to bring or receive, 
to cause or permit to be brought or received, into the city of I^os Angeles, for 
sale, or to sell, exchange, or deliver, or to offer for sale, exchange, or delivery, 
or to cause or permit to be sold, exchanged, or delivered, or to be offered for 
sale, exchange, or delivery, or to have in possession for sale, exchange, or 
delivery therein, any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, 
condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk, into 
which any water or any foreign substance of any kind shall have been placed. 

For the purposes of this section condensed or evaporated milk and condensed 
or evaporated skimmed milk shall be deemed to be foreign substances if the 
same or either thereof shall be placed in milk or cream. 

That any person, firm, or corporation violating any of the provisions of this 
section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof 
shall be punishable as follows: 

For the first offense, by a fine of not less than $10 nor more than $200, or by 
imprisonment in the city jail for a period of not more than 50 days, or by both 
such fine and imprisonment. 

For the second offense, by a fine of not less than $50 nor more than $400, or 
by imprisonment in the city jail for a period of not less than 5 days nor more 
than 100 days, or by both such fine and imprisonment. 

For the third or any subsequent offense, by a fine of not less than $100 nor 
more than $500, or by imprisonment in the city jail for a period of not less than 
25 days nor more than 6 months, or by both such fine and imprisonment. 

Sec. 15. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to sell, ex- 
change, or deliver, or to offer for sale, exchange, or delivery, or to cause or 
permit to be sold, exchanged, or delivered, or to be offered for sale, exchange, 
or delivery, or to have in possession for sale, exchange, or delivery, any skimmed 



310 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

milk, unless there shall be attached to the outside of every vessel, can, or pack- 
age from or in which such skimmed milk is sold or held for exchange or de- 
livery a tiig upon which shall be printed in hhick letters at least 1 inch in height 
the word " skim " or the words " skimmed milk." 

Sec. 16. It shall be unlawful for any person to bottle or to place in a jar, can, 
or other receptacle, or to cause to be bottled or placed in a jar, can, or othe^* 
receptacle, any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, con- 
densed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk, while 
such person is upon, at, or near the delivery wagon, or at any other place than 
the milk house. 

Sec. 17. It shall be unlawful for any person to whom any milk or cream is 
delivered to fail or neglect, immediately after emptying the receptacle in which 
such milk or cream shall have been delivered, to rinse or cause to be rinsed 
thoroughly, such receptacle, so as to free the same from all remnants of milk or 
cream. 

Sec. 18. It shall be unlawful for any person to place, or to cause or permit to 
be placed, into any receptacle that is commonly used for the reception, storage, 
or delivery of milk or cream for sale, any filthj'- or offensive substance or any 
refuse matter of any kind, or to use, or to cause or permit to be used, any such 
receptacle for cooking or heating milk or cream or any other substance. 

Sec. 19. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to bring or 
receive, or to cause or permit to be brought or received, into the city of Los 
Angeles, for sale, or to sell, exchange, or deliver, or to offer for sale, exchange, 
or delivery, or to cause or permit to be sold, exchanged, or delivered, or to be 
offered for sale, exchange, or delivery, or to have in possession for sale, ex- 
change, or delivery therein, any condensed, evaporated, pasteurized, sterilized, 
or heated milk or cream or any milk or cream that shall have been subjected to 
heat in any manner, unless the receptacle in which the same is contained bears a 
label stating that the same has been condensed, evaporated, pasteurized, ster- 
ilized, or heated, as the case may be. 

Sec. 20. The existence in the city of Los Angeles of any adulterated, foul, or 
unclean milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed 
or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk, or of any milk, 
cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated 
milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk that does not conform to the 
standard hereinbefore defined and prescribed therefor, or that is above the 
temperature hereinbefore prescribed, is hereby declared to be a nuisance, and 
the same is ordered to be abated accordingly. The health officer, the inspectors 
employed in the health department, and all other officers or employees of the 
city of Los Angeles charged with the inspection of milk, are hereby authorized 
and required to condemn such milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteur- 
ized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed 
milk immediately upon discovering that the same does not conform to the stand- 
ard or that the same is above the temperature prescribed in this ordinance, and 
to destroy the same, or, instead of destroying the same, to introduce thereinto 
a substance that will make it evident that the same has been condemned and 
that will prevent the sale or use of the same as milk, cream, buttermilk, 
skimmed milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated 
skimmed milk, as the case may be : Provided, lioioever, That the provisions of 
this section shall not apply to skimmed milk when labeled as such as required 
by the provisions of this ordinance if the same is not below the standard herein 
prescribed therefor. 

Sec. 21. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to use, or to 
cause or permit to be used, any bottle, can, or other vessel or utensil for the 
purpose of handling, storing, selling, delivering, or distributing milk, cream, 
buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or 
condensed or evaporated skimmed milk therein, unless, immediately prior to 
such use, such bottle, can, or vessel shall have been washed clean in warm 
water, with soda or soap, and thoroughly sterilized by boiling or steaming by 
means of an appliance or plant used exclusively for that purpose. Such ap- 
pliance or plant shall be open at all times to the inspection of the health officer, 
or any insjiector empl(jyed in the health department, and it shall be unlawful 
for any person, firm, or corporation to prevent, or to attempt to prevent, the 
health officer or any such inspector from inspecting any such appliance or plant 
or any portion thereof or to interfere in any manner with such inspection. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 311 

Sec. 22. It shall be unlawful for any person to serve any milk, cream, butter- 
milk, skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or con- 
densed or evaporated skimmed milk in bottles, to any dvpelling in which any 
person is ill with any contagious, infectious, or communicable disease, or to any 
dwelling on which there is a placard or notice stating or indicating that any 
person therein is ill with any contagious, infectious, or communicable disease 
until after such placard shall have been removed by the proper officer. 

It shall be unlawful for any person to remove from any such dwelling any 
bottle or receptacle which shall have been or is to be used for the purpose of 
receiving, storing, or delivering milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pas- 
teurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated 
skimmed milk, or into which any milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pas- 
teurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated 
skimmed milk shall have been or is to be placed, or which is commonly used 
for the reception, storage, or delivery of milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, 
pasteurized milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated 
skimmed milk. 

Sec. 23. It shall be unlawful for any person affected with any contagious, in- 
fectious, or communicable disease, or who shall have been knowingly exposed to 
any such disease within a period of 10 days, to handle, transport, deliver, mix, 
work over, or distribute milk, cream, buttermilk, skimmed milk, pasteurized 
milk, condensed or evaporated milk, or condensed or evaporated skimmed milk, 
or to serve as a milker or milkman. 

Sec. 24. It shall be unlawfhl for any person, firm, or corporation to use, or to 
cause or permit to be used, any bottle, can, or other vessel in the sale, distribu- 
tion, or delivery of milk or cream which shall have been handled by any person 
affected with any contagious, infectious, or communicable disease, unless such 
bottle, can, or other vessel shall have been cleaned and sterilized as hereinbefore 
pro'.ided. 

Sec. 25. It shall be the duty of every person, firm, or corporation owning, con- 
ducting, carrying on, or operating any dairy or milk house, or any place where 
milk is stored or is kept for sale, to post and to keep posted therein at all times 
a copy of this ordinance. 

Sec. 26. That any person, firm, or corporation violating any of the provisions 
of this ordinance shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction 
thereof shall be punishable, unless otherwise provided by this ordinance, by a 
fine of not less than $5 nor more than $500, or by imprisonment in the city jail 
for a period of not more than six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment. 

Each such person, firm, or corporation shall be deemed guilty of a separate 
offense for every day during any portion of which any violation of any provi- 
sion of this ordinance is committed, continued, or permitted by such person, 
firm, or corporation, and shall be punishable therefor as provided by this ordi- 
nance. 

Sec. 27. That ordinance No. 17193 (new series), entitled "An ordinance regu- 
lating the sale of milk, cream, buttermilk, condensed or evaporated milk or 
cream, in the city of Los Angeles, and providing for the inspection of milk, 
cream, buttermilk, condensed or evaporated milk or cream, dairies, cows, cow 
stables, milk houses, milk vessels, and vehicles," approved September 30, 1908, 
and all ordinances amendatory thereto or thereof, and all other ordinances in 
conflict with this ordinance, be, and the same are hereby, repealed : Provided, 
That any such repeal shall not affect or prevent the prosecution and punishment 
of any person, firm, or corporation for any act done or permitted in violation 
of any ordinance which may be repealed by this ordinance, and shall not affect 
any prosecution or action which may be pending in any court for the violation 
of any ordinance repealed by this ordinance. 

Sec. 28. The city clerk shall certify to the passage of this ordinance, and 
shall cause the same to be published once in the Los Angeles Daily Journal. 

I hereby certify that the foregoing ordinance was adopted by the council of 
the city of Los Angeles at its meeting of July 12, 1910. 

H. J. Lelande, City Clerk. 

Approved July 13, 1910. 

Geo. AiEXANDEB, Mayor. 



312 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

BULES OF TlIK BOARD OF HEALTH OF THE CITY OF LOS ANGELES, CAL., GOVERNING THE 
INSPECTION AND REGULATING THE SANITARY CONDITION OF DAIRIES AND MIL^ 
DEPOTS. 

Section 1. Milk from cows suffering from tuberculosis, actinomycosis, Texas 
fever, abcess, maumiitis, or any infectious or conla^nous disease, esiiecially 
abortion or other trouble associated with parturition; and the luilli from cows 
20 days previous to, and 8 days after, calving shall not be marketed in the city 
of Los Angeles. 

All cows during and eight days after calving must be separated from the 
milch cows and excluded from (lie stanchions or i)lace where milking is done. 

Sec. 2. Every person or lirm controlling or having in possession any dairy 
or milch cow^s supplying milk or cream to the city of Los Angeles shall i)rovide 
and maintain a suitable milk house for the purpose of cooling, mixing, storing, 
canning, or bottling the same. Said milk house or room shall not be located in 
or be part of any residence, or dwelling liouse, or barn. 

Milk or cream shall not be cooled, stored, mixed, or kept in any room or 
place which is occupied by any person or persons as a sleei)ing or living apart- 
ment, or occupied by horses, cows, or other animals, or fowls of any kind. The 
cooling, mixing, or storeroom for milk or cream shall be used for no other 
purpose whatever. All rooms or houses in which milk or ci'eam may be cooled, 
stored, mixed, or bottled shall be provided with such walls as can be kept clean 
and will exclude flies and otlier insects, and the floors of said room shall be 
made of such material as can be kept constantly clean. 

Sec 3. No urinal, privy vault, open cesspool, stagnant water, accumulation 
of manure or other filth shall be )iei-milted within 100 feet of any room or 
house where milk or cream is cooled, stored, mixed, or kept. 

Sec 4. Every person or firm owning or controlling more than two milch cows 
supplying milk or cream to the city of Los Angeles shall provide and maintain 
suitable stanchions where said cows shall be milked. 

The stalls or stanchions or place where cows are milked shall be provided 
with clean, dry floors with adequate gutters behind the cows not less than 12 
inches in width and 4 inches in depth and sufficient incline to assure good 
drainage. 

No horse stable, accumulation of manure, urine, stngnant water or other filth 
shall be permitted in or within 50 feet of said cow stall, stanchions, or place 
where milking is done. 

No privy vault or open cesspool shall exist or be maintained within 100 feet 
of any such stall, stanchions, or milking place. 

Sec 5. Every person keeping cows sui)plying milk or cream to the citizens of 
Los Angeles City shall cause the inclosure in which such cows are kept to be 
graded and drained, so as to keep the surface reasonably dry and prevent the 
accumulation of water or urine therein. 

Sec 6. The accumulation of manure, urine, stagnant water, or other fllth 
shall not be permitted in any corral, stable, or place where milch cows are kept. 

Every dairy shall be supplied with pure water and milch cows shall not be 
allowed to drink from stagnant pools or water contaminated by any barnyard, 
privy, or sewage of any kind. 

Sec 7. Every person or persons using any premises for keeping cows for 
dairy purposes which supply milk or cream to Ixis Angeles City shall keep the 
entire premises clean and in good repair and the buildings shall be well painted 
or whitewashed once in every 12 months. 

The walls, floors, and ceilings of all stalls or places whei-e milking Is done 
shall be kept clean at all times. 

Sec 8. No person having any communicable disease or one caring for any 
person having such disease, sliall be allowed to handle the milk or milk utensils. 
Every person employing one or more milkers or attendants shall provide and 
maintain clean and suitable housing and bathing facilities for the use of such 
milkers or attendants. 

Sec 9. All milkers or other attendants who handle the milk or cream which 
is offered for sale or delivered in the city of IjOS Angeles, shall be personally 
clean ; and all such persons before entering upon their duties connected with the 
dairy shall thoroughly wash their hands with soap and warm water, and no 
milker shall be permitted to wash the teats with milk or water in the milk 
bucket, or to milk cows with wet or moist hands. 

Sec 10. No bucket, can, or other receptacle used for the reception of milk, 
other than the ones used by the milkers for drawing the milk in, shall be 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 313 

allowed in any stall or place where milking is done, and each bucket of milk 
shall be immediately taken to the milk house and cooled. 

No galvanized vessel shall be used as a receptacle for milk or cream. 

Sec. 11. No person shall mix the milk or cream drawn at night with the 
milk or cream drawn in the morning. 

Sec. 12. No beet pulp or other fermenting food, shall be stored or kept within 
50 feet of the milk house, or the stanchion, or other place where the milking is 
done. 

Sec. 13. No pig or pigs shall be permitted penned, or running ;it large, wUhin 
50 feet of any corral where milk cows are kept, or within 100 foet of any milk 
house, or stanchion, or other place where milking is done. 

Sec. 14. Any violation of these rules will be considered cause for suspension 
of permit or exclusion of the milk from this city. 

Adopted by Board of Health of the city of Los Angeles, June 7, 1910. 



LYNCHBURG, VA. 

Food-Inspection Ouuinance. 
[Adopted Oct. 14, 1908.] 

Be it ordained hy the council of the city of Lynchburg: 

(1) That it shall not be lawful for any person, firm, or corporation to sell, 
offer for sale, or delivei", or have in any store, stall, stand, or vehicle, from or in 
which milk is sold or delivered, any adulterated or unwholesome milk. The 
term " adulterated " when so used in this ordinance means, first, milk contain- 
ing more than 88 per cent of water fluids; second, milk containing less than 12 
per cent of solids; third, milk containing less than 31 per cent of butter fats; 
fourth, milk drawn from unhealthy cows or from cows kept in a crowded or 
unclean condition; fifth, milk drawn from cows within 15 days before or 5 days 
after parturition ; sixth, milk from which any part of the cream has been 
removed, or which has been diluted with water or any other fluid, or to which 
has been added or into which has been introduced any foreign substance what- 
ever ; seventh, milk the temperature of which is higher than 60° F. ; eighth, 
milk which at a temperature of 60° F. has a specific gravity of less than 1.029. 
The term " unwholesome " shall be construed to mean deleterious to health, or 
causing derangement of the functions of the human body by the temporary or 
continuous use of the unwholesome product. Nothing in this ordinance shall 
be construed to prevent the sale of skim milk or buttermilk, provided they be 
sold as such, and that the purchaser be in every instance notified of their true 
character; and in the case of the former the words "skim milk" be plainly 
marked on the vessel containing the same when delivered, and the letters being 
at least half inch high. Cream shall contain not less than 18 per cent butter 
fats. The word " cream " as used in this ordinance means that portion of 
milk rich in butter fats which rises to the surface of milk on standing or is 
separated from it by centrifugal force. 

(2) It shall not be lawful for any person, firm, or corporation to sell, offer 
for sale, or deliver, or have in any store, stall, stand, or vehicle, from or in 
which food products are sold or offernl for sale, any tainted, unsound, rotten, 
or partly decomposed fish, shellfish, fruit, vegetables, meat, or any other food 
product, whether or not the same is kept apparently fresh by sulphurous, sali- 
cylic or boric acid, borax, formaldehyde, or any other preservative which is 
deemed injurious to health. 

(3) Every person, firm, or corporation owning, leasing, or occupying any 
rooms, store, or place where milk, cream, fish, shellfish, fruit, vegetables, meat, 
or any other food product shall be stored and kept or offered for sale shall put 
and keep such rooms, store, or place and its appurtenances in a clean and whole- 
some condition; and every person having charge of or engaged in the selling 
or care or custody of any milk or cream or other articles of food shall put and 
keep the same in a clean and wholesome condition; nor shall any person suffer- 
ing from an infectious or contagious disease be allowed to handle or come in 
contact therewifh ; nor shall any meats be conveyed through the city except in 
such manner as may be approved by the food inspector. 



314 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

(4) It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation making or offer- 
ing for sale any food or drink in wbich milk is the principal ingredient to use 
therein adulterated milk ; and the place wherein such food or drink is manufac- 
tured or offered for sale shall l>e subject to inspection, and the persons manu- 
facturing or offering for sale such products shall be subject to the provisions 
of this ordinance. 

(5) Any person, firm, or corporation conveying milk or cream in vehicles or 
otherwise for the pui'pose of selling the same, and all those who sell or offer for 
sale milk or cream in the city of Lynchburg, shall first be licensed by the food 
inspector, and shall register at the time of being licensed in the inspector's 
books. Licenses shall be issued to run until the first day of the following May, 
and there shall be no tax upon the same, but they shall be subject to revocation 
by the inspector for any violation of this ordinance. 

(6) In order to carry out the provisions of this ordinance the inspector and 
employees of the board of health and all policemen of the city shall have the 
right at any time to enter upon and inspect all places where milk, cream, or 
other articles of food are stored or kept or offered for sale, and to take there- 
from samples for analysis; and any person who hinders or obstructs such offi- 
cials in the disehage of their duties shall be subject to the penalties provided 
for a violation of this ordinance. 

(7) It shall be the duty of the board of health to see that the provisions of 
this ordinance are carried out ; and there shall be elected by the council of the 
city of Lynchburg, from the qualified voters of said city, a food inspector, who 
shall be a competent analytical chemist, skilled in the chemical and microscopic 
examination of milk and other articles of food ; he shall not be in any manner 
interested in the sale of milk or other articles of food within the city of Lynch- 
burg; he shall frequently and at irregular intervals make inspection of all 
places and of all vehicles in which milk or cream is kept, transported, or sold; 
he shall also make an inspection, at such times as he thinks proper, of all 
stores, stalls, or places where fish, shellfish, fruit, vegetables, meat, or any food 
product is kept or sold ; he shall keep in his books the names and addresses of 
all persons engaged in the sale of milk; he shall carefully examine the vessels 
in which milk or cream is kept or transported, and at least twice a year shall 
go through the stables where the cows are kept from which milk is sold in the 
city of Lynchburg, shall watch the milking and examine the cows, and at 
least twice a year shall analyze a specimen of the milk of every dairy, vehicle, 
and stand from which milk or cream is delivered or sold within the city of 
Lynchburg, and shall analyze other articles of food as in 'his judgment may be 
proper. These analyses shall be recorded in a book to be kept by him, and 
they, together with the notes made by him concerning the sanitary conditions 
of persons and places where milk or other food products is sold or handled in 
the city of Lynchburg, shall be transmitted by him to the board of health annu- 
ally, or more frequently, as the board may direct. The inspector shall receive a 
salary of $100 per month and shall be allowed $10 per month for expenses. 

(8) Any person, firm, or corporation violating any of the provisions of this 
ordinance shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than $25 for each offense; 
and any milk, cream, or other articles of food kept, exposed, or offered for sale, 
or intended to be sold, within the city of Lynchburg, in violation of any of the 
provisions of this ordinance, shall be destroyed under the direction of the 
inspector. 

(9) The office of milk inspector shall not be abolished by this act until a 
food inspector has been elected. 

(10) The food inspector shall also have the title of city chemist. 

(11) This ordinance shall be in force from its passage. 

Amended September 15, 1909, by adding bacteria count of not more than 
500,000 per cubic centimeter. 



PROVIDENCE, R. I. 

Milk Laws. 
[Chap. 173.] 

Section 1. All milk, cream, and skimmed milk shall be sold only by standard 
wine measure, and by or in measures, cans, jars, bottles, or other vessels or 
receptacles which shall, prior to being used in such sale, be sealed by the sealer 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 315 

of weights and measures of the town where the person so using the same shall 
usually reside in this State or of the town where such milk shall be sold for 
use ; and every person selling any of the same contrary to this section, or deliv- 
ering any of the same sold contrary hereto, shall be fined for the first offense 
not less than $50 and not exceeding $100, and for any subsequent offense not 
less than $100, or imprisonment not to exceed 90 days, or both such fine and 
imprisonment. Any purchaser of milk, cream, or skimmed milk having reason 
to believe that any measure, can, jar, bottle, or other vessel or receptacle in 
which milk, cream, or skimmed milk is sold and delivered to him is not of sufli- 
cient size or capacity to contain, by standard wine measure, the amount thereof 
purchased may apply to the sealer of weights and measures of the town in 
which such milk, cream, or skimmed milk is delivered to him, which sealer shall, 
upon the receipt of a fee of 25 cents therefor, test the capacity of the same and 
issue to such purchaser his certificate stating the capacity thereof; and if such 
capacity according to such certificate shall be less than the amount purchased, 
such purchaser may make complaint and deliver such certificate to any officer 
of such town authorized to make complaints for the violation of this chapter, 
who thereupon shall duly make complaint agatast and prosecute the person or 
persons selling or delivering the same for violation of this section. 

Sec. 2. No person, firm, or corporation, as principal, servant, or agent, shall 
sell, exchange, or deliver, or have in his or its possession, care, custody, or con- 
trol with intent to sell, exchange, or deliver, in any manner whatsoever, milk, 
cream, or skimmed milk, within any city, unless such person, firm, or corpora- 
tion shall have first obtained and have in force a license therefor from the 
board of aldermen of such city. 

Sec. 3. The board of aldermen of such city may grant licenses to any person, 
firm, or corporation • making written application therefor at the oflSce of the in- 
spector of milk of such city on printed form or forms provided for that purpose 
by such inspector of milk. Such application shall state the name, residence, 
and location of the business place or places of the applicant, the number and 
the description of each and every wagon, carriage, or other vehicle used by the 
applicant in the milk, cream, or skimmed milk business, and the names and 
residences of all persons from whom such applicant purchases any milk, cream, 
or skimmed milk. Any licensee hereunder shall at any time, on request of said 
inspector, give said inspector such information. All applications shall be signed 
by the applicant, and in case of corporations so applying the application shall 
be made by the treasurer or other duly authorized oflicer thereof, and the names 
of the ofiicers of any corporation so applying, or to which such license is 
granted, shall be furnished in writing by such corporation to such inspector at 
any time on his request. The inspector of milk shall promptly present to said 
board of aldermen each such application, with his recommendations thereon in 
writing. All licenses issued shall expire on the first Monday of February next 
following the date of such license. 

Sec. 4. The inspector of milk shall keep a record of all such licenses issued, 
Including the name, residence, and place of business of each and every person 
to whom such license is issued and the date of issue and the date of license, 
and so much of section 12 of this chapter as requires milk dealers to register 
their names and places of business in the inspector's book shall not apply to 
such licensees. No person, firm, or corporation holding such license shall have 
power to transfer, sell, or assign such license. Such license shall not be re- 
quired for a person acting as the servant or agent of a person, firm, or corpora- 
tion haviiag a license, but they shall record the names and residences of such 
servants and agents in the office of the inspector of milk. Any person, firm, or 
corporation licensed under the provisions of this chapter shall immediately 
cause to be and remain posted such license upon some conspicuous part of the 
room, place, or office in which the business is carried on. 

Sec. 5. The board of aldermen of such city shall have the power at any time 
in their discretion, upon the complaint of the inspector of milk or of any other 
person, to revoke or suspend any such license for any violation of the provisions 
of this chapter, or for any other good and sufficient cause, or when the interest 
of the public health demands it : Provided, hoioever, That no such license shall 
be revoked or suspended until after said board of aldermen shall give the 
licensee five days' previous notice and an opportunity to be heard in person or 
by counsel. 

Sec, 6. Any person violating any provision of section 2 of this chapter shall, 
upon conviction, be fined for the first offense not less than $15 and not exceeding 



316 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

$100, and for any subsequent offense not less than $100 or imprisonment not to 
exceed 90 days, or both such fine and imprisonment. 

Sec. 7. Any town may at any time accept the provisions of sections 2 to 7, in- 
clusive, of this chapter by vote of the town council thereof and by filing in the 
office of the secretary of state a copy of such vote of acceptance duly cer- 
tified by the town clerk thereof; whereupon the foregoing provisions of this 
chapter shall apply to such town for the purpose of granting and issuing such 
licenses, and at the expiration of 30 days from such filing shall wholly apply 
to such town for all purposes therein, and the town council thereof shall have 
all the powers conferred thereby upon the board of aldermen of any such city. 

Sec. 8. The mayor and aldermen of any city, and the town council of any 
town, may annually elect one or more persons to be inspectors of milk therein, 
who shall be engaged to the faithful discharge of the duties of their office. 
Every such inspector shall give notice of his election by publishing notice thereof 
for two weeks in some newspaper published in the city or town for which he 
shall be elected ; or, if no newspaper be published therein, by posting up such 
notice in two or more public places in such city or town : Provided, That the 
mayor and aldermen of the city of Providence shall annually, in the month of 
August, elect such person or persons to be inspectors of milk, and may, at any 
time during the year thereafter, fill by election any vacancy occurring by reason 
of death, resignation, absence from the city, or inability to act. 

Sec. 9. Any inspector of milk of any town or city may appoint, subject to the 
approval of the town council or the mayor and aldermen, one person as col- 
lector of samples, except in the city of Providence, where two may be appointed, 
who shall have the same powers and be subject to the same duties and liabilities 
provided by law relative to the taking of specimens or samples, as an inspector 
of milk. All specimens or samples taken and retained by any such collector 
shall be delivered to such inspector, who shall have the same powers and duties 
relative to the same as in case of specimens or samples taken by himself. Such 
inspector at any time may revoke the appointment of any such collector and, 
subject to the approval aforesaid, appoint another person in his stead. Such 
collector upon being appointed shall be duly engaged to the faithful discharge 
of his duties before the city or town clerk, who shall keep a record thereof; 
and shall receive such salary as the mayor and aldermen or town council shall 
determine. 

Sec. 10. Every inspector of milk shall have an office and a book for the purpose 
of recording the names and places of business of all persons engaged in the sale 
of milk within the limits of his town. He may enter any place where milk is 
stored or kept for sale and examine all carriages used in the conveyance of 
milk, and whenever he has reason to believe any milk found by him is adul- 
terated, he shall take specimens thereof and cause the same to be analyzed or 
otherwise satisfactorily tested, the result of which he shall record and preserve 
as evidence; and a certificate of such result, sworn to by the analyzer, shall be 
admissible in evidence in all prosecutions under this chapter. Such inspector 
shall receive such compensation as the mayor and aldermen or town council 
shall determine. 

Sec. 11. Whenever the inspector of milk shall have reason to believe that 
adulterated produce or food is being sold or kept for sale contrary to law, he 
shall take at least two specimens from the same package or bulk as samples 
thereof, such specimens, if sold, not to exceed in weight 1 pound each, and if 
liquid, not to exceed in measure 1 pint each. He shall take said samples in the 
presence of the owner or his agent, and shall seal and label the same in the 
presence of such owner or agent, said labels to state the kind of provisions or 
food and the name of the seller, and shall then and there deliver one of said 
samples to such owner or agent. 

Sec. 12. Whoever, engaging in or being engaged in the business of selling milk 
and conveying the same for sale, neglects to cause his name and place of busi- 
ness to be recorded in the inspector's book and his name to be legibly and 
conspicuously placed and constantly kept upon all carriages and vehicles 
used by him in the conveyance of milk or in the sale thereof, and whoever, 
being engaged in the business of selling milk and conveying the same for 
sale, shall neglect to renew such record annually between the 1st day 
of February and the 1st day of March, shall be fined $20 for the first 
offense and $50 for the second and each subsequent offense; and whoever 
offers for sale milk produced from cows fed upon the refuse of distilleries or 
any substance deleterious to the quality of the milk, and whoever offers for sale 
milk produced from sick or diseased cows, shall be fined $20 for the first offense 
and $50 for every subsequent offense; and whoever, in the employment of an- 



THE MILK SITUATION IN" THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 317 

Other, violates any provision of this section shall be held equally guilty with 
the principal and shall suffer the same penalty. 

Sec. 13. No person shall sell or exchange, or have in his possession with 
intent to sell or exchange, or offer for sale or exchange, adulterated milk or 
milk to which water or any foreign substance has been added. 

Sec. 14. Every person who shall sell, exchange, or deliver, or shall have in 
his custody or possession with the intent to sell or exchange or deliver, for him- 
self or as the employee of any other person, milk from which the cream or any 
part thereof has been removed, or which shall not contain 2| per cent of milk 
fats, shall distinctly mark, in letters not less than 1 inch in length, in a con- 
spicuous place above the center, upon the outside of every vessel, can, or pack- 
age containing such milk, the words " skimmed milk," and such milk shall only 
be sold in or retailed out of a can, vessel, or package so marked. 

Sec. 15. In all prosecutions under sections 13 and 14 of this chapter, if the 
milk shall be shown upon analysis to contain more than 88 per cent of watery 
fluids, or to contain less than 12 per cent of milk solids, or less than 2i per cent 
of milk fats, it shall be deemed for the purpose of said sections to be adul- 
terated. 

Sec. 16. Every person who shall be found guilty before a district court of vio- 
lating any of the provisions of the three sections next preceding, upon the first 
conviction shall be fined $20, and upon the second and every subsequent convic- 
tion shall be fined $20 and be imprisoned in the county jail for 10 days. 

Sec. 17. Whoever, by himself or by his servant or agent, or as the servant or 
agent of any other person, firm, or corporation having custody of a can, jar, 
bottle, measure, or other vessel used as a container for milk destined for sale, 
places or causes or permits to be placed therein any offal, swill, kerosene, veg- 
etable matter, or any article other than milk, skimmed milk, buttermilk, cream, 
or water or other agent used for cleansing said can, jar, bottle, measure, or 
other vessel, shall be punished by a fine of $10 for each vessel so misused. 

Sec. 18. Whoever, by himself or by his servant or agent, or as the servant 
or agent of any other person, firm, or corporation, sends, ships, returns, or 
delivers, or causes or permits to be sent, shipped, returned, or delivered, to any 
producer of milk, any can, jar, bottle, measure, or other vessel used as a con- 
tainer for milk containing any offal, swill, kerosene, vegetable matter, rotten or 
putrid milk, or any other offensive material, shall be punished by a fine of $10 
for each said vessel so misused. 

Sec. 19. Whoever, by himself or by his servant or agent, or as the servant or 
agent of any other person, firm, or corporation, sends, ships, returns, or delivers, 
or causes or permits to be sent, shipped, returned, or delivered, to any producer, 
dealer in, or consumer of milk, any can, jar, bottle, measure, or other vessel 
used as a container for milk without first thoroughly cleaning and cleansing, 
by the use of boiling water, steam, or other proper agent, such can, jar, bottle, 
measure, or other vessel used as a container for milk, shall be punished by a 
fine of $10 for each said vessel so misused. 

Sec. 20. Every inspector of milk shall institute complaints on the informa- 
tion of any person who shall lay before him satisfactory evidence by which to 
sustain the same. 

Sec. 21. Every inspector of milk shall cause the provisions of this chapter to 
be published in his town at least three times in some newspaper published in 
said town or some newspaper in the county in which the town is situated. 

Sec. 22. Every inspector of milk shall cause the name and place of business 
of all persons convicted under this chapter to be published in two newspapers 
published in the town or county where the offense shall have been committed. 

Sec. 23. Any chief of police and any inspector of milk, and such special con- 
stables as the town council of any town or the board of aldermen of any city 
may appoint for that purpose, may make complaints and prosecute for all vio- 
lations, within the city or town wherein they are appointed or elected, of any 
of the provisions of this chapter, and they each shall be exempt from giving 
surety for costs on any complaint made as aforesaid. 

Dairy Ruxes. 
the owner and his helpers. 

Observe and enforce the utmost cleanliness about the cattle, their attendants, 
the stable, the dairy, and all utensils. 

A person suffering from any disease or who has been exposed to a contagious 
disease must remain away from the cows and the milk. 



318 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. ' 

THE STABLE. 

Keep dairy cattle In a room or building by themselves. It is preferable to 
have no cellar below and no storage loft above. 

Stables should be well ventilated, lighted, and drained; should have tight 
floors and walls, and be plainly constructed. 

Never use musty or dirty litter. 

Allow no strong smelling material in the stable for any length of time. Store 
the manure under cover outside the cow stable and remove it to a distance as 
often as practicable. 

Whitewash the stable once or twice a year; use land plaster in the manure 
gutters daily. 

Use no dry, dusty feed just previous to milking ; if fodder is dusty, sprinkle it 
before it is fed. 

Clean and thoroughly air the stable before milking. 

Keep the stable and dairy room in good condition. 

THE cows. 

Have the herd examined at least twice a year by a skilled veterinarian. 

Promptly remove from the herd any animal suspected of being in bad health, 
and reject her milk. Never add an animal to the herd until certain it is free 
from disease, especially tuberculosis. 

Do not move cows faster than a comfortable walk while on the way to place 
of milking or feeding. 

Never allow the cows to be excited by hard driving, abuse, loud talking, or 
unnecessary disturbance ; do not expose them to cold or storms. 

Do not change the feed suddenly. 

Feed liberally, and use only fresh, palatable food; in no case should decom- 
posed or moldy material be used. 

Provide water in abundance, easy of access, and always pure ; fresh, but not 
too cold. 

Salt should always be accessible. 

Do not allow any strong flavored food, like garlic, cabbage, and turnips, to be 
eaten, except immediately after milking. 

Clean the entire body of the cow daily. If hair in the region of the udder is 
not easily kept clean it should be clipped. 

Do not use the milk within 20 days before calving, nor for 3 to 5 days after- 
wards. 

MILKING. 

The milker should be clean in all respect ; he should wash and dry his hands 
just before milking. 

The milker should wear a clean outer garment, used only when milking, and 
kept in a clean place at other times. 

Brush the udder and surrounding parts just before milking, and wipe them 
with a clean, damp cloth or sponge, then wash the hands thoroughly. 

Milk quietly, quickly, cleanly, and thoroughly. Cows do not like unnecessary 
noise or delay. Commence milking at exactly the same hour every morning 
and evening, and milk the cows in the same order. 

Throw away (but not on the floor — better in the gutter) the first few stx-eams 
from each teat ; this milk is very watery and of little value, but it may injure 
the rest, as it is high in bacteria. 

If in any milking a part of the milk is bloody or stringy, or unnatural in 
appearance, the whole mess should be rejected. 

Milk with dry hands; never allow the hands to come in contact with the 
milk. A little vaseline may be used on the hands. 

If any accident occurs by which a pail full or partly full of milk becomes 
dirty, do not try to remedy this by straining, but reject all this milk and rinse 
the pail. 

CARE OF MILK. 

Remove the milk of every cow at once from the stable to a clean, dry room, 
where the air is pure and sweet. Do not allow cans to remain in stables while 
they are being filled. 

Strain the milk through a metal gauze and a flannel d!oth or layer of eottoq 
^9 soon ^.s it is drawn, 



THE MILK SITUATIOlSr IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 319 

Aerate and cool the milk as soon as strained. This must be done in pure 
air, and it should then be cooled to 45° if the milk is for shipment, or to 60° if 
for home use. 

Never close a can containing warm milk which has not been aerated. 

If cover is left off the can, a piece of cloth or mosquito netting should be used 
to keep out insects. 

If milk is stored, it should be held in tanks of fresh cold ice water (renewed 
daily), in a clean, dry, cold room. 

Keep the night milk under shelter, so rain can not get into the cans. In 
warm weather hold it in a tank of fresh cold ice water. 

Never mix fresh warm milk with that wMch has been cooled. 

Do not allow the milk to freeze. 

Under no circumstances should anything be added to milk to prevent its sour- 
ing. Cleanliness and cold are the only preventives needed. 

All milk should be in good condition when delivered. This may make it nec- 
essary to deliver twice a day during the hottest weather unless the milk is kept 
iced. 

When cans are hauled far, they should be full and carried in a covered spring 
wagon or blanketed. 

In hot weather cover the cans, when moved in a wagon, with a clean, wet 
blanket or canvas. 

THE tTTENSILS. 

Milk utensils for farm use should be made of metal and have all joints 
smoothly soldered. Never allow them to become rusty or rough inside. 

Clean all dairy utensils by first thoroughly rinsing them in warm water; then 
clean inside and outside with a brush and hot water in which a cleaning ma- 
terial is dissolved ; then rinse, and, lastly, sterilize by boiling water or steam. 
Use pure water only. 

After cleaning, keep utensils inverted in pure air, and sun if possible, until 
wanted for use, unless kept in a steam box. 



Office of Inspectoe of Milk, 

Providence, R. I. 
To the milk dealers of the city of Providence: 

Your attention is respectfully called to the following sections of the general 
laws and to the suggestions offered by this department, which must be carefully 
followed : 

Chapter 147, section 6: "No person shall sell or exchange, or have in his 
possession with intent to sell or exchange, or offer for sale or exchange, adul- 
terated milk or milk to which water or any foreign substance has been added." 

Chapter 1342, section 4 : " The board of aldermen of such city shall have the 
power at any time, in their discretion, upon the complaint of the inspector of 
milk or of any other person,- to revoke or suspend any such license for any vio- 
lation of the provisions of said chapter 147 of the general laws or of any act in 
amendment thereof or in addition thereto, or for any other good and sufficient 
cause or when the interest of the public health demands it." 

If you have any doubt as to the quality of the milk you are buying, we shall 
be glad to analyze from time to time any samples you may bring to this office. 
If you find it profitable to sell milk, you will find it still more profitable to 
handle a good article. If you can not aiTord to take time to handle your milk 
properly and inform yourself as to its quality, you have no right to be in the 
milk business. 

Failure on your part or the part of your dairymen to comply with the pro- 
visions of chapter 147 of the general laws, entitled " of milk," or with the 
inclosed suggestions will lead to the revocation of your license to sell milk. 
Very respectfully, yours, 

Waltee O. Scott, Inspector of Milk. 



320 THE MILK tilTUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Office of Inspector of Milk, 

Providence, R. I. 

Tour attention Is respectfully called to the following suggestions, which are 
offered in the hope that the quality of milk sold in this city may be improved : 

Keep the milk clean and cold. 

Mix your milk thoroughly before each sale. 

Clean all measures and scald them daily with boiling water. In warm 
weather rinse out your measures and mixing can occasionally with water. 

Keep all milk and milk measures in a clean, sweet ice box at all times when 
you are not selling from the same. 

Always keep the milk cans and measures covered to prevent dust, and with it 
the disease-breeding bacteria, from contaminating the milk you are selling. 

Milk cans must not be used for any purpose other than for the sale of milk. 

Failure to comply with these suggestions may lead to a revocation of your 
license to sell milk. 

Very respectfully, Waltee O. Scott, Inspector of Milk. 



Office of Inspector of Milk, 

Providence, R. I. 
To the milTc dealers of the city of Providence: 

Your attention is respectfully called to the following suggestions, which must 
be carefully followed if the milk which you sell is to contain less than 100,000 
bacteria in a cubic centimeter : 

The stables must be kept clean and should be whitewashed at least once a 
year. 

The cows must be groomed daily and be free from disease. 

The hands of the milkers must be washed immediately before milking, and 
all milking must be done with dry hands. 

The first milk from each teat must be rejected and not collected in the milk 
pail. 

All milk utensils and strainers must be thoroughly cleansed by the use of 
boiling water, and all cans and bottles must be sterilized before they are again 
used. 

All milk cans must be kept covered to prevent dust and flies from contami- 
nating the milk. 

Milk utensils and cans must not be left to air by the dusty roadside, near 
the sink-drain outlet, the pigsty, or the open privy vault. 

All milk must be rapidly cooled and continuously maintained at a temperature 
below 50° F. 

Failure on your part or on the part of your dairymen to comply with these 
suggestions may lead to a revocation of your license to sell milk. 
Very respectfully, 

Walter O. Scott, Inspector of Milk. 



Office of Inspector of Milk, 
^ Providence, R. I. 

seasons for the suggestions offered by this department. 
[The facts contained in this circular have been taken from official publications.] 

To the milk dealers of the aity of Providence: 

Your attention is respectfully called to the following suggestions offered by 
this department, intended to improve the quality of the milk offered for sale 
in this city, to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, and for the protection 
of the public health. The importance of a clean milk supply is recognized 
by all intelligent people and should require no argument. It has been my expe- 
rience that every milk dealer feels that his milk is the best that can be ob- 
tained, and to this overconfidence and failure to carefully follow the sugges- 
tions offered by this department every complaint against the purity of our 
milk supply can be traced. With clean, healthy cows, clean hands, properly 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTKICT OF COLUMBIA. 321 

Sterilized pails, cans, bottles, strainer and milk utensils, absence of flies and 
dust in the air to which the milk is exposed, rapid cooling, and continuous main- 
tenance thereafter at a temperature below 50° F., clean milk can be produced. 
It must be evident that it is not difficult to produce clean milk if the sugges- 
tions are followed intelligently. 

It is a'bsoliitely imperative that the cows producing the milk be free from 
disease. — For the protection of the dairy herd diseased cattle should be promptly 
eliminated. Everyone will agree that the milk from cows suffering from any 
disease of the udder should be discarded. Careful experiments performed by 
many trained and eminently responsible investigators have demonstrated be- 
yond reasonable doubt that tubercle bacilli (germs which Cause tuberculosis) 
at certain times may be present in the milk of cows which show no signs of 
tuberculosis by means of physical examination, yet are proved to be diseased by 
the tuberculin test. This is explained by reason of the fact that cows which 
have tuberculosis in the lungs swallow their saliva, together with the organisms 
responsible for the disease, which pass, together with the food, through the 
intestinal tract, and in this way are found in the manure and get into the milk. 
Various foreign commissions have been appointed, and the results of their in- 
vestigations would seem to show that tuberculosis in animal and man is iden- 
tical. The department advises all producers, for their own protection and for 
the protection of the health of their customers, to have their cattle tested with 
tuberculin by a competent veterinarian at once. 

Cotvs must be groomed daily. — Most of the bacteria found in milk comes 
from the body of the dirty cow and indirectly from the intestinal tract. It is 
this visible filth which falls into the pail while the cow is being milked. To limit 
the amount of fine dust, hairs, and scales from the body of the cow which dur- 
ing the process of milking get into the milk, covered pails were invented. 
Since the bacteria are so small that they can not be filtered, at least by cotton 
and cheesecloth, once they are in solution, it is absolutely necessary that they 
be not allowed to fall into the milk. It is only the visible filth, such as straws, 
hairs, hayseed, scales, and large pieces of manure, etc., which remains on the 
surface of the cotton or ordinary strainer cloths, while most of the soluble filth 
and the bacteria which come from the intestinal tract pass into the milk. 
Many of the so-called sanitary pails containing numerous pieces of cheese-cloth 
and cotton through which the milk must pass, instead of removing the bacteria 
are found in fact upon examination to increase the number, since the continu- 
ous streams upon the sediment washes all the bacteria and soluble filth into 
solution. 

The amount of dust and dirt which can fall upon the surface of the milk 
pail will depend upon the cleanliness of the cow first of all, and then upon the 
area of the collecting surface. Numerous experiments by agents of the Bureau 
of Animal Industry have shown that milk from tuberculous cows, even when 
the udders were not diseased, are infected with tubercule bacilli from the 
manure of the animal. These experiments show that great care is necessary 
in guarding milk from contamination with particles of dry manure, stable dust, 
and dirty hairs from the body of the dirty cow. It is, therefore, absolutely 
necessary that the cows be clean. This cleaning should be done at least one- 
half hour before the cows are milked, and should be done thoroughly. An old 
currycomb or a card and an ordinary stable brush will usually serve for the 
purpose. In some cases the cow's udders and teats must be washed, and if 
this is found to be necessary the udders and teats should be thoroughly dried 
before milking is begun. The udder, teats, and parts of the cow which come 
directly over the milk pail should always be cleansed before the cows are 
milked with a clean, damp piece of sacking or a towel, and then the hands 
must be washed thoroughly. The cloths used for this purpose should be 
washed and kept clean. 

Stables must be kept clean. — It is certainly necessary to brush down from 
time to time the cobwebs and dry manure dust which may have accumulated 
upon the interior of the cow stable, and to sweep up any dry material that 
may be scattered over the stable fioor that the drafts of wind may not dislodge 
it and blow it into the milk pail. If one will stand where the rays of sunlight 
pass through the window into a room which is being swept and notice the 
visible dust particles in the air it will be evident that no sweeping be done in 
the stable dtiring milking; and that at least one-half hour must elapse after 
sweeping the floors or cleaning the cows before the milk pails are brought into 
the stable and milking begun, in order that the dust may settle upon the floor 
and not fall into the milk pails and thereby contaminate the milk. 

82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-3 ^21 



322 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

Stables should te whitewashed at least once or twice a year. — A little lime, 
water, an old brush, and a pail is all that is necessary. Whitewash is a good 
disinfectant. It sweetens the air of the stable and makes it lighter. Windows 
are desirable in stables and dairy buildings because most varieties of bacteria 
are killed in a few hours by direct sunshine. For this reason the lighter the 
stable the better. 

The hands of the milkers must he washed immediately before milking, and 
all milking must he done with dry hands. — Though this is self-evident, never- 
theless many dairy employees take no precaution to keep their hands clean, 
and the milker who washes his hands just before milking is begun is the excep- 
tion and not the rule. The word " immediately " is very important. Numerous 
epidemics of typhoid fever have been traced to infected milk and have had 
their first start from hand infection. The milker may have a mild attack of 
typhoid fever, or be in the early stages of a severe attack, or perhaps he 
may be one of those unfortunates, a typhoid carrier, unfortunate for the 
community if not for himself. In the act of milking he may wash at least 
some germs into the milk pail, especially if he squirts the milk upon his 
palms preliminary to milking. The hands may be soiled by acting as a nurse 
for some case of typhoid in the family, by emptying or burying the discharges 
of the patient, or by sharing the family towel with some member of the house- 
hold who is acting in this capacity. He may be convalescent from scarlet 
fever or diphtheria, or his hands may come in contact with those who have it. 
It is easily seen how infective material upon the hands may find its way into 
the milk and cause sickness for those that drink it. 

It would seem to be absolutely necessary that those engaged in the milk 
business be free from contagious diseases themselves and have no contact with 
those suffering from them. Milkers should never commence milking without 
washing their hands. Dealers should not fill bottles and cap them until they 
have performed this exceedingly important part of their toilet. The depart- 
ment recommends that the hands by cleansed by the liberal use of soap and 
water, after which they should be thoroughly rinsed, and dried with a clean 
towel. 

The first milk from each teat must be rejected and not collected in the milk 
pail. — Nearly every case of garget is due to bacterial infection of the udder 
through the teat. The teats, when the cows lay down, come in contact with the 
stable floor, which can not be always kept perfectly clean. In this way the 
organisms infect it. By discarding the first stream from each teat any bacteria 
in the fore milk can be washed into the gutter and not into the milk pail. The 
first milk is always very poor, and in cases of infection high in bacteria. 

Milk utensils and strainers must be thoroughly cleansed by the use of boiling 
ivater and all cans and bottles must be sterilised before they are again used. — 
The washing of milk utensils would seem to be a very simple operation. You 
may perhaps have noticed that a milk can or pail which has been used as a 
container for milk and left standing around the house or dairy, after it has 
been supposed to be thoroughly cleansed and scalded, will many times have an 
offensive smell. This would not be possible if the container had been properly 
cleansed and sterilized. The reason milk producers have adopted the system 
of putting their utensils in the yard to air is to allow the bad odor to escape, 
which is caused by the bacteria decomposing the dirty material and wash water 
left in most milk cans. When warm milk is put into rusty cans and cans which 
are not properly constructed and the joints of which are not well soldered, the 
dirty material left in the rusty pits and unsoldered joints is dissolved and the 
bacteria liberated and thus enabled to decompose the warm milk. 

The way to clean dairy utensils is first to rinse them in luke-warm water, 
then clean thoroughly inside and outside with a brush and hot water in which 
the cleansing material is dissolved, then thoroughly rinse with plenty of clean 
water, and lastly sterilize with boiling water or steam. Milk utensils should 
always be sterilized by keeping them in water continually boiling for at least 
30 minutes. Confined steam under 15 pounds pressure in a steam sterilizer will 
kill all germs known in 15 minutes. 

The general laws of this State, chapter 173, section 19, make it a crime for any 
person, firm, or corporation to ship, return, or deliver to any producer, dealer 
in, or consumer of milk, any can, jar, bottle, measure, or other vessel used as a 
container for milk without first thoroughly cleaning and cleansing by the use 
of boiling water, steam, or other proper agent. Clean milk in sterile bottles, 
handled by persons free from disease, is the ideal way to deliver milk, but when 
cans and bottles are left at homes where there are cases of scarlet fever, typhoid 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 323 

fever, or diphtlieria, and filled by the dealer, contrary to law, without being 
thoroughly cleansed and properly sterilized, they are a source of danger. The 
constant presence of many mild cases of disease — so mild that a correct diagnosis 
is not made by the physician — makes it imperative that no bottles or cans be 
refilled until they are thoroughly cleansed and sterilized. Every licensed dealer 
in this city distributing milk in cans and bottles has the proper equipment to 
do this work, and any epidemic of contagious diseases from improperly sterilized 
cans and bottles will be due to willful negligence. Milk producers must not 
be allowed to use sterile cans intended for our city milk supply as pails to bring 
water for cattle, or for any other purpose on the farm. 

Milk cans must be kept covered to prevent dust and flies from contaminating 
the milk; milk utensils and cans must not 6e left to air 'by the dusty roadside, 
near the sink-drain outlet, the pigsty, or the open privy vault. — Milk cans 
should be covered with a clean canvas or blanket, used only for that purpose, 
when they are being carted over the road, that the dirt and manure dust in 
the highway may not settle upon them and get into the milk can and contami- 
nate the milk when the wooden stoppers and covers are removed. 

No good reason can be given why milk should remain in the barn unneces- 
sarily exposed to contamination with the foul odors and manure dust of the 
stable for any material period of time. On nearly every farm there are enough 
old boards which could be nailed together to make a suitable milk room into 
which the milk should be carried immediately after it is drawn from the cow. 
The reason for such a building must be evident. 

Insects play a large part as mechanical carriers of disease germs, the greatest 
menace to our daily life being the common house fly known to scientists as the 
typhoid fly. It breeds in manure and it feeds on it; it feeds on the sputum 
of diseased throats and on typhoid dejecta, and by means of its hairy feet and 
legs it carries about and distributes particles of these vile feasts, which fre- 
quently contain living germs capable of producing a new case of disease. In 
still another way does the fly spread disease — germs taken into its body in food 
are known to remain alive in the intestines, and also for days after they are 
ejected in the " specks," i. e. in the fly excrement. Recent experiments with 
animals have proved this to be true of both tuberculosis and typhoid, the germs 
in the " speck " having actually given the disease from 9 to 15 days after being 
voided by the fly. 

Flies were the principal carriers of the typhoid fever which attacked 20 per 
cent of the United States soldiers in the Cuban War and furnished 86 per cent 
of the deaths. It is not possible to prevent flies from visiting the dairy or 
farm, but the stable manure need not be allowed to accumulate and furnish 
breeding places for them. It will be found far more valuable if used to increase 
the fertility of the soil. It is certainly not necessary to allow flies to infect 
the milk pail and milk utensils and swim in the milk. There certainly can 
be no reason why they should be allowed to dine in the open privy vault or 
drink at the sink drain ; the vault can be covered and a covered cesspool can be 
provided. Would not these precautions deprive them of their vile feasts and 
help to prevent the spread of disease? They can be easily kept out of the 
milk utensils by the use of screens for the dairy windows. 

All milk must be rapidly cooled and continuously maintained at a temperature 
'below 50° F. 

Milk is quickly decomposed by bacteria unless it is kept cold. Bacteria, like 
other forms of plant life, can not grow in cold weather, so these minute germ 
plants are prevented from multiplication by keeping the milk cold. If everyone 
had his own cow and used the milk as soon as it was drawn there would be 
no great need of cooling the milk. Milk for all large cities must be held at the 
farm, shipped OA^er country roads, transported by train, and k6pt in the city 
bottling plant before it is delivered at the home of the consumer. For this 
reason it is absolutely necessary that the greatest care be taken to quickly 
cool the milk at the farm immediately after it is drawn from the cow and keep 
it cold, in order that it may not contain dangerous numbers of bacteria. The 
law makes it a crime to sell adulterated milk, but it would seem to be a still 
greater fraud to sell milk which can not be used at all when delivered to the 
customer, due to the slovenly methods of handling and improper cooling. Few 
wells and springs are cold enough in the summer to cool milk to 50° F. For 
this reason ice must be used in hot weather, and a liberal supply should be 
provided. 

The work of Nathan Straus in New York City in dispensing pasteurized milk 
for infants in general proves that the bacteria which are always found in 



324 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

excessive numbers in old, improperly cooled, dirty milk are to a great extent 
responsible for the liigh death rate and infant mortality in cities. Prior to 
the beginning of this work in 1893 the death rate of children under 5 years 
in New York City was 96.2 in every 1,000, and in June, July, and August, when 
exceptional care must be taken to properly cool the milk, the death rate was 
136.4 for each 1,000. With the increased use and distribution of pasteurized 
milk in 1906 the death rate fell to 55 per 1,000, and in June, July, and August 
the death rate was 62.7 per 1,000. This means that thousands of lives were 
saved. The milk supplied was from the same farms, the same kind of herds, 
and was distributed in the same way, the only difference being that the bottles 
were sterilized and the bacteria in the old, dirty, warm milk were killed by 
the heat applied to pasteurize it, and it was then properly cooled. If the sug- 
gestions offered by this department were carefully followed by milk producers 
and dealers pasteurization of milk would not be necessary. These suggestions 
are based upon fact and experience, and are offered in hope that they may 
improve the quality of the milk you are selling. It takes but a little more time 
each day to conduct your business in a decent manner, and you will find that 
the extra labor has been well expended. If you find it profitable to sell milk 
you will find it still more profitable to handle a clean, pure article. If you can 
not take the time to conduct your business in a decent manner and inform 
yourself as to its quality you have no right to be in the milk business. 
Very respectfully, 

Walter O. Scotx, Inspector of Milk. 



Office of Inspector of Milk, 

Providence, R. I. 
To milJc producers: 

The department of milk inspection, with the cooperation of milk producers, 
offers the inclosed suggestions, which if intelligently followed would improve 
the sanitary conditions existing at the dairy farms from which our supply is 
obtained and indirectly improve the quality of the milk offered for sale in 
this city. 

The fact that dirty milk has been held by physicians to be one of the principal 
causes of the high death rate and infant mortality makes it important that 
only clean milk be sold. The general laws of this State and the pure-food law 
of the United States prohibit the sale of milk containing foreign substances. 
The courts have held that the sale of milk containing sediment — viz, dirt, hairs, 
putrid matter, and manure— is a violation of the law. 

For the education of your employees it is important that the inclosed sugges- 
tions be posted conspicuously in the stable or milk room. 

In the near future agents of this department will visit all dairy farms from 
which milk is shipped to Providence, for the purpose of seeing that the sugges- 
tions are being carried out. Samples of milk shipped to this city by producers 
will be examined to determine if the laws of this State are being complied with. 

I hope that the inclosed suggestions may be of assistance in enabling pro- 
ducers to ship only clean milk. 
Very respectfully, yours, 

Walter O. Scott, Inspector of MilJc. 



[To be posted in all dairies.] 

Department of milk inspection of the city of Providence offers the follow- 
ing suggestions which should be carefully followed by farmers and dairymen 
in the care of cows and handling of milk : 

the barnyard. 

1. It should be well drained, clean, and dry and should be as much sheltered 
as possible from the wind and cold. There should be no pools of stagnant 
water or urine therein, 

2. Manure should not be allowed to collect in the barnyard and should not 
be at any time in contact with the stable or milk house. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN" THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 325 
THE STABLE. 

1. Cow stables should be well lighted and ventilated. The ventilation should 
preferably be from the top. 

2. There should be at least 400 cubic feet of air space for each cow, other- 
wise extra ventilation should be provided. 

3. Walls and ceilings should be kept clean. The stable should be white- 
washed twice a year, and more often if necessary. 

4. It is desirable that the place where the cows are kept be used for no other 
purpose. A cow barn should not be used as a storage place for straw, hay, or 
other feeds, or as a wagon or tool house, as the dust and dirt which accumu- 
lates in a place of this character is liable to drop into the milk while it is 
being drawn from the cow. 

5. The ceilings should be so constructed that dust and dirt therefrom shall 
not readily fall to the floor or into the milk. If the space over the cow is 
used for storage of hay, the ceiling should be made tight to prevent chafC and 
dust from falling through. 

6. Stable floors should be made tight and smooth and be of some nonabsorb- 
ent material. Dirt or earth floors and gutters can not be tolerated. 

7. The flooring where the cows stand should be short enough so that all 
manure will be dropped into the gutter and not upon the floor itself. 

8. The floor should be swept every day but not before milking. 

9. Cement gutters and mangers are the best, as they can be more easily kept 
clean than if made of wood. 

10. The manure gutter should be from 6 to 8 inches deep, and should be kept 
at all times fairly free from manure. 

11. Manure should be removed from the stalls and gutters before the morn- 
ing milking and also before the afternoon milking, where the cows remain in 
the stable all day. 

12. The use of land plaster or lime is recommended in the gutters. 

13. Allow no strong smelling material in the stable for any length of time. 
Store the manure under or outside the cow stable and remove it to a distance 
as often as practicable. 

14. If individual drinking basins are used for the cows they should be fre- 
' quently drained and cleaned. 

THE cows. 

1. The cows should be kept clean and be free from disease. 

2. Have the herd examined at least twice a year by a skilled veterinarian. 
Never add an animal to the herd until certain it is free from disease, especially 
tuberculosis. 

8. Promptly remove from the herd any animal suspected of being in bad 
health and reject her milk. 

4. The cows should be groomed daily and collections of manure, mud, or 
other filth should not be allowed to remain upon their flanks, sides, udders, 
or bellies. 

5. The clipping of long hairs from the udder and the right side of the cow is 
of assistance in preventing the collection of filth which may drop into the milk. 

6. The hair on the tails should be cut so that the brush will be well above 
the ground. 

7. The cows may be bedded with sawdust, shavings, leaves, straw, or some 
equally clean material. 

8. The use of horse manure for bedding is to be condemned. Sand or loam 
must never be used as bedding. 

9. To prevent the cows from lying down and getting dirty between cleaning 
and milking, a throat latch of rope or chain should be fastened across the 
stanchions under the cow's neck. 

THE FOOD. 

1. Feed liberally, and use only fresh, palatable feed stufCs. In no case should 
strong smelling or decomposed or moldy material be used. 

2. Do not allow any strong-flavored food, like garlic, cabbage, and turnips, 
to be eaten by milch cows. 

3. Provide water for cattle in abundance, easy of access, always pure and 
fresh. 

4. Salt should always be accessible. 



326 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTUICT OF COLUMBIA. 

THE UTENSILS. 

1. Milk utensils for farm use should be made of metal and well tinned and 
have all joints smoothly soldered. Never use them if they become rusty or 
rough on the inside. 

2. Dairy utensils should be cleansed directly after using by first thoroughly 
rinsing them in water; then clean inside and out with hot water in which a 
cleaning material is dissolved ; then thoroughly rinse with plenty of water ; and 
lastly, sterilize by boiling water or steam. Use pure water only, 

3. All milk utensils and strainers should be thoroughly cleansed by the use 
of boiling water ; and all cans, utensils, and strainers must be sterilized before 
they are used. 

4. Milk strainers should be kept exceedingly clean, and scalded a second time 
just before using. If cloth strainers are used, several of them should be provided 
in order that they may be frequently changed during the straining of the milk. 

5. After cleaning utensils should be inverted in pure air. Milk utensils and 
cans must not be left in the cow stables, by the dusty roadside, near the sink 
drain outlet, the pig sty, or the open privy vault. 

6. Ice tubs and cooling tanks should be thoroughly cleansed by scrubbing at 
least once a week. 

7. Remember that the milk cans are the property of the city milk dealer, 
and must not be used to carry water for cattle or for other uses on the farm. 

THE MILKING AND MILKEES. 

1. No person having any communicable disease, or one caring for persons 
having such disease, should be allowed to handle the milk or milk utensils or 
assist in the milking. 

2. The hands of the milkers should be carefully washed immediately before 
milking. The hands should be thoroughly washed with soap and water and 
carefully dried on a clean towel. 

3. Milk with dry hands. Never allow the hands to come in contact with the 
milk. The practice of moistening the hands with milk, or to spit on them, is to 
be condemned. 

4. The milker should wear a clean washable jacket, used only when milking, 
and kept in a clean place at other times. 

5. Always brush off and wipe the udder and surrounding parts just before 
milking. If the cows are very dirty, wash with a cloth or sponge, and then 
dry the udders and teats with a clean piece of cloth or sacking. 

6. Milk quietly, quickly, cleanly, and thoroughly. 

7. The first few streams from each teat should be rejected, as this milk 
contains more bacteria than the rest of the mess. 

8. All milk drawn from the cows 30 days before and 10 days after calving 
should be rejected, and also all milk from diseased cows. If any accident 
occurs by which a pail full or partly full of milk becomes dirty, do not try to 
remedy this by straining, because the soluble filth and the bacteria can not be 
removed by straining, but reject all this milk and rinse the pail. 

9. The pails in which the milk is drawn should have as small an opening 
at the top as can be used in milking. This renders the collection of manure 
and dust with the milk less likely. 

10. Dry fodder should not be fed to the cows during or just before milking, 
as dust therefrom will fall into the milk. 

THE MILK. 

1. Remove' the milk of every cow at once from the stable to the milk house 
or to a clean room, where the air is pure and sweet. Do not allow milk cans 
to remain in stables while they are being filled. 

2. A good plan, if modern coolers are not available, is to strain the milk into 
cans which are standing in ice water which reaches the neck of the can. 

3. The more rapidly the milk is cooled and the colder it is kept the safer it 
is and the longer it will remaia sweet. Milk can not be properly cooled at any 
season of the year if the air alone is expected to do the cooling. 

4. Ice should be used in cooling, both in summer and winter, as very few 
wells or springs are cold enough for the purpose. 

5. If aerators or coolers are used, they should stand where the air is free 
from dust and odor, and on no account should they be used in the cow stable. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN" THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 327 

6. Milk should always be cooled as soon as strained. If modern apparatus 
for airing and cooling at tlie same time is not at hand, the milk should be 
aired by tipping the covers slightly while cooling the milk to 50° F. in clean 
ice water. Precautions should always be taken to see that the water is above 
the milk to be cooled in the cans and that the water can not overflow into the 
cans and water the milk. 

7. Never ship a can containing warm milk which has not been cooled and 
aerated. 

8. II; the milk is held at the farm it should be stored in fresh, cold ice 
water or kept in a running spring. 

9. The milk should always be kept under shelter so that the rain can not get 
into the cans. 

10. Never mix fresh warm milk with that which has been cooled. 

11. During the transportation of the milk and cans to the car or dairy, cov- 
ered wagons only should be used. If this is not possible the cans should be 
protected from heat, cold, dust, and mud by a clean canvas or blanket. 

12. All milk must be rapidly cooled and continuously maintained at a tem- 
perature below 50° F. 

Office of Inspector op Milk, 

Providence, B. I, 
To millc producers: 

The department of milk inspection, with the cooperation of milk producers, 
hopes to improve the sanitary conditions existing at the dairy farms from which 
our city supply is obtained. To accomplish this end and to assist milk pro- 
ducers in removing objectionable features, the department has adopted a dairy 
score card, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, a copy of 
which is inclosed. In the near future agents of this department will visit all 
dairy farms from which milk is shipped to Providence and score them in 
accordance with the adopted score card. It will be to your advantage to make 
such changes as will enable you to obtain as high a score as possible. 
Very respectfully, 

Walter O. Scott, Inspector of MilJe. 



Department of Milk Inspection, 

Providence, R. I. 
To milk dealers and milk producers: 

The department of milk inspection has adopted regulations intended to pro- 
hibit the sale in the city of Providence of milk which contains an unnecessary 
or dangerous number of bacteria. 

The investigations of the department have shown that milk properly col- 
lected and handled does not contain a large or dangerous number of bacteria. 
This circular is issued so that those who are interested in the production and 
sale of milk may adopt such precautious as are necessary to prevent the milk 
being condemned, because it has been rendered unfit for use by the growth of 
large numbers of bacteria in it. 

BACTERIA AND THEIR GROWTH IN MILK. 

Bacteria are among the smallest and simplest of all living things. They 
much resemble the cells of which plants are composed, and, like plants, require 
moisture, warmth, and food to grow. When these conditions are present they 
multiply very rapidly, so that from one germ a few hundred may be produced 
in an hour, millions in 12 hours, and billions in a day. 

As bacteria increase in numbers, they gather nourishment from the milk or 
other substances in which they develop, and, like other higher forms of life, 
transform what they take into their bodies into useless or poisonous products. 
They thus both rob the food of its nutritious substances and add others to it 
which are more or less poisonous. Thus, milk becomes sour through the change 
of its milk sugar into acid, produced by bacteria. But long before milk be- 
comes sour to the taste it may contain enormous numbers of bacteria and has 
already become unwholesome and dangerous when employed for food, especially 
lor young children. 



328 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

The bacteria or germs which cause the various infectious diseases, such as 
typhoid fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, consumption, etc., readily live • and 
multiply in milk, and outbreaks of these diseases have been frequently traced 
to contamination of milk by careless farmers or milkmen, who have infected 
the milk with disease germs from their hands, from improperly sterilized bottles 
or cans, from polluted water, or from other sources, either while themselves 
sick or recovering from some one of these diseases, or while nursing others who 
were suffering from them. Many thousands of cases of illness and death have 
thus been produced from such causes. This is, of course, entirely unnecessary, 
and can easily be prevented. It is most important, therefore, for all persons 
who handle milk to know from what portion of the body these minute germs 
are given off, so that they may adopt the necessary precautions to prevent 
infection of the milk. 

The germs which cause scarlet fever are thrown off in the discharges from 
the nose and throat and in the scaling from the skin. Those which cause 
typhoid fever are found in the urine and feces, and thus often reach the spring 
or well water with drainage which has leaked into it. Those which cause 
consumption and diphtheria are contained in the expectoration. The germs 
from cows which are diseased, especially when affected with consumption and 
tuberculosis of the udder, may also infect the milk and produce sickness in 
those who drink it. The bacteria which cause milk to sour and ferment and 
so become unwholesome are derived from manure and dirt which drop into 
the milk pail from the cow's belly or udder or tail, or from the dust of the 
barn, or from the dirt off the milker's hands, or they are contained in the pails 
and dirty strainers and cans, which have not been thoroughly cleaned and 
sterilized after having been previously used for milk. 

The pails into which the milk is drawn should not be of the large, open-top 
variety, but should be covered with as small an opening at the top as can be 
used in milking. If eveiyone would use covered milk pails much of the dust 
and dirt which falls into the milk during the process of milking would be 
prevented and fewer bacteria would be found in the milk. 

When milk is collected under cleanly conditions, the number of bacteria 
which fall into it is much less than when the conditions are dirty. 

Milk affords one of the best foods for the growth of bacteria. When fresh, 
however, it contains substances which retard somewhat the development of 
bacteria for a few hours, if they are not too numerous, but we depend upon 
low temperatures to further limit changes in it. Just as large forms of plant 
life can not grow in cold weather, so also these minute germ plants are pre- 
vented from multiplication by cold. For this reason all milk should be rapidly 
cooled and kept cold until used. 

Bacteria found in milk generally multiply most rapidly at blood heat, and 
cease to multiply at all at the freezing temperature. Any reduction of the 
temperature below 95° F. limits the rapidity of growth, but it is not until the 
temperature is reduced to 45° or 50° F. that the growth is nearly arrested. At 
32° F. milk remains unchanged for an indefinite period. In fresh milk, 
properly collected and quickly cooled at 50° F. and kept at this temperature, 
during the first 24 hours there is no increase in the number of bacteria ; after 
24 hours the peculiar properties of fresh milk to resist the growth of bacteria 
become exhausted, and the bacteria also become gradually accustomed to the 
cold, so that even at this temperature they may rapidly increase and in a few 
days cause the milk to become sour. 

It is impossible to obtain cow's milk under the ordinary conditions which 
exist in most milk barns without allowing some bacteria (which always abound 
in the dirt and dust of the barn and on the cattle) to drop into it, but the num- 
ber may be limited. It is wholly unnecessary and inexcusable to permit the 
germs of the diseases of human beings or cattle to contaminate the milk. The 
fewer bacteria found in milk the more wholesome it is, and when the number 
becomes very large, the milk becomes not only unwholesome but dangerous, 
and the use of such milk is the commonest cause of the diarrheal diseases of 
children, particularly prevalent in summer. The importance of this may be 
appreciated when it is known that 1,188 deaths occurred from the diarrheal 
diseases in the city of Providence among children under the age of 2 years 
during the last five years (1902 to 1906, inclusive). 

Under present conditions considerable time must elapse before the milk 
reaches the consumer, and before it is used, and if it is not very carefully 
handled and kept cold the number of germs contained in it when used becomes 
very large and sometimes almost incredible. There may be at the end of a 



THE MILK SITUATION IIST THE DISTKICT OF COLUMBIA. 329 

day or two millions of bacteria in a teaspoonful of milk not properly collected 
and cooled. As the milk must often be kept in the house for 12 hours or more 
after it is delivered and before it is consumed, it naturally becomes still more 
unwholesome before being used, and it therefore becomes important that all of 
the milk sold in the city should reach the consumer in good condition and be 
kept cold after it is delivered. 

The number of bacteria in milk should be as low as is possible under the 
conditions under which practical dairy farming must at present be carried 
on. All milk dealers can easily produce and sell milk which has less than 
500,000 bacteria in a cubic centimeter, or about one-fifth of a teaspoonful, 
which is the limit set by this department for clean milk. To keep within this 
limit the cattle, stables, and the milker's hands should be kept clean, and the 
pails and cans should be always scrupulously clean and properly sterilized. 
The milk should be immediately cooled at the farm and transported to the city 
with the least possible delay. So far as practicable, each day's milk supply 
should reach the city on the same day or not later than the following morning, 
and the temperature of the milk should be continuously maintained at 50° F. 
or less. 

The department of milk inspection, with the cooperation of farmers and all 
milk dealers, hope to improve the character of the milk sold in this city, so 
far as the nuniber of bacteria in it is concerned. It is a matter of great impor- 
tance to the health of everyone that our milk supply be clean and pure. This 
department will test samples of milk for the number of bacteria which they 
contain ; and where the number is found to be so great as to show that the 
milk has not been properly produced and handled, the dealers to whom such 
milk is shipped will be cautioned to notify the farmers who supply them to 
improve their methods. If then the milk is still found to contain dangerous 
numbers of organisms, the sale of the milk will be prohibited, and the board 
of aldermen will be requested to revoke the license of the dealer if necessary. 
Very respectfully, 

Walter O. Scott, Inspector of Milk. 



HOW TYPHOID FEVEB IS CAUSED. 

[This circular is based on one prepared by Dr. H. W. Hill, for tbe Minnesota State Board 

of Health.] 

Typhoid fever is an infectious disease. The infection is in the excrement and 
urine of the patient, and sometimes in the saliva. The patient after recovery 
often remains infectious for some weeks or months. 

No one ever catches typhoid fever except by getting into his mouth some of 
the excrement, urine, or saliva of one who already has, or has recently recov- 
ered from typhoid fever or is infected with the germs of the disease. At first 
sight it might seem that this can not be true, for no one would ever take will- 
ingly or knowingly any of these things into the mouth. But, as a matter of 
fact, people are continually catching typhoid fever from others, always in just 
this way — never in any other way. 

If one will stop and think carefully about it, he will see that this disgusting 
way of " catching " typhoid fever is not only possible, but can and must happen 
all the time ; and is in fact the only way the disease is carried. For instance, 
the discharges of a patient thrown out or buried in gravelly soil near a well 
may soak through the soil into the well, or the discharges may be thrown or 
washed into a stream. The persons who drink water from such a well or 
stream drink the discharges also, much diluted it is true, and of those who 
drink such water some become infected. 

But the water route is only one of the many ways in which excrement, urine, 
and saliva pass from the patient into other people's mouths. The most common 
of the routes other than water is by way of the hands, and a few of the 
ways that infection travels by the hands are given here in detail. One may 
never have thought of these, but once thought of they can never be forgotten 
again because the whole thing is so plain, and so disgusting. There is nothing 
mysterious about the transmission of typhoid fever. 

The patient. — To begin at the beginning. A typhoid patient is usually help- 
less, and everything must be done for him — he must be washed, his nose and 
mouth wiped, and his bedclothes changed by some one else. He must be fed 
and given medicines by an attendant ; he must have a bedpan or urinal placed 



330 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

in position and removed as necessary. Often he requires injection into the 
bowel ; sometimes he has involuntary discharges before a bedpan can be placed 
in position. Sometimes his temperature must be taken in the bovpel. After 
the use of the bedpan or urinal it is difficult to clean his body thoroughly, and 
even after avi amount of washing which removes all visible dirt, the infection 
remains as numerous particles of matter on the skin or sheet or night clothes. 
As the patient tosses about in bed these particles are spread from skin to sheet 
and back again, until the whole lower part of the patient's body and legs be- 
come infected with more or less particles of excrement and urine — very small 
particles and very thin, no doubt, leaving not even a stain to show their pres- 
ence, but present all the same. A particle of excrement, spread out upon the 
skin so thin as to be invisible, may contain millions of the bacteria which 
produce the disease. 

Dangers to the attendant. — It must be perfectly clear to everyone who con- 
siders these facts for a moment that no attendant can touch the body or bed- 
clothes or urinal or bedpan or injecting syringe or thermometer or anything 
else which comes into contact with the patient's body or legs or sheets, without 
great chance of transferring at least a few of these bacteria to the hands. 
Now, everyone's hands go often to the lips and mouth every day, consciously or 
unconsciously. Watch anyone and see, or notice how often you do this your- 
self. If there be on your hands any of the discharges of a typhoid patient, 
consider how extremely likely it is that you will transfer them to your mouth. 

Dangers to visitors. — The patient's ovsti hands also touch his own body, his 
own sheets, etc., as much or more than the attendant's hands do, and the pa- 
tient's hands therefore become infected likewise. The patient touches his own 
face, pillow, books, medicine glass, spoons, plates, etc., with his infected hands, 
and these, in turn, become infected. If the patient shakes hands with a visitor, 
or if the visitor touches only the patient's forehead with the fingers, infection 
is likely to be transferred to the visitor's hands. Merely shaking up a pillow 
or settling the sheets to make the patient more comfortable is likely to infect 
the hands of the one who does it. 

Dangers from the nurse to others. — But the persons who come into contact 
with the typhoid patient directly are not the only ones who are in danger. 
Anyone who eats food handled by a person who has been in contact with the 
typhoid patient is likely to take into the mouth >the infected material from that 
person's hands ; for instance, it has happened over and over again that a hotel 
or restaurant waitress, nursing a sick relative and also waiting on table, has 
transferred typhoid fever from the patient to the boarder by handling the 
boarder's food just after she has emptied the sick person's bedpan. In private 
families the mother often acts as nurse for the sick person and at the same 
time prepares meals for the rest of the family. 

Pood. — The hands of the house nurse, infected with discharges from the pa- 
tient, transfer some of it to the bread as she slices it for the table, to the spoons, 
forks, plates, etc., as she lays the table; so, too, as she breaks up ice for the 
ice-water jug, or washes greens, or opens a can of fish or tongue, to be served 
cold. In 50 ways her hands touch utensils or go into food continually while 
preparing the meal. The handling of the food does no great harm, if the food 
is afterwards cooked and is not again handled before it is served, because the 
heat of cooking kills the infection, but the handling of cold foods or drinks 
which are not to be cooked is very dangerous to those who eat or drink them, 
while the handling of plates, cups, spoons, etc., is also dangerous because they 
go to the mouths of different members of the family. In fact, it is almost 
always true that if secondary cases develop in the family of a typhoid patient, 
these later cases get it from the first through the hands of the mother or who- 
ever else is nursing the patient. With a properly trained nurse, however, no 
such spread should occur, and it is not necessary that it should occur with any- 
one if the proper precautions are carefully followed. 

Direct handling. — Besides giving the disease to others through the food, the 
mother often directly puts her fingers into her children's mouths, perhaps to 
prevent them from swallowing a marble, perhaps to extract a piece of gum 
stuck to the teeth, perhaps to feel an aching tooth, or for other purposes. She, 
of course, is likely to wash their faces and hands, brush their hair, dress and 
undress them, and the infection on her hands, even if it does not go directly 
into their mouths, goes onto their hands, etc., and they, in turn, put their hands 
into their own mouths. These illustrations are sufficient to call attention to 
the dangers of hand infection from the nurse to the rest of the family. 

Dangers from helping the nurse. — Often, even when a trained nurse is in 
charge of a typhoid case and almost always when the mother or some other 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 331 

relative is acting as nurse, members of the family, not regularly engaged in tlie 
nursing, " help out " by sitting with the patient at times, carrying out the soiled 
dishes, bedclothes, etc, or emptying the bedpans or urinals. The latter, es- 
pecially, is often done by the father or older brother. Those persons who thus 
assist, perhaps only by receiving a tray of dishes at the door and conveying it 
to the kitchen, run some risk; those who handle the bedclothes or empty the 
discharges, if careless, run great risk, even though they handle them for but 
a moment. 

Dangers from infected articles. — Another danger from a typhoid patient lies 
in the washing of the dishes, bedclothes, bedpans, urinals, etc. Often these are 
carried to the kitchen and allowed to remain piled upon the table or floor, per- 
haps mixed with the dishes, bedclothes, etc., of the rest of the family and 
washed with them. It is true that the usual process of washing clothes with 
soap and water, the clothes being boiled, will kill the infection, so that the 
clothing is free from danger after it is clean ; but there is also a real danger, 
first, to the person who does the washing, handling the clothes, etc. ; next, 
during the washing, the one who does it may, with her hands wet with the 
infected wash water, take up kitchen utensils, receive food from the delivery 
man at the door; possibly after a hurried drying on the kitchen towel (which 
she infects in the process so that the next person who uses it becomes infected 
also) she prepares some article of food or drink, wipes the dishes, lays the 
table, or otherwise spreads the infection about the place. (The writer has seen 
the common kitchen hand towel, after being used to dry the family hands, used 
also to dry the family dishes.) 

Flies. — ^Another possible danger to the family and neighbors consists in admit- 
ting flies to the sickroom or to dishes, bedclothes, or discharges in the sick- 
room or after removal from it. Flies may easily carry discharges upon their 
feet from the bedpan or bedclothes to the family food or drink. A fly's feet 
and legs are covered with small hairs, and particles of feces easily stick to 
these. If the fly with typhoid feces on his feet falls into the milk or walks over 
the cake, he leaves a trail of typhoid infection behind him. Hence the room and 
the whole house should, if possible, be well screened. If the slops or wash 
water are thrown upon the ground, the chances of infection are increased. So 
also if the privy vault is open or if the contents overflow. Not only may human 
beings get excrement on their feet, but hens may carry it to the doorstep, and 
the cat or dog may bring it into the house. The man who buries the discharges 
may carelessly get his feet soiled and carry infection into the house in this way. 
If he washes the bedpan or urinal at the pump, the washings may go through 
the curb or run in under it from the side, thus infecting the well. 

Precautions. — The trained nurse and the physician should know how to pro- 
tect themselves and should go through typhoid outbreaks without contracting 
the disease. This is done simply by always regarding everything in a patient's 
room as infectious and never handling anything that is in or comes from the 
patient's room unless it has first been disinfected. If it is impossible to avoid 
handling the material before disinfection — and, of course, it must be handled 
during disinfection — then always immediately disinfect the hands. These rules 
faithfully lived up to day by day, hour by hour, minute by minute, always and 
in every case will entirely prevent infection from spreading by way of the 
hands. 

Most important of all, it must be remembered that persons are infectious even 
before the disease is developed, and that many cases are up and about and are 
so mild that no doctor is called, or he fails to recognize it. Also remember that 
the germs may remain in the body long after recovery and are sometimes found 
in people who have never been sick. Perhaps the new hired man or a visitor or 
the summer boarder is such a " carrier " of germs. Therefore, as one can never 
tell when he will come in contact with typhoid germs, he should always be on 
his guard. Is it not worth while to try to not let any other person's excrement, 
no matter how tiny a speck, get into one's mouth, and to also try to not let 
one's own excrement get into another's mouth? It is not such a hardship, after 
all, to be clean. 

It may be asked how, if there are so may ways of infection, does anyone man- 
age to escape. As a matter of fact, the excrement is not always so teeming with 
bacteria ; they may be few at times, and they may not be evenly distributed, so 
that many particles contain none at all. Often even hurried washing removes 
practically all from the hands. The germs often die rapidly when exposed to 
light and air. People are not always and continuously so careless as has been 
described. They generally do wash their hands and do not always put the 
fingers in the mouth. Then, again, probably sometimes when only a few germs 



332 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTBICT OF COLUMBIA. 

get Into .the mouth, they are killed by the fluids of the body and can not gain a 
foothold. So, if all these points are considered, it is easy to understand how 
typhoid spreads as it does, and also why so many persons escape, though more 
or less exposed to the disease. 

A'boiit milJc inspection. — It very often happens that the father or brother who 
helps the nurse by emptying or burying the discharges also milks the cows. He 
is then very apt to transfer infection to the milk in the process of milking, for 
whatever he has on his hands is likely to go into the milk. If he strains the 
milk as he puts it into cans or bottles or helps to care for it in any way, he is 
equally likely to infect it. So, too, if he peddles the milk from cans. If the 
pails, cans, and straining cloths are washed in the house in the same sink or tub 
with other things or by any member of the family, infection may result. Many 
an outbreak of disease with scores of cases and many deaths has been traced 
to milk thus infected by a farmer's or dealer's lack of cleanliness. Many a 
farmer's business has been ruined and death has entered his own family in this 
way. A separate room should be provided for the care of milk and the washing 
of vessels. These should be sterilized by steam, if possible, and certainly by 
boiling water. Always thoroughly wash the hands before milking or handling 
milk. If typhoid fever occurs in the family of a milk producer or dealer, the 
patient should be at once removed from the premises or those who handle the 
milk should live away from the premises. 

Pbovidence, May, 1908. 



[Health Department Circular.] 
BEWAEE OF FLIES. 

Flies are filthy insects. They drink from the cesspool and dine in the privy 
vault. They eat the sputum on the sidewalk and revel in the garbage pail. 

Perhaps you think it is disgusting to read about such things, and so it is. 
But is it not more disgusting to have these same flies after their repast of fllth, 
drown in the milk pitcher, drop their specks on the frosted cake, or clean their 
feet on the bread? Is it pleasant to see the flies that very likely have just 
come from a neighboring privy crawl over the lips of the sleeping baby or 
gather on the nipple of its nursing bottle? Suppose the fly that was fished out 
of the milk pitcher had just been eating the excrement of a typhoid fever 
patient, would you like to drink the milk? Perhaps the flies that were walk- 
ing on the fruit which you purchased at the street corner had just been feeding 
on the sputum of a consumptive. Does it not seem likely that flies may spread 
disease? That is what many physicians and health officers think. 

Perhaps hereafter j^ou will screen the house and protect the food from flies. 

The young of flies are maggots. They seem to prefer to breed in stable 
manure. But they also breed in excrement of all kinds, in garbage, and in aU 
sorts of wet and filthy refuse. 

Do you want to raise these filthy insects, these germ carriers, to be a pest in 
your own house, and perhaps carry disease to your neighbors? Of course you 
do not. 

Then keep the stable manure closely covered and have it removed often — 
once a week in summer if possible. Keep the back yard and the alley clean. 
Allow no refuse to accumulate anywhere. After your own premises are in 
order talk over the matter with your neighbors, and get them also to read this 
circular. 

Pbovidence, 1909. 



BICHMOND, VA. 

AN ORDINANCE TO create the office of inspector of milk and food supplies, and to 
provide for the inspection of milk, meat, and other food supplies brought or offered 
for sale in the city of Richmond, and to prohibit the sale of adulterated or impure 
milk, meat, and other food supplies within the city of Richmond. 

[Approved June 9, 1904. — Sections 8 and 9 as amended Mar. 19, 1910.] 

Be it ordained Ity the council of the dty of Richmond (1) That it shall be the 
duty of the board of health, as soon as practicable after the passage of this 
ordinance, and biennially thereafter between the 1st day of October and the 



THE MILK SITUATION" IN" THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 333 

1st day of November of such year to appoint an inspector of milk and food 
supplies to serve for the term of two years, unless sooner removed by the board 
of health, and thereafter until his successor is appointed and qualified accord- 
ing to law, who shall within 30 days thereafter qualify before the city clerk 
by entering into a bond in the penalty of $1,000 for the faithful discharge of his 
duties, and by taking and subscribing the usual oaths for the faithful per- 
formance of his duties. It shall be the duty of said inspector to report to and 
be subject to the control of the board of health, except in so far as any require- 
ment of said board may conflict with this ordinance or other ordinances of the 
city of Richmond. 

(2) The board of health shall be authorized in their discretion to employ 
from time to time, and for such time as they may designate, one or two assist- 
ants to the inspector of milk and food supplies, one of whom shall be an ana- 
lytical chemist, to whom said board may assign such duties as they may deem 
expedient, and who, when acting in the place of said inspector, shall have all of 
the powers and authority vested in him under this ordinance, and at all times 
shall have the powers and discharge the duties prescribed by regulations, to be 
adopted by the board of health as hereinbefore provided. 

(3) The salary of the inspector of milk and food supplies shall be $900 per 
annum, payable monthly, and the compensation to the assistants shall be at the 
rate of .$50 each per month, to be ascertained and certified by the board of 
health to the committee on health, who shall issue a warrant therefor on the 
treasurer. 

(4) That from and after 30 days from the passage of this ordinance no per- 
son shall, within or without the city of Richmond, maintain or keep a stable or 
stables or a dairy farm for the purpose of producing milk to be sold or exposed 
to sale within the limits of the city of Richmond, nor shall any person within 
the limits of the police jurisdiction of the city of Richmond, outside of the three 
public markets of said city, keep a room, stall, store, or other place where any 
meat, butter, fish, fruit, or vegetable, intended for human food, are sold or 
exposed to sale without first obtaining a permit so to do from the inspector of 
milk and food supplies of the city of Richmond. Application for said permit 
shall be made in writing, upon a form to be prescribed by said health ofiicer, 
in which application it shall be stipulated that the said inspector or other 
health officer of the city of Richmond may from time to time inspect such place 
and premises and the milk produced or food supplies exposed to sale thereat, 
and also that such applicant will conform to the requirements of this ordinance, 
and such reasonable rules and regulations as may be established by the board 
of health for the government of such place or places. Every person to whom 
such permit is granted, before he shall be entitled to carry on business, for 
which he desires such permit, shall pay to the auditor of the city of Richmond 
a fee of $2 to cover the expenses incident to the inspection of milk and other 
food supplies in the mode prescribed by this ordinance. Before granting such 
permit it shall be the duty of said inspector to make, or cause to be made, an 
examination of the place and premises, which are intended to be used in the 
maintenance of said dairy farm or stable, and of such place, stall, or store, 
where is proposed to sell milk, meat, butter, fish, fruit, vegetables, or other 
food supplies and thereafter, from time to time, inspect the same, and if found 
in an unsanitary condition, such permit may be refused, or if granted, may at 
any time be revoked or suspended, without notice, by said inspector, if, in his 
judgment, such dairy, dairy farm, or place is found to be in an unsanitary 
condition. 

(5) It shall not be lawful for any person, by himself or by his servant or 
agent, nor for any such servant or agent of any person, to sell, exchange, or 
deliver, or to have in his or their custody or possession, with intent to sell, 
exchange, or deliver, or to expose or offer for sale as pure milk, any milk from 
which the cream or any part thereof has been removed, or which has been 
watered, adulterated, or changed in any respect by the addition of water or 
other substance. 

(6) No dealer in milk, and no servant or agent of such a dealer, shall sell, 
exchange, or deliver, or have in his custody or possession with intent to sell, 
exchange, or deliver milk from which the cream, or any part thereof, has been 
removed, unless, in a conspicuous place above the center, upon the outside of 
the vessel, can, or package from or in which such milk is sold, the words 
" skimmed milk " are marked in distinct letters not less than 2 inches in length. 

(7) No person shall sell, exchange, or deliver, or have in his custody or pos- 
session with intent to sell, exchange, or deliver, skimmed milk containing less 
than 9 per cent of the milk solids exclusive of butter fats. 



334 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE mSTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

(8) No person sball sell, or offer for sale, or otherwise dispose of, or shall 
transport, or carry for the purpose of sale, or shall have in his or their custody 
or possession with intent to sell or offer for sale or otherwise dispose of any 
impure, adulterated, or unwholesome milk, and no person shall sell adulterated 
milk, nor shall any person sell or offer for sale or otherwise dispose of any 
mik which is produced in whole or in part from cows kept in a crowded or 
unhealthy condition or fed on food that produces, or is likely to produce, im- 
pure, diseased, or unwholesome milk, nor from cows fed on any substance in 
a state of putrefaction or rottenness, or upon any other substance of an un- 
wholesome nature. 

(9) That the addition of water or any other substance or thing is hereby 
declared an adulteration, and milk that is obtained from animals that are fed 
upon any substance in a state of putrefaction or rottenness, or upon any sub- 
stance of an unwholesome nature, or milk that has been exposed to or contami- 
nated by the emanations, discharges, or excrements from persons sick with any 
contagious disease by which the health or life of any person may be endan- 
gered, or milk from tubercular cows, is hereby declared to be impure and 
unwholesome. 

(10) That all prosecutions under this ordinance, if the milk shall be shown, 
upon analysis by th"^ inspector of milk and food supplies, chemist, or board of 
health, or by any c mist or chemists appointed or designated by the board of 
health to contain n <te than 88 per cent of watery fluids, or to contain less than 
12 per cent of milk ^lids, or to contain less than 9 per cent of milk solids ex- 
clusive of butter fat, such milk shall be deemed, for the purposes of this ordi- 
nance, to be adulterated. 

(11) That if said inspector of milk and food supplies shall have reason to 
believe the provisions of this ordinance are being violated, he shall have power 
to open any can, vessel, or package containing milk, whether sealed, locked, or 
otherwise, or whether in transit or otherwise; and if, upon inspection, he shall 
find such can, vessel, or package to contain any milk which has been adulter- 
ated, or from which the cream or any part thereof has been removed, or which 
is sold, offered or exposed for sale, in violation of any section of this ordi- 
nance, said Inspector of milk and food supplies is empowered and directed to 
take a sample of the same for analysis and put it into a can, vessel, or package, 
to be sealed in the presence of one or more witnesses, and sent to the chemist of 
the board of health or any chemist or chemists appointed or designated by the 
committee on health; and also to condemn the same and pour the contents of 
such can, vessel, or package upon the ground, or return the same to the con- 
signor, and if, upon analysis, such milk shall prove to be adulterated, shall 
report the offender to the police justice. 

(12) That the board of health shall cause the name and place of business 
of every person convicted of selling adulterated milk, or of having the same in 
his possession, to be published in two daily newspapers of the city for five times 
consecutively. 

(13) That no meats, butter, fish, birds or fowl, fruit or vegetables, nor any 
milk, not being then healthy, fresh, sound, wholesome, and safe for human food, 
nor any meat or fish that died by disease or accident, shall be brought within 
said city, or offered or held for sale in any public or private market, as such 
food, anywhere in said city. 

(14) That no cattle shall be killed for human food while in an overheated, 
feverish, or diseased condition; and all such diseased cattle in the city of 
Richmond, and the place where found, and their disease, shall be at once 
reported to the inspector of milk and food supplies by the owner or custodian 
thereof, that the proper order may be made relative thereto, or for the 
removal thereof from said city. 

(15) That no meat or dead animal above the size of a rabbit shall be taken 
to any public or private market for food until the same shall have fully cooled 
after killing, nor until the entrails, heads, and feet (except of game and 
poultry^ and the heads and feet of swine) shall have been removed. 

(16) That no decayed or unwholesome fruit or vegetables, no impure or 
unhealthy or unwholesome meat, butter, fish, birds, or fowl shall be brought 
into said city, to be consumed or offered for sale for human food, nor shall 
any such article be kept or stored therein. 

(17) That no meat, butter, fish, fruit, vegetables, or unwholesome liquid shall 
knowingly be bought, sold, held, offered for sale, labeled, or any representations 

1 "And poultry " added by amendment of Nov. 18, 1904. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN" THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 335 

made in respect thereof, under a false name or quality, or as being wliat 
the same is not, as represents wholesomeness, soundness, or safety for food or 
drink. 

(18) That every person, being the owner, lessee, or occupant of any room, 
stall, or place where any meat, butter, fish, fruit, or A-egetables, designed or held 
for human food, shall put and keep such room, stall, and place, and its ap- 
purtenances in a clean and wholesome condition ; and every person having 
charge, or interested or engaged, whether as principal or agent, in the care 
or in respect to the custody or sale of any meat, butter, fish, fruit, birds, fowl, 
vegetables, or milk designed for human food, shall put and preserve the same 
in a clean and wholesome condition, and shall not allow the same, or any 
part thereof, to be jwisoned, infected, or rendered unsafe or unwholesome for 
human food. 

(19) It is earnestly desired that every person knowing of any fish, butter, 
meat, fowl, birds, fruit, vegetables, or milk being bought, sold, or offered or 
held for sale as food for human beings, or being in any market, public or 
private, in said city, and not being sound, healthy, or wholesome for such 
food, to forthwith report such facts, and the particulars relating thereto, to, 
the inspector of milk and food supplies. 

(20) That upon any cattle, milk, meat, butter, birds, fowl, fish, or vegetables 
being found by the inspector of milk and food supplies in a condition which 
is, in his opinion, unwholesome and unfit for use as human food, or in a 
condition or of a weight or quality in this ordinance condemned or forbidden, 
he is empowered, authorized, and directed to immediately condemn the same 
and cause it to be removed to the crematory for destruction, and report his 
action to the board of health without delay. 

(21) That any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this ordi- 
nance shall be liable to a fine of not less than $5 nor more than $50 for the 
first ofl:ense, and for the second offense a fine of $100 and revocation of the 
license, said fine to be recoverable before the police justice of the city of 
Richmond. 

(22) The board of health are hereby authorized and empowered to pre- 
scribe rules and regulations particularly defining the duties of the inspector 
of milk and food supplies and of any assistants to such inspector, not incon- 
sistent with the provisions of this ordinance, and said board shall likewise be 
authorized to prescribe rules and regulations for the management of stables or 
dairy farms where cows are kept for the purpose of producing milk to be 
exposed to sale or sold within the city of Richmond, not inconsistent with 
the provisions of this ordinance. 

(23) The inspector of milk and food supplies and his assistants when in 
discharge of official duties are hereby invested with the same police powers 
which are vested in the health officers under the ordinances of the city of 
Richmond. 

(24) This ordinance shall be in force from and after 30 days from its 
passage. 



Rules and Regulations of the Board op PIealth Governing the Production 
AND Handling of Milk to be Sold or Offered for Sale in the City of 
Richmond. 

[Revised by the board of health Apr. 29, 1910.] 

It shall be the duty of all persons engaged in the production or handling of 
milk or cream which is to be sold or offered for sale or which is to be otherwise 
disposed of in the city of Richmond, to notify the chief health officer of the 
city of Richmond immediately if any case of contagious or infectious disease 
is present among any members of their household or among any of their em- 
ployees or their employees' families. The chief health officer shall, upon re- 
ceipt of such notification, investigate, or cause to be investigated, the cir- 
cumstances surrounding the case, after which he may, in his discretion, order 
either that the sale of milk from such farm or dairy be temporarily discon- 
tinued, or that it may be continued under such regulations and restrictions as 
he may direct. 

. The sale of milk from cows suffering from garget or other disease of the 
udders is hereby prohibited, and the dairy inspector shall condemn all milk 
produced in whole or in part from cows so affected. If milk from a cow so 
affected shall have been mixed with the general supply, either at the farm or 



336 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEIGT OF COLUMBIA. 

in any central distributing plant, the entire supply so contaminated shall be 
condemned. 

The d;iiry inspector shall order to be excluded from the rest of the herd all 
cows whose milk is, in his opinion, for any reason unfit or dangerous for 
human consumption, whether on account of disease of the udder, general 
appearance of other disease, or generally bad condition. Exclusion from the 
rest of the herd under such conditions is the only sure means of preventing 
the milk from such cows from being occasionally mixed with the general 
supply by irresiwnsible help. If any dairyman refuses or neglects to separate 
any cow from the rest of his herd when instructed so to do, the dairy inspector 
shall prohibit the sale of milk from such dairy until his instructions have been 
complied with. 

The dairy inspector shall enter on his records all actions taken under the 
last preceding paragraph, together with his reasons for the same. He shall 
also record a full description of all cows thus ordered excluded. Any dairyman 
who desires to appeal from the decision of the dairy inspector shall file with 
the chief health officer of the city of Richmond the certificate of a competent 
and reputable veterinary surgeon, which certificate, shall also contain a full 
description of the cow, or cows, for which said certificate is given, and the 
chief health officer shall decide from all the evidence whether the orders of 
the dairy inspector shall be sustained, but, pending such decision, the cow, or 
cows, in question shall be excluded from the herd. Failure to do so shall 
constitute sufficient ground for revocation of the permit to sell milk in the 
city of Richmond. 

The chief health officer shall consider the certificate of the veterinary only 
in so far as it relates to the physical condition of cows examined, but not as to 
whether said condition renders the milk from such cows unwholesome or 
dangerous for human consumption. 

All cow stables shall be kept clean at all times. Horses or other animals 
(than cows) shall not be kept in cow stables. 

Manure shall be removed from the stable at least twice a day, to a distance 
of at least 75 feet from the stable and from the source of the water supply 
used for washing milk vessels and for other purposes about the milk house. 
The place or places at which manure is deposited shall be approved by the 
dairy inspector. The best disposition, both from the standpoint of sanitation 
and that of securing the full fertilizing value of the manure, is to spread the 
manure daily on the field. 

Privies on dairy farms shall not be located within 100 feet of the cow barn 
or milk house. A greater distance than this is strongly recommended. All 
privies on dairy farms shall, when located within 500 feet of cow barn or milk 
house, conform in their construction to the rules and regulations of the Rich- 
mond Board of Health governing the construction of privies within the city of 
Richmond, and the night soil from such privies shall be removed not less than 
once a week and buried at a point approved by the dairy inspector. 

The water supply used about the dairy shall be clean and pure. No well 
shall be located within less than 100 feet of any privy, hogpen, or manure 
heap or pit. The top of all wells shall be watertight, and the drainage for at 
least 10 feet in every direction shall be away from the well. All wells shall 
be equipped with pumps. The use of buckets, operated by hand, windlass, or 
wellsweep, is positively prohibited. 

All utensils used for milk shall be kept thoroughly cleansed. They must be 
washed as soon as possible after being used, after which they shall be inverted 
and aired in a place free from dust and flies. The sterilization of all milk 
vessels with live steam is strongly recommended. 

Before milking, all manure and other dirt shall be removed from the side, 
belly, and tail of each cow, but this shall not be done so as to produce an 
excess of floating material in the air, which will settle into the milk pail. It 
is advised that long hairs on the udder and tail of the cows be kept clipped. 
Immediately before milking, the udders shall be thoroughly cleansed, by first 
washing with clean water and then drying thoroughly. The water used for 
this purpose shall be changed with •sufiicient frequency to insure cleanliness. 
The use of narrow-top milk pails is strongly urged. 

The milker shall wash his hands thoroughly before milking, after which 
they must be well dried. Hands should be washed after milking every two 
or three cows before going to the next. The clothing of milkers shall be clean 
The use of special milking suits, of washable material is recommended. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 337 

The board of health regards the prompt cooling of milk to as low a tempera- 
ture as possible as second in importance only to cleanliness. It is desirable 
to reduce the temperature of the milk at once to not over 50° F. Owing, 
however, to the fact that there are many winters in the climate of Richmond 
during which ice can not be made on the farm, and to the further fact that 
but few of the dairy farms which produce milk for the Richmond market 
have ice ponds available, it is not practicable at the present time to insist on 
so low a temperature as this under all conditions. Moreover, the bacterial 
tests of Richmond milk made* during the past three years have shown that 
(owing to the nearness of the producers to our market) milk of very low 
bacterial content can be regularly placed in our city without insisting on so 
low a temperature. The following temperature regulations have been adopted 
as a result of the observations of the past three years : 

(a) Producers who retail their product in the city of Richmond shall im- 
mediately cool their milk to a tempei-ature not over 60° F. and shall keep it 
at or below that temperature until delivered to the consumer. 

(&) Producers who sell their product at wholesale to a central distributing 
plant at which it is promptly and efficiently cooled before delivery to the con- 
sumer (see sec. c) shall immediately cool their milk to a temperature not 
exceeding 5° F. above the temperature of the well or spring water used for 
cooling. During transportation to the central plant the milk shall be so pro- 
tected that its temperature shall at no time be more than 10° F. above the 
temperature of the well or spring water used for cooling, but the temperature 
of the milk shall in no case be above 70° F. The provisions of this section (6) 
shall apply only to milk regularly delivered at a central distributing plant within 
three hours after milking, and shall further apply only if the milk is, immedi- 
ately upon its receipt, cooled to 40° F., or lower. (See sec. c.) Producers 
making only one delivery a day to a central plant shall cool promptly to not 
over 50° F. and shall maintain at not over that temperature until delivered at 
the central plant all milk sent from the milking not immediately preceding 
delivery at the central plant, unless the milk from this milking is to be used 
for butter making only, in which case its temperature shall not exceed 70° F. 

(c) Dairies (or creameries) which distribute milk obtained from a number 
of producers, thus subjecting the milk to a second handling and exposure, shall 
cool all milk, immediately upon its receipt, to a temperature not exceeding 
40° F. and shall maintain it at a temperature of not over 50° until delivered 
to the consumer. 

(d) Producers furnishing milk to creameries which supply only cream or 
butter to the Richmond market, the milk being separated at the creamery 
for this purpose, shall not be required to cool their milk on the farm, provided 
such milk is regularly delivered at the creamery within three hours after 
milking, but if only one delivey is made at the creamery each day, the milk 
from the milking not immediately preceding delivery at the creamery shall be 
cooled to at least 70° F. and kept at or below that temperature until delivered 
at the creamery. 

The inspectors of the Richmond Health Department shall prohibit the sale 
of any milk found by them in the city of Richmond at a temperature of 70° F. 
or over, but they may allow such milk to be used for butter making, provided 
they are confident that the privilege so granted will not be abused. 

In all cases in which cooling at the farm is required under the above regula- 
tions, the milk from each cow shall be immediately taken from the stable and 
cooled by running it over a cooler (or "aerator") of a form approved by the 
dairy inspector. 

All cooling, straining, and other handling of the milk until it is placed in cans 
or bottles for delivery shall be conducted in a milk house, which shall be 
separate from the stable or any living room and which shall not open directly 
into the stable. The milk house shall have a nonabsorbent floor and Smooth, 
tight side walls and ceiling. It shall be provided with screens at all windows 
and doors for protection from flies. It shall be free from dust and objectionable 
odors, and shall be kept clean at all times. 

The presence of as many as 250,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter in milk 
as it arrives on the Richmond market is hereby declared by the board of health 
to be evidence of improper methods in the production and handling of the milk, 
and all producers whose milk is found to contain 250,000 bacteria per cubic 
centimeter, but less than 500,000, shall be warned that they must locate and 
correct the existing difficulties. 

82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-3 ^22 



338 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Milk containing 500,000 bacteria or over per cubic centimeter is hereby 
declared to be unfit for human consumption. Owing to the fact that bacterial 
counts can not be determined until the day after the samples are collected for 
examination, it is impossible to condemn any special lot of milk on account of 
its high bacterial content. A single sample of this kind, however, shows that 
something is radically wrong. When, therefore, a sample of milk, as delivered 
an the Richmond market, is found to contain 500,000 bacteria or over per 
.cubic centimeter, the fact shall be at once reported to the chief health officer, 
who shall order further shipments from the farm at which said milk was pro- 
duced stopped until the cause for this unjustifiably high bacterial content has 
been found and corrected, unless, in his opinion, satisfactory arrangements can 
be made for using the milk from such dairy farm or butter-making purposes 
only until the difficulty has been found and corrected. 

During the entire year of 1909 only 39 samples of milk (or 3.8 per cent of 
the 1,018 samples examined by the Richmond Health Department) were found 
to contain as many as 250,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. Only 2 of these 
39 (or two-tenths of 1 per cent of all the samples examined) contained over 
500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. These results show that it is entirely 
practicable and reasonable to insist that no milk containing over 250,000 
bacteria per cubic centimeter shall come on the Richmond market. 

All bacterial counts for the purpose of these rules shall be made by plating the 
milk (in the proper dilutions) on agar made in accordance with the recom- 
mendations of the committee on standard methods of water analysis of the 
American Public Health Association, and the counts shall be made after incu- 
bating the plates at body temperature for 18 to 24 hours. 

The words " Certified milk " are universally understood as applicable only 
to milk complying with certain especially high standards and certified to by a 
body competent to furnish such certificate. The unauthorized use of these 
words on bottle caps, in circulars, in advertisements, or in any manner what- 
soever in connection with milk not complying with the conditions commonly 
demanded for certified milk is hereby declared to be improper and misleading, 
and any person guilty of such improper use of the words " Certified milk " will 
be reported to the police court. 

Pasteurization of milk or cream, or any other process of a similar character, 
will not be accepted by the Richmond Health Department as a substitute for 
cleanliness in the production and handling of milk. Pasteurization of milk or 
cream is not prohibited, but the milk or cream so treated shall be produced 
under conditions in all respects equal to those demanded for the production 
of milk or cream not subjected to pasteurization. 

All milk wagons from which milk is sold by measure shall be provided with 
a tight metal receptacle for all measures and other utensils used in the 
handling of milk on the streets, which receptacle shall have a false, removable, 
perforated metal bottom. All measures and utensils shall be kept in this 
receptacle while the wagon is on its rounds and the receptacle shall be 
thoroughly cleansed and aired twice a day, the false bottom being taken out 
for cleaning. 

No dairyman shall deliver bottled milk at any house in which there is a 
case of contagious or infectious disease. In such cases, the householder shall 
provide his own receptacle for milk, which shall not be taken to the dairy. 
The presence of a warning sign of the Richmond Health Department on the 
premises shall be considered sufficient notice to the driver of the presence of 
contagious disease, but for those diseases which are not placarded (especially 
typhoid fever), the chief health officer will, so far as possible, send written 
notices to the dairyman in each case. Whenever any person in whose home 
there is a case of contagious or infectious disease changes milkmen before the 
case has recovered it shall be the duty of the dairyman who discontinues the 
delivery of milk at said house to inform the chief health officer at once in 
order that his successor may also be notified. 

No person shall use, or cause or permit to be used for any other purpose 
than the holding of milk or cream any milk bottle, can, or other receptacle 
used for the transportation or delivery of milk. 

It shall be the duty of all persons having in their possession bottles, cans, or 
other receptacles used for the transportation or delivery of milk or cream to 
cleanse, or cause to be cleansed, all such milk vessels immediately after empty- 
ing. All dairymen are requested to report to the health department any person 
who returns milk bottles in dirty condition or milk bottles which have appar- 
ently been used for other purposes. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 339 

Such preliminary washing of bottles by the consumer is intended only to 
prevent the accumulation of caked milk, which is difficult to remove subse- 
quently. All bottles, cans, and other vessels used in the distribution of milk 
shall be thoroughly cleansed at the dairy before being again used, the cleansing 
and general methods of handling being conducted in such manner as approved 
by the chief health officer. 

Under the milk ordinance of June 9, 1904, the use of distillery waste as a 
food for milch cows was expressly prohibited. Since the work of dairy inspec- 
tion was actively undertaken in May, 1907, this matter has been carefully and 
continuously investigated and considered, with the result that the board of 
health has reached the conclusion that distillery waste is a valuable food and 
that its use is free from objection provided the product is properly handled. For 
this reason the board of health requested the city council to amend the original 
ordinance so as to allow the use of distillery waste under such rules and regu- 
lations of the board of health as are necessary to insure its proper handling. 
The ordinance has now been amended (Mar. 19, 1910) and the board of 
health has adopted the following rules, which will be rigidly enforced. 



Rules and Regulations of the Board of Health Concerning the Feeding 
OF Distillery Waste and " Brewers' Grains " to, Milch Cows Producing 
Milk ok Cream to be Sold on the Richmond Market. 

[Adopted by tlie board of health Mar. 28, 1910.] 

(1) Distillery waste and brewers' grains are subject to rapid decomposition, 
making them liable to give rise to serious nuisances. It is therefore neces- 
sary that the greatest care be observed by dairymen in the use of these products. 

(2) No distillery waste or brewers' grains shall be fed in barns for two 
hours previous to milking cows, and only then in a well-ventilated barn. 

(3) Distillery waste shall not be fed in the pure state, but must be mixed 
with at least an equal amount of other grains. 

(4) Where a barn contains a nonabsorbent trough or manger, distillery waste 
or brewers' grains may be fed in same, provided trough or manger be kept clean 
and in a perfectly sanitary condition. Where a barn contains a trough or 
manger which, in the opinion of the dairy inspector, is absorbent, buckets must 
be used for the feeding of distillery waste or brewers' grains. These buckets 
must be kept clean, and only allowed in the barn during feeding time. (See 
rule 2.) 

(5) No tank wagons, barrels, feed boxes, or any other receptacle used for the 
transportation or storage of distillery waste or brewers' grains shall be kept 
within 200 feet of cow barns or milk houses. 

(6) Tanks, barrels, or other receptacles used for hauling distillery waste or 
brewers' grains must be water tight and have tops on same, and where in daily 
use they must be washed clean and thoroughly aired at least once in every three 
days in order to prevent decomposition and the development of maggots, 
flies, etc. 

(7) If, in the opinion of the dairy inspector, any dairyman is using distillery 
waste or brewers' grains in other than a perfectly sanitary manner, the dairy 
inspector shall order the use of same immediately discontinued, and shall not 
permit the sale of milk by said dairyman until conditions have been corrected ; 
and if he shall further be of opinion that the arrangements at any dairy farm 
are not such as to make possible the continuance of the feeding of distillery 
waste or brewers' grains in a perfectly sanitary manner, he shall order the 
use of same discontinued until suitable arrangements have been made for the 
proper and sanitary use of these products. 

RULES CONCERNING THE REISSUING OF PERMITS FOR THE SALE OF MILK AFTER 
SAID PERMITS HAVE BEEN SUSPENDED OF REVOKED ON ACCOUNT OF UNCLEANLY 
METHODS. 

[Adopted by the board of health on .Time 14, 1909.] 

Whenever the dairy inspector or his assistant shall find such lack of cleanli- 
ness about any dairy farm supplying milk to the Richmond market as shall 
make necessary the suspension or revocation of the permit of such dairy farm, 
said permit shall not be restored or reissued for a period of at least two days 



340 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 



from the time of such suspension or revocation, and for the second dereliction 
the period of suspension shall be not less than one week. 

Wherever the word " milk " is used in the preceding rules and regulations it 
shall be understood as including cream also, except where otherwise stated or 
where clearly excluded. 

The word " person " shall include firms and corporations. 

All temperatures are " Fahrenheit." 

By order of the board of health. 

E. C. Levy, M. D., 

Chief Health Officer. 



Tahle showing results of hacteriological examination of milk in Richmond 

during 1909. 



Class. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug.- 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Below 10 000 


P.ct. 

7.7 

89.7 

2.6 


P.ct. 

13.1 

80.3 

6.6 


P.ct. 
15.8 
84.2 


P.ct. 

7.6 
89.4 

3.0 


P.ct. 
9.4 
78.9 
11.7 


P.ct. 

1.0 

76.2 

22.8 


P.ct. 


P.ct. 


P.ct. 


P.ct. 
3.6 

79.5 
9.6 
7.3 


P.ct. 

2.2 
81.2 
10.0 

6.6 


P.ct. 
6.9 


10 000 to 100,000 


55.0 

29.0 

14.0 

2.0 


62.6 

29.3 

8.1 


64.6 
31.7 
3.7 


88.1 


100 000 to 250,000 


5.0 


250 000 to 500 000 








































I 


Number of samples 


78 


76 


57 


66 


85 


101 


100 


99 


82 


83 


90 


101 


Average air temperature at 
8 a. m 


"F. 

37 


"F. 

48 


°F. 

46 


"F. 
52 


"F. 

62 


°F. 

71 


"F. 

72 


"F. 

67 


"F. 
65 


"F. 
43 


'F. 
49 


"F. 
31 







Total samples examined, 1,018; above 250,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, 39 samples, or 3.8 per cent 
of all; above 500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, 2 samples (included in above 39), or two-tenths of 1 per 
cent of all samples examined. 



Care of Milk in the Home. 
[Issued by the health department of Richmond, Va.] 

Office of Health Department, 

Richmond, Va., July 10, 1907. 

The quality of the milk supply of a city has a great deal to do with the 
health of the people. The health department of Richmond is doing everything 
in its power to make the milk supply of this city all that it should be from a 
sanitary standpoint, and the dairymen are actively responding to our efforts. 
Since the 1st of May, when this work was begun, there has been a very great 
improvement, though much still remains to be done. 

But it is not sufficient that the milk should be clean and pure when delivered 
to you. Unless the proper care is taken in your own home after the milk is 
received you will not have good milk in spite of our efforts and the work of the 
dairymen. It is therefore important that you should carefully follow the 
instructions given in this circular — not just to-day, but every day the whole year 
round. 

Milk is the most valuable single article of diet known to man, and it is 
the only proper food for babies under 1 year of age, when they can not get 
the nourishment which nature intended for them — their mother's milk. 

But, while good milk is such an excellent food, bad milk is one of the most 
dangerous foods possible, being responsible for a large part of the bowel 
troubles of babies and for the death of very many of them. 

The chief means by which milk is often made dangerous are: (1) Dirty 
methods of keeping and milking the cows, dirty milkers, and dirty milk ves- 
sels; (2) failure to cool the milk promptly and keep it cold until used; and (3) 
keeping the milk too long before it is used. 

Bad milk, therefore, so far as danger to health is concerned, is dirty milk 
or warm, stale milk. 

We are rapidly getting the dairymen of Richmond to understand these facts, 
and we can promise you that the milk supply of Richmond will soon be among 
the best in this country. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTKICT OF COLUMBIA. 341 

In the home, as on the farm and in the city dairy, cleanliness and cold are 
the two essentials in the securing of wholesome milk. 

All vessels used for milk should be thoroughly cleansed as soon as empty, 
using first clean cold water for rinsing, and then scalding them with hot water 
containing a small amount of washing soda or borax. Do not use soap for this 
purpose^ After thorough washing, the vessels should be rinsed with clean 
water and then well aired and sunned, in some place where they will be pro- 
tected from dust. 

If your milkman delivers his milk in sealed bottles, see that he does not 
leave these in a place where they will be exposed to the heat of the sun before 
being brought into the house. They should be taken in as soon as possible 
and stood at once in the refrigerator until used. As soon as you have emptied 
a bottle, wash it out carefully. Do not return to your milkman bottles con- 
taining stale milk. 

If you are getting bottled milk and if a case of typhoid fever or other 
" catching " disease breaks out in your house, you should tell your milkman 
at once, and he should not take awaj^ any milk bottles from your house until 
after the case has gotten well, as one of these bottles might otherwise be the 
means of carrying the disease to other houses. We will instruct the milkmen 
what to do in such cases. 

If >our milkman does not deliver his milk in bottles it is best to have him 
deliver it directly to you or your servant, and you should see that it is put 
on ice immediately and kept cold. 

The practice of putting out an uncovered pitcher or other vessel for milk 
the night before can not be too strongly condemned. 

Such a pitcher or vessel, exposed to the dust and dirt of the street, will col- 
lect thousands of germs before the milk is put into it. Many of these may be 
dangerous to life and health, besides which they will certainly cause the milk 
to sour in a short time and become unfit for use. The purest milk received in 
such a vessel may become as bad in a few hours as the worst milk from a 
dirty farm. 

If you are compelled to stand out a vessel to receive your milk, provide your- 
self with several glass preserve jars, which should be used for this purpose 
only. They should be kept well washed and aired as above described. Get 
jars with clamp tops. Those with screw tops are hard to keep properly 
cleansed. Do not use the rubber ring which comes with most jars, as it is 
difficult to keep clean and the jar will be sufficiently tight without it. Instead 
of a preserve jar a bowl, covered by a plate, may be used. A pitcher can not be 
tightly covered on account of the projecting spout. 

Give your own personal attention to your milk vessels. 

The milkmen of Richmond state that many persons in this city have the 
idea that if milk is delivered to them warm this is a proof of its being fresh 
from the cow, and hence better. So far from this being true, only by cooling 
the milk as soon as it is gotten from the cow is it possible to prevent rapid 
decomposition of the milk in warm weather.. The regulations of the health 
department (which have been adopted for your benefit) require that all milk 
sold in Richmond shall be cooled as soon as possible after milking. 

While bad milk is the chief cause of bowel troubles among young infants, it is 
by no means the only cause. Improper feeding is another cause. Never give 
anything but milk to a child under 1 year, unless advised to do so by your 
family doctor. 

If your baby has any bowel trouble call in your doctor at once, so that the 
case may be treated before it has gone too far. 

Never buy milk for the baby from a grocery store. Store milk has often 
been kept over from the day before, and only too often without ice or in an 
open pitcher in a refrigerator in which meats and vegetables are also kept. It 
is dangerous as food for babies. 

By paying careful attention to the above instructions you will do much 
toward keeping your family well during the summer (and especially the little 
ones who live on milk). You will also find that your milk will keep longer 
and taste better. 

Keep this circular and read it from time to time until thoroughly familiar 
with its contents. If you change servants be sure to give instructions to the 
new ones in the care of milk in your home. 



342 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

TOPEKA, KANS. 

[Published In the Topeka State Journal Oct. 27, 1910.] 

AN ORDINANCE (No. 4008) Creating the office of milk inspector in the city of Topeka, 
providing for his appointment and regulating the sale and delivery of milk, cream, and 
icp croam in said city, providing penalties for the violation thereof ; repealing ordinance 
No. 29o8, approved May 5, 1909, and ordinance No. 2946, approved May 26, 1909, and 
all other ordinances and parts of ordinances in conflict with this ordinance. 

Be it ordained hy the hoard of commissioners of the city of Topeka: 

Section 1. Inspector; qualifications; terms; salary. — There is hereby created 
the office of milk inspector of the city of Topelfa, Kans. Such milk inspector 
shall be appointed by the board of commissioners of said city. He shall be a 
graduate of an accredited veterinary college. His term of office shall be for a 
period of two years and until his successor is appointed and qualified : Provided, 
hoicever, That his term of office shall expire with the term of office of the board 
appointing him. He shall receive a salary of $1,200 per annum, payable 
monthly. Before entering upon the discharge of his duties he shall give a bond 
in the sum $500, conditioned for the faithful performance of his duties. 

Sec. 2. Registration; fees; records. — It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, 
or corporation to sell, offer for sale, or have in their possession with intent to sell, 
any milk or cream for consumption as milk or cream, or for the manufacturing 
of ice cream, or to manufacture ice cream for sale, within the city of Topeka, 
without possessing a registration certificate from the milk inspector of said city. 
Such registration certificate shall be obtained by filing with the milk inspector 
an application giving the number and particular location of the cows or of the 
place of business from which such person, firm, or corporation purposes to sell 
milk, cream, or ice cream. Upon receipt of said application, and upon payment 
by the applicant of a clerical ^e of 25 cents, said milk inspector shall issue to 
such person, firha, or corporation a registration certificate. Such registration 
certificate shall remain in force and effect during the current fiscal year in 
which it is issued — that is, until the January 1 following its date of issue — 
unless revoked by the milk inspector for failure to comply with the provisions 
of this ordinance. A revoked registration certificate shall be renewed only 
upon recommendation of the milk inspector. 

For the purpose of paying the cost of inspection, as provided in this ordinance, 
all persons, firms, and corporations engaged in keeping milk depots, conducting 
ice-cream manufactories, or peddling milk within the city limits of the city 
of Topeka shall pay to the city treasurer the following fees, respectively, to wit : 

Milk depots and retail milk peddlers selling less than — 

15,000 pounds of milk and cream, per month $1 

15,000 pounds to 40,000 pounds, per month 2 

40,000 pounds to 80,000 pounds, per month 4 

80,000 pounds to 160,000 pounds, per month 8 

160,000 pounds to 240,000 pounds, per month 12 

240,000 pounds to 320,000 pounds, per month 15 

320,000 pounds or OA^er, per month 20 

Provided, however. That no inspection fees shall be required of persons living 
in the city and keeping only one cow. 

Above fees to be based on the number of pounds of milk and of cream sold dur- 
ing the month next preceding and to be paid on or before the fifth day of each 
calendar month. 

Ice-cream factories, making ice cream for sale only on the premises 

where made, per year $10 

.All other ice-cream manufacturers, per year _ 20 

Above fees shall be paid semiannually on or before the 1st day of January 
and July of each year. 

Milk depots shall keep such records as will enable the milk inspector to de- 
termine the number of pounds of milk or cream sold by them, and these records 
shall, at all times, be open for his inspection. 

Sec. 3. Each vendor of milk, cream, or ice cream shall, before engaging in the 
sale of milk, cream, or ice cream, cause his name and place of business to be 
placed, and to remain, in letters not less than 3i inches in height on each outer 
side of all wagons or other vehicles used by such vendor in the conveyance or 
sale of milk, cream, or ice cream. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTHICT OF COLUMBIA. 343 

Sec. 4. Unwholesome milk defined. — Milk produced from cows kept in an iu- 
sanitaiy, poorly lighted, or poorly ventilated stable, or produced by cows not 
kept clean, or any milk obtained from cows that are fed on city slop or refuse 
matter from any starch factory, decomposed feed, stable manure, bedding, or 
any article of food which is fermenting or fermented other than clean, well- 
cured silage ; or milk stored in an insanitary place, or milk kept or delivered in 
\essels not properly cleaned, or vessels which are rusted, or in wooden vessels, 
or milk in which a sediment collects on standing. It shall be unlawful for any 
person to sell or offer for sale or exchange milk known as " unwholesome milk." 
The milk inspector shaU have authority to condemn unwholesome milk for food 
purposes. 

Sec. 5. Skimmed m,ilk. — It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corpora- 
tion to sell, offer for sale, or have in possession with intent to exchange or sell, 
any milk from which any cream has been removed, or from which any strip- 
pings have been kept back or removed, unless the utensils in which said milk 
is stored and sold are marked in clear letters, showing the per cent of fat which 
such milk contains, or be marked " skim milk." 

Sec. 0. Milk and cream; standard. — It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, 
or corporation to sell, offer for sale, or have in possession with intent to sell, 
any milk to which any water or other adulterant has been added, or milk show- 
ing less than 3.25 per cent of fat or less than 8.75 per cent of solids not fat, 
unless branded in clear letters and figures showing the per cent of fat the milk 
contains. The person purchasing the same must be informed by the salesman 
of said milk that the milk is not up to the standard required. All restaurants 
selling milk below the required standard shall have posted in a conspicuous 
place a sign containing the legend " We serve skim milk," in letters not less 
than 2 inches in height. It shall be unlawful to sell, offer for sale, or have in 
possession with intent to sell, any milk produced by any cow or cows before the 
sixth day after freshening and less than 20 days before freshening. It shall also 
be unlawful to sell or offer for sale any cream containing less than 18 per cent 
of fat, unless the said cream be labeled showing the per cent of fat contained 
therein. 

Sec. 7. Infection; contaw,ination ; temperature. — It shall be unlawful for any 
person, firm, or corporation to sell or offer for sale any milk, cream, or ice cream 
which has been milked or handled by any person suffering from or exposed to 
any contagious or infectious disease, or milk, cream, or ice cream handled in 
utensils washed in water from creeks, springs, or other places liable to con- 
tamination from surface draining, or milk having a temperature of more than 
60° one hour or longer after it is drawn. 

Sec. S. Where handled. — It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corpora- 
tion to sell, offer for sale, or have in possession with intent to sell, any milk 
or cream bottled in any barn, living room, wagon, general store, or in any other 
room used for any purpose other than the handling of milk and its products. 

Sec. 9. Closed containers. — It shall be unlawful for general stores to sell, offer 
for sale, or have in their possession with intent to sell, milk or cream in any 
but closed containers, and such containers must not be opened within such 
stores, or for any retailers of milk or other person, firm, or corporation to 
have for sale, milk or cream on any street in any but closed containers, and such 
containers must not be opened for the delivery of milk or cream or for any pur- 
pose other than procuring samples by the milk inspector. 

Sec. 10. Physicians; duties. — Any physician finding a case of typhoid fever, 
diphtheria, or scarlet fever within the city shall ascertain the name of the dairy- 
man furnishing milk to the family in which the disease occurs and report at 
once to the milk inspector the location of the disease and the name of the dairy- 
man furnishing milk to the family. But nothing in this section shall be con- 
strued to apply to regularly conducted hospitals. 

Sec. 11. Sanitary places and utensils. — Every person, firm, or corporation 
handling milk or cream or ice cream for sale in the city of Topeka shall keep 
such milk or cream or ice cream in a clean, well-ventilated, and sanitary place, 
and it shall be the duty of said person, firm, or corporation to cause all cans, 
bottles, and other receptacles used in the handling of milk or cream or ice cream 
to be thoroughly washed and then sterilized with boiling water or live steam 
each time they are used, as soon as they are empty. Cans used for delivery of 
milk or cream to depots shall be treated as above at the depot and be returned 
empty to the shipper. It shall be unlawful for any person or persons handling 
milk or cream to use any of the milk or cream utensils for storing or transport- 
ing any substance other than milk or cream. 



344 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

Sec. 12. Ice cream; regulation. — It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or 
corporation to sell, offer for sale, or have In possession with intent to sell, ice 
cream that has been placed in cans not properly cleaned or in rusted cans, or 
ice cream made from unwholesome cream, or ice cream containing less than 14 
per cent of butter fat: Provided, That fruit ice cream may contain as low as 
12 per cent butter fat. 

Sec. 13. Unhealthy coios. — It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or cor- 
poration to sell, offer for sale, trade, or exchange milk produced by unhealthy 
cows or by cows milked or handled in the same stable, corral, or place of milk- 
ing where such diseased cows are kept. The health of the cow shall be deter- 
mined by a competent veterinarian. 

Sec. 14. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to sell or 
offer for sale any milk or cream within the city of Topeka unless the cows pro- 
ducing such milk or cream shall have passed the tuberculin test administered 
under the direction of the live stock sanitary commissioner, and shall be sub- 
sequently tested under the same authority as frequently as may in the judgment 
of the milk inspector be necessary. The milk inspector shall have the author- 
ity to administer, whenever he deems it advisable, auy approved test for tuber- 
culosis to any cow producing milk or cream for sale within the city of Topeka, 
and his findings shall be final unless reversed by the live stock sanitary com- 
missioner : Proviiled, That the provisions of this section shall not apply to cows 
producing cream sterilized by heating to a temperature of 190° F. and used in 
the manufacture of ice cream. 

Sec 15. Preservatives. — ^Any milk or the products made therefrom found to 
contain any form of preservatives shall be condemned for food by the milk 
inspector, and any person, firm, or corporation offering for sale or selling any 
such milk or milk products or trading or exchanging the same in the city of 
Topeka shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof 
shall be punished as hereinafter provided. 

Sec. 16. Inspector to visit score cards. — It shall be the duty of the said 
inspector to visit, or cause to be visited, as frequently as he deems necessary, 
all dairies and inspect and score the same according to the score card author- 
ized and used by the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, and he shall have the authority to revoke the registration 
certificate of anyone maintaining an unsatisfactory dairy and of anyone sell- 
ing milk from such dairy. A copy of the score card shall be left with the 
owner and such information given as will assist the producer to improve the 
sanitary conditions or remedy such defects as the score card indicates. A copy 
of the score shall be filed in the inspector's office. The said inspector shall 
make reports to the city clerk annually, or oftener, as the commissioner of 
parks and public buildings may direct. 

Sec. 17. Inspection ; qualifications; power; samples. — The inspector must 
be a competent man and he shall prove his proficiency by passing an examina- 
tion, both oral and written, which shall be prepared and given under the 
direction of the State dairy commissioner and the professor of dairy hus- 
bandry of the Kansas State Agricultural College. 

The said inspector shall have authority to enter, without previous notice, any 
dairy, milk depot, ice cream or milk salesrooms, or any place where milk or 
cream or their products are kept, sold, or prepared for sale and take such 
amount as will prove a sufficient sample to perform the necessary tests, such as 
may be desired by the said inspector. 

Where the said inspector finds any milk indicating the presence of water or 
the removal of fat it shall be his duty, whenever practicable, to visit the herd 
where such milk is produced and see the herd milked and the milk mixed, after 
which he shall take a sample of milk and seal the same with the seal of his 
office and keep the sample locked in a cool place until he has secured a sample 
of the next regular milking. The sample must be in proportion to the milk 
given at each milking. The per cent of solids not fat and the fat of these 
collected samples shall be considered the standard of the said herd, provided 
these samples are collected within four days from the time the suspected 
sample was collected and tested. 

Sec 18. Millc wagons; inspector; duty. — The inspector of milk shall provide 
himself with proper instruments for testing the purity of milk, and he shall 
have authority to stop any wagon or person carrying milk for sale or selling or 
offering for sale in the city of Topeka at any time or place and either test or 
procure a sample of the same : Provided, The inspector of milk shall not detain 
any wagon or person engaged in carrying milk for a longer period than is neces- 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 345 

sary to test the same, and may confiscate such milk if found unwholesome as 
specified in this ordinance, and shall arrest and prosecute any person found 
selling, exposing, or offering for sale any milk in violation of this ordinance. 

Sec. 19. Inspector; test of samples.— The said inspector may have tests made 
of milk samples for fat, adulteration by water or any solid or liquid for pre- 
servati^'cs, or bacterial contents, or the bacterial contents of water used for 
cleaning milk utensils by sending samples to the director of experiment station 
at Manhattan, Kans., with description of test desired. The result of such test 
shall be taken as correct. 

Sec. 20. Inspector; rules and regulations. — The inspector shall have authority, 
by and with advice of the State dairy commissioner and interested dairymen, to 
formulate rules and regulations for carrying into effect the provisions of this 
ordinance, which shall, when approved by the board of commissioners of the 
city of Topeka, be in force and effect binding as parts of this ordinance. 

Sec. 21. Penalty. — It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation, 
or any ofiicer, agent, servant, or employee of such person, firm, or corporation, to 
violate any of the provisions of this ordinance ; and any person, firm, or corpora- 
tion, or any officer, agent, servant, or employee of such person, firm, or corpora- 
tion, violating any of the provisions of this ordinance shall be deemed guilty of 
a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not 
less than $5 nor more than $100 for each offense ; and such person shall thereby 
forfeit his registration certificate. 

Sec. 22. No prosecution now pending, and no offenses heretofore committed 
under ordinances heretofore enacted, shall be affected in any way by the pro- 
visions of this ordinance; but all such prosecutions shall be conducted to final 
judgment and all such offenses shall be prosecuted in the same manner as if 
this ordinance had not been enacted. 

Sec. 23. Repeal. — Ordinance No. 2938, approved May 5, 1909, entitled "An 
ordinance creating the office of milk inspector in the city of Topeka, providing 
for his appointment, and regulating the sale and delivery of milk, cream, and 
ice cream in said city, providing penalties for the violation thereof, and repeal- 
ing ordinance No. 2871, approved August 6, 1908, and all ordinances and parts 
of ordinances in conflict with this ordinance." and ordinance No. 2946, approved 
May 26, 1909, amending section 2 of said ordinance No. 2938, and all other ordi- 
nances and parts of ordinances in conflict with this ordinance are hereby 
repealed. 

Sec. 24. Talcing etfect. — This ordinance shall take effect and be in force from 
and after its publication in the official city paper. 

Passed the board of commissioners October 24, 1910. 

Approved October 25, 1910. 

[SEAL.] J. B. BiLLARD, Mayor. 

Attest : 

C. B. BuEGE, City Cleric. 



WHEELING, W. VA. 

AN ORDINANCE Regulating the sale of milk and prohibiting the sale or exchange of 
unclean, impure, adulterated, or unwholesome milk or cream ; providing for the issuing 
of permits to persons engaged in dealing in milk ; for the inspection of samples ; author- 
izing the health officer to require the tuberculin test of any herd suspected of infec- 
tion with tuberculosis, etc. 

Be it ordained ty the council of the city of Wheeling: 

Section 1. No person, dealer, firm, or corporation shall bring or send into 
the city of Wheeling, W. Va., or sell or exchange, or offer or expose for sale or 
exchange, any milk without first having obtained a legal permit so to do, to 
be furnished without cost by the city health officer. The applicant will be 
required to present a satisfactory certificate from the city veterinarian show- 
ing his premises and herd to be in a clean and sanitary condition and his 
herd free from disease. Such permits must be renewed in the month of May 
each year and such permit must be furnished without cost to the applicant. 
The health officer may require the tuberculin test of any herd suspected of 
infection with tuberculosis. After the permit is granted, no person, dealer, 
firm, or corporation may change source of milk or cream supply without 
the approval of the city health officer, and no permit shall be transferred with- 
out consent of said health officer. 



346 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

The city healtli officer may at any time revoke any permit or license that 
may be granted by him for a failure on the part of the licensee to comply 
with the orders and regulations for the sale of milk or cream now in force. 

Sec. 2. No person, firm, or corporation shall sell or exchange, or offer or 
expose for sale or exchange any unclean, impure, unwholesome, adulterated, or 
unhealthy milk or cream within the city of Wheeling. The terms " adul- 
terated" or " unwholesome" as used in this ordinance are held to mean — 

First. Milk containing more than 87 per cent of water or fluids. 

Second. Milk containing less than 13 per cent of milk solids. 

Third. Milk containing less than 3^ per cent of fats, or having a specific 
gravity of less than 1.029. 

Fourth. Milk drawn from animals within 15 days before or 5 days after 
parturition. 

Fifth. Milk drawn from animals fed on any unhealthy or unwholesome food 
or drink. 

Sixth. Milk drawn from cows kept in a crowded or unhealthy condition. 

Seventh. Milk containing more than 2 per cent acidity. 

Eighth. Milk containing pus cells. 

Ninth. Milk which has been adulterated with water or any other fluid, or 
to which has been added, or into which has been introduced any foreign sub- 
stance whatever. 

Tenth. Cream sold or offered or kept for sale as such must contain at least 
18 per cent butter fat. 

Eleventh. Milk containing more than 100,000 bacteria to cubic centimeter. 

Twelfth. Milk or cream reacting to the usual or ordinary test or tests for 
forinalin, salicylic acid, or boric acid. 

Sec. 3. No person, dealer, firm, or corporation shall sell, or offer for sale, or 
have in possession for the purpose of sale, any milk from which the cream 
or any part of such cream has been removed, unless in a conspicuous place, 
above the center and on the outside of every vessel in which such milk is 
sold or kept, the words " skimmed milk " are distinctly marked in metallic 
letters, permanently soldered, to be not less than 1 inch in height ; or, where 
the entire can of milk is sold and delivered to one place or customer, a paper 
label, white with red letters, " skimmed milk," posted on the can near center ; 
paper label to be 4 inches by 6 inches and to be furnished by the health officer, 
none other can be' used : Provided, That in case of the delivery of skimmed 
milk in glass bottles the words " skimmed milk " shall be blown in the bottles 
in letters not less than 1 inch in height. Nor shall any person, firm, or corpo- 
ration selling milk, or his, their, or its agent or agents sell as skimmed milk 
any milk which has a less percentage of casein and salts than that contained 
in unskimmed milk. 

Sec. 4. No person, firm, or corporation within the city of Wheeling shall 
deliver, sell, offer, or expose for sale, or have in his, their, or its possession for 
the purpose of sale, any milk or cream in glass jars or bottles, unless said jars 
or bottles have been thoroughly washed and cleaned before being last filled; 
no person shall keep milk or fill glass jars or bottles with milk or cream in any 
barn or stable, or in any public street or place. 

Sec. 5. No person, firm, or corporation within the city of Wheeling shall sell, 
offer, or expose for sale, milk from any vehicle unless said vehicle bears in a 
conspicuous place, plainly and legibly on each outer side and near the front 
thereof, a metal sign issued annually by the city bearing the year, license 
number, and name of business; and in case milk is sold from cans or vessels, 
where no vehicle is used, unless the license number shall be placed in a con- 
spicuous place on such can or vessel ; or if such milk is sold or exposed for 
sale within a store or a house, unless such license number shall be there ex- 
posed in some conspicuous place. 

Sec. 6. No person, firm, or corporation within the city of Wheeling shall keep 
milk intended for sale or exchange in a sleeping or living room, or in any room 
which is not kept clean at all times, or in which the plumbing is not constructed 
in accordance with sanitary plumbing ; or keep milk in any cans not made of 
well-tinned iron with inner surfaces smooth and free from rust ; or fail to report 
forthwith to the health officer any cases of contagious disease on the premises 
where milk is produced or sold. The owner shall be held liable for the acts of 
his agent for any violation of the sections of this ordinance, and the intention 
of any person doing or omitting to do any such act is immaterial in prosecution 
hereunder. 



THE MILK SITUATION IIST THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 347 

Sec. 7. Inspections of milk in all dairies, and Of all milk venders, shall be 
made under the direction of milk inspectors authorized by the health officer 
of the city ; and all persons, firms, or corporations selling, exchanging, or offer- 
ing or exposing for sale or having in possession milk or cream for sale, delivery, 
or exchange, either on their own account or for any other person or corpora- 
tion, shall at all times on demand furnish to the said milk inspectors of the 
city of Wheeling, and permit such inspectors to take from them such samples 
as said inspectors may require ; and such samples shall be given, or permitted to 
be taken, at such time and place as may be demanded by said inspectors. 
Every sample of milk delivered to any of the milk inspectors of the city shall 
have a label attached to the vessel containing such sample, which shall have 
been written thereon at the time of the delivery of such sample, the number of 
the dealer's license, the number of the sample, the date of collection, and the 
name of the inspector ; and a memorandum shall be made by the inspector 
collecting such sample of the number of the sample, the name of the owner 
and driver from whom collected, and a duplicate of the sample sealed in the 
bottle or vessel shall be delivered to the person from whom such sample is 
taken. Each sample shall be examined separately, according to its number, by 
the milk inspector, who shall register the specific gravity, temperature, and the 
percentage of butter fat opposite a corresponding number in the book kept for 
that purpose ; the name of the owner to be subsequently inserted. 

Sec. 8. No person, firm, or corporation selling or exchanging or offering of 
exposing for sale milk in the city of Wheeling in bottles to any dwelling or other 
house that has in it any contagious disease or diseases, or that is placarded 
by the health officer for contagious disease or diseases, shall remove from such 
dwelling or house any bottle or receptacle which has been or is used for the 
purpose of receiving or storing milk, until such placard has been removed by 
the proper authorities. No person suffering from, or who has knowingly, 
within a period of 20 days, been exposed to diphtheria, scarlet fever, erysipelas, 
smallpox, or other dangerous contagious disease, unless proper disinfection 
under direction of health officer has been had, shall work or assist in or about 
any dairy or dairy farm ; no proprietor, manager, or superintendent of any dairy 
or dairy farm who supplies milk to the citizens of the city of Wheeling, W. Va., 
shall knowingly permit any person suffering, or exposed as aforesaid, to work 
or assist in or about said dairy or dairy farm. 

Sec. 9. The health officer shall not issue a permit to any person to sell milk 
in the city of Wheeling who does not furnish once in every six months the health 
department with a certificate from a duly qualified veterinary surgeon to the 
effect that the cattle from which the milk he proposes to sell is obtained are 
entirely free from disease ; and said certificate shall be kept on file in the health 
department, and shall embrace a descriptive enumeration of the cattle exam- 
ined. The health officer may require the tuberculin test if any herd is sus- 
pected of infection with tuberculosis. 

Sec. 10. Every person, firm, or corporation maintaining a dairy farm shall 
keep the same and all appurtenances thereto clean and wholesome at all times, 
shall change the water in the coolers at least once in each day, and no building 
or space shall be used for dairy purposes which is not well lighted and ventilated 
and which is not provided with a suitable floor and properly drained or which 
contains less than 600 feet clear space for each cow. 

Sec. 11. Every person, firm, or corporation using premises for keeping cows 
for dairy purposes shall keep the entire premises clean and in good repair and 
the buildings well painted or whitewashed, and no accumulation of dung shall 
be allowed, but shall be removed at least twice daily and one hour preceding 
every milking of the cows. 

Sec. 12. Milkers and those engaged in the handling of milk or cream shall 
maintain strict cleanliness of their hands and persons while milking and while 
so engaged. 

Sec. 13. Every person, firm, or corporation keeping cows for the production of 
milk for sale shall cause them to be kept clean and wholesome at all times and 
shall cause the teats and the udder to be carefully cleaned with a damp cloth 
immediately before milking and shall cause each of such cows to be properly 
fed and watered. 

Sec. 14. Any person, firm, or corporation using any premises for keeping cows 
for dairy purposes shall provide and use a sufficient number of receptacles of 
nonabsorbent material for the reception, storage, and delivery of milk, shall 
keep them clean and wholesome at all times, and at milking time shall remove 
each receptacle as soon as tilled from the stable or room in which the cows are 



348 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

kept, and it shall imiuediately be cooled to 50° F. and strained through one-half 
inch absorbent cotton or its equivalent. Nor shall any milk or cream be stored 
or kept within any room used for stabling cows or other domestic animals. 

Sec. 15. It shall be the duty of every person having charge or control of any 
premises upon which cows are kept to notify the. health officer of the city of 
Wheeling of the existence of any contagious or infectious disease among such 
cows by letter delivered or mailed within 24 hours after the discovery thereof, 
and to thoroughly isolate any cow or cows so diseased or which he may reason- 
ably believe to be infected, and to exercise such other precaution as may be 
directed, in writing, by the said health officer. 

Sec. 16. No person, firm, or corporation in the city of Wheeling engaged in the 
business of producing milk for sale or exchange, or engaged in the business of 
storing or delivering milk in said city, shall store, cool, or mix said milk in 
any room which is occupied by horses, cows, or other animals. All rooms in 
which milk is stored, cooled, kept, or mixed shall be provided with tight walls 
and floor and kept constantly clean ; the walls and floor of the said rooms to 
be of such a construction as to allow easy and thorough cleansing. The room or 
rooms aforesaid shall contain proper appliances for washing and sterilizing all 
utensils actually employed in the storage, sale, or distribution of milk, and all 
such apparatus and utensils shall be washed with boiling water or sterilized by 
steam regularly after being so used. 

Sec. 17. All dairies or milk depots from which milk is offered for sale in the 
city of Wheeling shall be open at all times to the inspection of the health officer 
of the city of Wheeling or any officer representing him. No dip milk shall be 
sold or exchanged or offered or exposed for sale or exchange in any grocery 
store, bakery, meat shop, confectionery, or any other store where milk is not sold 
exclusively. Milk sold in such places must be bottled at the dairy or city 
depots and kept in a covered box, cooler, or refrigerator under such conditions 
as shall be approved by the health officer. 

Sec. 18. That any person, firm, or corporation violating any of the provisions 
of this ordinance, upon conviction for the first time, shall be adjudged to pay a 
fine of not less than $10 nor exceeding $100, and in default of payment of such 
fine and costs to be imprisoned in the workhouse of said city for not less than 
10 nor more than 30 days, or both fine and imprisonment may be imposed, at 
the discretion of the judge of the police court. Upon a second conviction the 
fine shall not be less than $25 nor more than $100, and in default of the pay- 
ment of such fine and costs imprisonment for not less than 30 days nor more 
than 60 days, or both fine and imprisonment, at the discretion of the court. 
And in addition to the penalty of fine or imprisonment, or both, upon said second 
conviction, the health officer may revoke the license of such person or persons, 
firm, or corporation so offending. 

Sec. 19. All ordinances and parts of ordinances in conflict herewith are hereby 
repealed. 

Sec. 20. This ordinance shall take effect from and after its passage. 

Adopted, second branch, June 11, 1907. 

Adopted, first branch, June 11, 1907. 

Sections 1 and 17 were passed as an amended ordinance April 14, 1908. 



[Post this in your bam.] 
[Department of health, the city of Wheeling.] ^ 

EtJLES AND Regulations Which Must Be Observed by Farmers and Dairymen 
IN THE Cake of the Cows and Handling of Milk Shipped to the City of 
Wheeling. 

the cows. 

1. The cows must be kept clean. 

2. Manure must not be permitted to collect upon the tail, sides, udder, and 
belly of any milch cow. 

STABLES. 

1. Cow stables must be well lighted and ventilated. 

2. Floors must be tight and well drained. 

3. Manure must be removed from the stalls and gutters at least twice daily. 
This must not be done during milking nor within one hour prior thereto. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 349 

4. Walls and ceilings must be kept clean. 

5. Tlie ceilings must be so constructed that dust and dirt therefrom shall not 
readily fall to the floor or into the milk. 

6. Stables must be whitewashed at least once a year. 

THE WATER SUPPLY. 

1. The water used in the barn and for washing milk utensils must be free 
from contamination. 

THE MILK HOUSE. 

1. A milk house must be provided, which is separated from the stable and 
dwelling house. 

2. It must be kept clean and must not be used for any purpose except the 
handling of milk. 

THE MILKERS. 

1. No person having any communicable disease, or one caring for persons 
having any such disease, must be allowed to handle the milk or milk utensils. 

2. The hands of the milkers must be carefully washed immediately before 
milking. 

THE UTENSILS. 

1. All milk utensils, including pails, cans, strainers, and dippers, must be 
kept thoroughly clean and must be washed and scalded after each using. 

THE MILK. 

1. Milk from diseased cows must not be shipped. 

2. The milk must not be in any way adulterated. 

3. The straining of milk must be done in the milk house only. 

4. All milk must be cooled to a temperature not above 55° within two hours 
after being drawn and kept thereafter below that. 

5. The use of any preservative or coloring matter is an adulteration and its 
use by a producer or shipper will be a suflQcient cause for the exclusion of his 
product from the city of Wheeling. 

Recommendations. 

In addition to the preceding rules, the department makes the following 
recommendations : 

THE BARNYARD. 

1. It should be well drained and dry and should be as much sheltered as 
possible from the wind and cold. 

2. Manure should not be allowed to collect in the barnyard and should not 
be at any time in contact with the stable or milk house. 

THE STABLE. 

1. The cow stable should have abundance of light and ventilation. The 
ventilation should preferably be from the top. 

2. There should be at least 600 cubic feet of air space for each cow. 

3. It is desirable that the place where the cows are kept be used for no 
> other purpose. A cow bam should not be used as a storage place for straw, 

hay, or other feeds, or as a wagon or tool house, as the dust and dirt which 
accumulates in a place of this character is liable to drop into the milk while 
being drawn. 

4. Stable floor should be made tight and be of some nonabsorbent material. 

5. Cement or brick floors are the best, as they can be more easily kept clean 
than wood or earth. 

6. If the space over the cow is used for storage of hay, the ceiling should be 
made tight, to prevent chaff and dust falling through. 

The practice, somewhat common among farmers, of packing hay, etc., on loose 
poles over the cows is exceedingly bad, since it invites the collection of dust 
and cobwebs, and the difficulty of keeping the stable clean is increased. 



350 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

7. The stable should be whitewashed at least once a month. 

8. The manure gutter should be from 6 to 8 inches deep and should be kept 
free from manure. 

9. The use of land plaster or lime upon the floors and gutters is recommended. 

10. The flooring where the cows stand should be short enough so that all 
manure will be dropped into the gutter and not upon the floor itself. 

11. The floor should be swept at least an hour before milking, in order that 
the dust may have a chance to settle before the milking is begun. 

12. If individual drinking basins are used for the cows they should be fre- 
quently drained and cleaned. 

THE cows. 

1. The cows should be kept at all times in a healthy condition and an exami- 
nation by a veterinary surgeon should be made twice a year. 

2. The cows should be groomed daily and all collection of manure, mud, or 
other filth should not be allowed to remain upon their flanks, sides, udders, or 
bellies during milking. 

3. The clipping of long hairs from the udder and right side of the cow is of 
assistance in preventing the collection of fllth, which may drop into the milk. 

4. The hair on the tails should be cut so that the brush will be well above the 
ground. 

5. In winter the tail may be clipped. 

6. The cows should be bedded with shavings, dried leaves, straw, or some 
equally clean material. 

7. The use of horse manure for bedding is to be condemned. 

8. To prevent the cows from lying down and getting dirty between cleaning 
and milking, a throat latch of rope or chain should be fastened across the 
stanchions under the cow's neck. 

THE MH^KING AND MILKERS. 

1. The milkers should be clean. 

2. Their hands should be thoroughly washed with soap and water and care- 
fully dried on clean towels before milking. 

3. Clean overalls and jumpers should be worn during the milking of the cows, 
should be used for no other purpose, and when not in use should be kept in a 
clean place protected from dust. 

4. The hands and teats should be kept dry during milking. 

5. The practice of moistening the hands with milk is to be condemned. 

6. The first few streams from each teat should be rejected, as this contains 
more bacteria than the rest of the milk. 

7. All milk drawn from the cows 30 days before and 10 days after calving 
should be rejected, and also all milk from diseased cows. 

8. The pails in which the milk is drawn should have as small an opening at 
the top as can be used in milking. This renders the collection of dust less 
likely. 

10. Dry fodder should not be fed to the cows during or just before milking, 
as dust therefrom will fall into the milk. 

THE MILK. 

1. The milk should be removed to the milk house as soon as drawn and 
strained and cooled to the proper temperature at once. 

2. A good plan is to strain the milk into cans which are standing in ice 
water which reaches the neck of the can. 

3. The more rapidly the milk is cooled the safer it is and the longer it will 
keep sweet. 

4. Ice should be used in cooling, as very few springs are cool enough for the 
purpose, 

5. If aerators are used, they should stand where the air is free from dust or 
odor, and on no account should they be used in a stable. 

6. Milk strainers should be kept exceedingly clean and scalded a second time 
just before using, and if cloth strainers are used, several of them should be 
provided, in order that they may be frequently changed during the straining of 
the milk. 

By order of the department of health, Wheeling, W. Va. 
(Milk is just as clean as the dirtiest thing it touches.) 



THE MILK SITTJATION IN" THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 351 

APPENDIX H. 

COMMTTNICATIONS FROM ME. HERBERT P. CARTER SUBMITTING DETAILS FOR 
ESTABLISHMENT OF LARGE DAIRY FARM FOR SUPPLYING MILK TO THE 
WASHINGTON MARKET. 

Manor Daikt Co., 
Arlmgton, Va., 'Novem'ber 1, 1910. 
Mr. J. L. WiLLiGE. 

Deab Sib : I should be glad if you would look over tlie inclosed paper, wliicli 
is merely an outline sketch. I should also be very pleased if you could come 
out and see our dairy, which was only organized this year. The matter of the 
milk supply is simply a matter of straightforward business, I believe, which can 
easily be settled by competent business men. I will try to see you very soon. 
Yours, truly, 

Herbert P. Carter. 

consumers' milk association of the district of COLUMBIA. 

It is of the utmost importance to residents in the District to have a pure and 
abundant supply of milk. 

This supply can be obtained only by generous treatment of the farmers in 
the matter of payment, together with a demand for milk of high quality. 

If the farmers find that it pays to supply good milk, they will soon increase 
their facilities until all the demands of the District are satisfactorily met. 

At the present time they have not the necessary capital to submit to the tuber- 
culin test for their herds and to meet all the requirements of the health depart- 
ment. Even if they could do so, the price which the dealers are willing to pay 
is insuflBcient to compensate them for the outlay of capital and the labor and 
trouble involved. 

A system could easily be inaugurated of more direct dealing between the con- 
sumer and the farmer than obtains under the existing system, and the result 
would be a better article for the consumer at no higher price than he has been 
accustomed to pay, and far more satisfactory conditions for the farmer. 

It is unnecessary here to dwell on conditions which are well known in regard 
to the scarcity of milk and the unwillingness of farmers to have their herds 
tuberculin tested. It is believed that some such scheme as that which is 
explained below would meet all the difficulties of the situation. 

If the farmers can be insured against loss and a satisfactory price secured 
for their milk, all difficulties in the way of meeting the requirements of the 
health department and of the consumer would speedily be overcome. 

OUTLINE OF PROPOSED SCHEME FOB THE FORMATION OF A CONSUMEES' MILK 

ASSOCIATION. 

A company to be incorporated with sufficient capital to carry out the follow- 
ing objects : 

1, The establishment of one or more stations for the bottling and delivery 
of milk in Washington, with all the necessary equipment. 

2. The making of loans to farmers to enable them to submit their herds to 
the tuberculin test without delay, to replace diseased by healthy cattle, and to 
bring their equipment up to the standard required by the association. These 
loans would be secured by the cattle in the farmer's possession, or other ap- 
proved security, and. would be repaid by the deduction of a reasonable sum from 
the price paid to the farmer for every gallon of milk shipped by him. He 
would be under contract to ship a certain minimum to the association. 

An additional security for these loans would be the compensation by the 
Legislatures of Virginia and Maryland — if any should be voted — for cattle 
slaughtered after reacting to the test. Compensation is already given in the 
District. 

The financial assistance indicated in the second of the above two objects is 
the key to the present situation. The association can gain the good will of 
the farmers, give them a satisfactory return for their products, and at the 
same time earn handsome dividends for the stockholders. 



352 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

It will be obvious that at the present time the carrying out of such a scheme 
will be given plenty of publicity by the papers, and that comparatively little 
advertising will be needed to enable the association to place all the milk that 
it can purchase from the farmers. 

Probably it will be found desirable for the association to give financial help 
to farmers who have good barn accommodation to spare, to enable them to 
increase their stock and the association's supply. 

By paying 30 cents a gallon for highest grade milk and 26 cents a gallon 
for second grade, and retailing them at 10 and 9 cents a quart, respectively, 
the association would make a profit of 10 cents a gallon. The above wholesale 
prices are much higher than dealers now pay, and 2,000 gallons a day could 
easily be obtained. 

A CONCEETE INSTANCE OF THE WAY THE ABOVE PLAN WOULD WORK. 

Farmer B now ships to Washington 40 gallons of milk. He has 20 cows, 
which are not tuberculin tested, and he has inadequate facilities for cooling 
the milk and cleaning his cans. 

He obtains, at most, 22 cents a gallon for his milk, and can not afford to 
have his cattle tested without compensation, or to improve his equipment. 

The association arranges with farmer B to have his herd tested and to 
improve his outfit. It advances, say, $300, for replacing reacting cows with 
healthy animals and for the needed improvements. 

Farmer B can now ship 20 gallons of milk of higher quality, and the asso- 
ciation can afford to pay him 30 cents a gallon. From this they can deduct 
5 cents and so pay off the loan, with interest, in less than a year. The farmer 
will have been getting a net advance of 3 cents a gallon, and at the end of 
the year will have a better herd and better equipment than he had before. 

Capital : 

From $10,000 to $15,000 advanced to farmers at interest. 
Bottles, and complete equipment for bottling, washing, steriliz- 
ing, etc $6,000 

2 motor trucks, at $2,000 4,000 

2 small motor delivery trucks, at $1.000 2, 000 

20 delivery wagons and horses, at $350 7, 000 

Preliminary advertising 1, 000 

20, 000 



Monthly charges: 

- Wages and manager's salary 2, 500 

Rent 300 

Depreciation, repairs, gasoline and oil, horses' feed, bad debts, etc__ 1, 400 

Advertising, etc 100 

4,300 



Monthly income: 

2,000 gallons of milk daily for 80 days sold at a profit of 10 cents 

a gallon over wholesale price 6, 000 

Net monthly profit on investment of $20,000 1, 700 



Manok Dairy Co., 
Arlington, Va., Novem'ber 2, 1910. 
Mr. J. L. WiLLiGE. 

Dear Sir : I have pleasure in inclosing an outline of a plan for the organiza- 
tion of a large dairy business. 

OflScials of the Dairy Division, Bureau of Agriculture, would be well able to 
pass on the reasonableness of my estimates. 

I may say that if a corporation was formed somewhat on the lines sug- 
gested I should be pleased, if the directors so desired, to become associated 
in the management and to place all my time at their disposal for a year or 
two and accept payment entirely according to the results achieved. I am con- 
fident that the plan is the most efficient and economical possible, if it can be 
organized with sufficient capital. 

Yours, very truly, Heebekt P, Oaetbb. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 353 

The proposed establishment of a large dairy farm near Washington, together 
with a town depot for the distribution of milk, the whole to be owned and 
operated by a corporation financed by the people of Washington, D. C. 

Modern requirements in the handling of milk and modern improvements in 
farm machinery make a dairy farm operated on an extensive scale the only 
logical way of dealing with the milk question. 

The essential conditions for any location to be considered for the farm are : 

(1) Part of the farm must touch a convenient railroad line. 

(2) There must be an abundant supply of good water on the farm. A 
running stream, indeed, is essential. 

ADVANTAGES, EFFICIENT COOLING OF MILK, CLEANING AND STERILIZING OF ALL 

"UTENSILS. 

The small farmer can not be expected to get all the expensive apparatus 
which is needed for cooling milk efficiently and for cleaning and sterilizing all 
utensils. 

On the other hand, on a large farm operating its own ice plant, where 2,000 
gallons of milk had to be handled, the cost per gallon for efficient cooling, etc., 
would be insignificant. 

If pasteurizing was desired, it could also be carried out economically. 

EFFICIENT AND ECONOMICAL SHIPPING. 

A refrigerator car on a private siding adjacent to the dairy building, ready 
to be filled with milk cans and attached to a passenger train for Washington. 

Contrast this with the shipping methods possible to the small farmer ! 

It would probably be found desirable to bottle the milk at the farm ready for 
delivery to the consumer. This would add to the cost of shipment, but is the 
most sanitary of all methods, and avoids the delay and expense of an extra 
handling of the milk. 

ECONOMY IN LABOK. 

With a large number of employees, labor can be much more economically and 
systematically directed than is possible on a small farm. 

Reasonable provision, too, can be made for the entertainment of the men and 
their families and for the education of their children. In this way the best 
class of labor can be attracted to the place. 

Besides, the men would always feel certain of their pay. This is not the 
case on every small farm. 

LABOR-SAVING DEVICES. 

Manure spreaders, 2-horse corn planters, and feed cutter with powerful engine 
are typical instances of the kind of machinery which saves a large amount of 
labor on a large farm, but which would be out of the question on a small place. 

A large farm can have a blacksmith shop of its own, which in itself means 
a great saving of time and money. 

i ECONOMY IN FARM HORSES. 

By going in for mule raising and using brood mares for the farm work, 
except for one or two strong teams for the heaviest work, it is possible to 
make the horses almost, if not quite, pay for their own keep. This plan could 
not be carried out on a small farm, but where 20 or more horses were needed 
for farm work it would be most remunerative. 

In the following estimate of capital required, the cost of buildings, etc., Is 
based on the actual cost of material and labor in putting up barns and dairy 
buildings at Arlington, Va., in the summer of 1910, according to plans furnished 
by the Bureau of Agriculture and thoroughly approved by the health depart- 
ment of the District. Allowance is made for grading and all extras. 

With the economies possible in work undertaken on a large scale, with ready 
cash, it is probable that the estimate given might be materially reduced, even 
if everything used was of the best quality. 

The average price of milk to the retail customer is placed at 9 cents per 
quart. Probably 10 cents would be charged for seven months and 8 cents for 
five months in the year. This would make the average price more than 9 cents. 
Oream is sold at a proportionate rate and need not be treated separately. 

82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-3 ^23 



354 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

It might be profitable to undertake butter making on account of the high 
price which could readily be obtained for genuine buttermilk properly shipped. 

There is now a very large and profitable trade in artificial buttermilk, but 
no account is taken of this in order that the estimate of income may be well 
within the mark. 

The profits easily obtainable from hog raising are also disregarded. 

The amount of milk given by each cow is calculated at 2 gallons a day 
on an average. With such a liberal allowance as $100 for the price of each 
cow, this amount ought certainly to be exceeded. 

It is assumed that not much feed would be raised on the farm during the 
first year, and the daily allowance is therefore placed at 20 cents per cow. 
For the second year 10 cents per cow is allowed, but this amount would 
gradually be reduced as the farm reached a higher state of cultivation, and 
the profits would be correspondingly increased. For the summer months, at 
any rate, it is safe to assume that the estimates of 20 and 10 cents given above 
would be in excess of the actual cost. 

The estimates made for labor, feed, and depreciation give ample margin to 
allow of raising suflicient calves to keep up the standard of the herd. 

With the estimates here given a profit is shown on the investment of $500,000 
of over 12 per cent in the first year, rapidly increasing to over 20 per cent. 

If we allowed 21 gallons of milk for each cow as a daily average — no un- 
reasonable estimate — the profits would be increased to at least 17 per cent 
for the first year and 24 per cent for the second year, gradually increasing to 
28 per cent or more. 

Efficient management would undoubtedly increase even these profits. 

Capital : 

1,500 acres, at $100 per acre ; $150. 000 

1,000 cattle, at $100 100, 000 

Barns, silos, farm and dairy buildings, fences, cottages for men 

employed, machinery, dairy utensils, etc 175, 000 

Depot in Washington for distribution of milk, land and buildings 
owned by company 75, 000 



500, 000 



Daily expenses : 

Labor and management, including town depot , 2.50 

Shipping and distribution, depreciation, taxes, etc 100 

Feed (first year) 200 



550 

Estimating feed at $100 for second year, the total would be $450. 

Daily income : 2,000 gallons of milk, at 36 cents, $720. 

Daily profit : $170 in first year, $270 in second year, increasing in later years 
to $320 or more. 

Annual profit: $62,050 in first year, $98,550 in second year, $116,800 or more 
in later years, or 12.41 per cent, 19.71 per cent, 23.36 per cent, respectively. 

It is important to observe that 2,000 gallons is only a small part of the milk 
consumed in Washington; that the milk shipped by the corporation would be 
of the highest quality and would meet with a ready sale, probably even at a 
higher price than that here estimated. 

If the stock of the company were divided among 8,000 people, each of whom 
took 1 quart of milk daily, the whole output would be disposed of. 

By accepting subscriptions for $10 or $20 of stock a large number of cus- 
tomers would immediately be secured. Stockholders would of course have the 
first privilege of purchasing milk from the company, and so help to earn their 
own dividends. 

It would seem that there should be very little difficulty about securing the 
necessary capital if the directors of the company are men who would command 
the unquestioning confidence of the people of Washington. 

Hekbeet p. Caetee. 

Arlington, Va., 'November 2, 1910. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 355 

Mangk Dairy Co., 
Arlington, Va., November 4, 1910. 
Mr. J. L. WiLLiGK 

Deae Sir : I inclose some more matter in regard to our dairy-farm scheme, 
which will explain itself. I hope you will agree with me that this thing must 
go through somehow. 

Yours, very truly, Herbert P. Carter. 

If I can get any further information for you, or be of any use to you iu any 
way, please consider me at your service. I am not particularly busy just now. 



Arlington, Va., Novem'ber 4, 1910. 

While the proposed scheme for a large dairy farm under the management of 
a Washington corporation should be considered primarily on its merits as a 
dairy business, there are other sides to the question which should be kept in 
view from the first. 

If over a thousand acres are to be acquired within easy reach of the city of 
Washington, it is important to have in view the possible developments from a 
real estate point of view. 

A well-organized dairy business should make it possible to own a large tract 
of land, earn enough to pay taxes and good interest on capital from the very 
first, and at the same time pave the way for important developments in real 
estate business. 

All property within 30 miles of Washington is likely to have a remarkable 
increase in value within the next few years, but probably the most promising 
part of the surrounding country, both for present purposes in the dairy busi- 
ness and for ultimate purposes as suburban real estate, is the Virginia side of 
the Potomac between Alexandria and Mount Vernon. 

The communications are already good, with the Mount Vernon electric line, 
the Washington Southern — Accotink, Franconia, etc. — and last, but perhaps 
most important of all, the Potomac. 

A company which owned land on the Potomac, with a good site for a wharf, 
and touching the Mount Vernon Electric Railroad, and also property on the 
Washington Southern having good road communication with its property on the 
Potomac, would be in a remarkably favorable position for awaiting, and to a 
great extent controlling, future developments. . No more satisfactory location 
for a dairy business at the present time could well be imagined. 

A wharf on the Potomac would probably provide the most economical and 
satisfactory way of conveying milk to Washington. A kind of refrigerator 
barge and a suitable tug would not be very expensive, and by this means the 
morning's milk could easily be brought to town, bottled and ready for the 
customer, in ample time for the afternoon delivery. Similarly the afternoon 
milk could easily be brought to town in time for the early morning delivery. 
The service, in fact, would be as prompt as the circumstances could require. It 
would be most convenient to be independent of any railway line with its fixed 
schedules; the tug could start off whenever the necessities of the business 
required, and the cost of the service would be insignificant. If the tug broke 
down, another could be chartered at short notice. Weight and space being of 
relatively small account, the chief objection to bottling the milk at the farm 
and bringing it to town ready to be put on the delivery wagon would be removed. 

The wharf would be useful iu other ways. Manure and also slop for hogs 
and chickens could be hauled from town by this method at small expense and 
prove a most satisfactory source of revenue on a well-managed farm. To most 
farmers the cost of hauling such stuff as this is prohibitive, though the value 
of the stuff itself may be judged from the fact that many farmers do find it 
profitable to haul it several miles from the city by 4-horse wagons. 

Another great economy would be effected by using this wharf to bring the 
large amount of lumber, cement, etc., which would be needed for building opera- 
tions. In fact, when buying lumber on such a large scale, it might be possible 
to begin a very satisfactory lumber business in Washington. There would be 
an abundance of storage room, the tug could convey lumber to Washington 
in large quantities at short notice, and there would be horses in town to deliver 
lumber in between milk deliveries. A trade in vegetables, fruit, poultry, eggs, 
and all farm produce would naturally form part of the trade when the farm 



356 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

got Into proper working order. It could hardly fail to be profitable with such 
cheap and excellent transportation at hand. 

As to the real estate development, it would only be necessary at first to 
devote a little attention to the laying out of suitable roads, planting trees, etc. 
Now and then a desirable tenant would be found who would put up a good 
house somewhere on the place. One would help others, and in course of time 
it might be necessary for the dairy farm to move a little farther into the coun- 
try. Then the process could begin over again. The strength of the plan lies 
in the fact that the company could afford to wait. 

Herbert P. Carter. 

P. S. — With regard to the particular merits of the country indicated above 
for real estate — apart from the obvious value of Mount Vernon and the present 
means of communication — it should be recalled that Congress has already 
appropriated $10,000 for the survey of Mount Vernon Avenue, and that Vir- 
ginia has already voted that its claim on the United States Government of 
$200,000, when recovered, should be devoted to the construction of this road. 
It would seem certain in any case that the making of a splendid road between 
Washington and Mount Vernon is only a question of time. The Daughters of 
the American Revolution and other Influential bodies are interesting themselves 
in the scheme. 



Manor Dairy Co., 
Arlington, Va., November 7, 1910. 
J. L. WiLLiGE, Esq. 

Dear Sir : Miss Hurn was with us yesterday and told me that you were going 
into the question of modified milk. There is no reason why modified milk 
should not form part of the trade on our proposed large dairy. The formulas 
could be made up and bottled at the farm and delivered from door to door with 
the other milk. In this way the babies would get the morning milk in the 
afternoon and the afternoon milk in the morning — as eflicient a service as could 
be organized. By bottling at the farm and delivering in the usual course of 
business, the price could be made as low as that charged by the Straus Labo- 
ratories now, yield a reasonable profit, and give the parents the advantage of 
delivery to their homes. The only possible objection that Miss Hurn saw was 
that of breakage in shipment. This, of course, is easily overcome by proper 
packing. 

I think you know that we have shipped the milk for the Straus Laboratories 
since they opened last spring. 

I am, yours, truly, Herbert P. Carteb. 



Arlington, Va., November 7, 1910, 
J. L. WiLLiGE, Esq. 

Dear Sir : I saw Miss Hurn to-day, after giving you my letter on the subject 
of modified milk, and she was emphatic in expressing the opinion that it would 
be impossible to sell the various formulas at the price charged by the Straus 
Laboratories and make any profit by it. 

I have never dealt in modified milk myself, so do not claim the same authority 
for my figures that I would in other branches of the trade, where I have been 
able to test them by actual experience. I will, however, give you the figures on 
which I based my conclusion, only hoping that I am not troubling you with too 
many details and too much of my own opinion. 

One thing, however, is certain. Modified milk could be handled more eco- 
nomically by a concern which produced and delivered a large amount of ordi- 
nary milk than by a concern which dealt in modified milk exclusively. 

Some such plan as that which I have outlined will provide the most eflScient 
and economical way of dealing with modified milk. 

Putting aside all considerations of charity, it might be good business to sell 
modified milk at a very small profit in order to help other branches of the trade. 
But it is my emphatic opinion that such a price ought to be placed on modified 
milk as will allow a small profit to the dealer and place the trade on a business 
basis. 

There are many families who, while anxious to get milk for their babies at 
as reasonable a price as possible, would prefer not to be in receipt of charity in 
any form, considering it injurious to their self-respect. Moreover, the milk 
ought certainly to be delivered to their doors. Time is money, even to the poor, 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OP COLUMBIA. 357 

and it would pay them to give a few cents more for their milk instead of having 
to walk some distance to get it. 

There can, of course, be no charity more deserving of support than that of 
providing proper nourishment for babies. By all means let there be a fund, 
supported either by public or private benevolence, to enable the poor to get the 
milk which their children need. But a truer charity, one deeper and more far- 
reaching in its effects, would be to provide milk for the young children of the 
self-respecting wage-earning class at such a price as would at least pay for the 
cost of production, but still make no exorbitant demands on people of limited 
means. 

Modified milk delivered to the door of the consumer at cost price and a fund 
to help the really needy to buy it; this I believe to be the ideal at which we 
should aim. 

To take a definite instance of modified milk for purposes of estimating the 
cost: 

Formula (Nathan Straus Laboratories) for infants from second to sixth month. 

Ounces. 

Full milk 18 

Water 16J 

Lime water IJ 

Milk sugar li 

The milk at the farm may be certainly assumed to cost not more than 16 
cents per gallon. The cost of the above would therefore not exceed — 

Cents. 

18 ounces milk 2i 

li ounces milk sugar 2 

Lime water and water (distilled) i 

Total 5 

Allowing 4 cents for compounding and bottling the above (in 6 bottles) and 
for delivery and incidental expenses, the price would be 9 cents, as now charged 
by the Straus Laboratories. 

This allowance would naturally not be sufficient where a special building had 
to be rented, special managers engaged, a large boiler kept specially in operation 
by a licensed engineer, and a large amount of ice bought, to say nothing of pay- 
ing a high price for milk and providing for a special delivery to substations. 
But where there was already an abundance of steam and ice, and all the oper- 
ations were under the same management as the rest of the trade, there would 
be great economy, and it is safe to say that the price of modified milk, delivered 
to the door of the customer, would not be very greatly in excess of that now 
charged by the Nathan Straus Laboratories. 

I remain, yours, very truly, Heebeet P. Caeteb. 



APPENDIX I. 

TESTIMONY ADDUCED AT HEARING BEFORE DISTRICT COMMISSIONERS, 
OCTOBER 20, 1910. 

Db. Melvin's Testimony. 

Dr. Melvin testified as follows : 

For several years the Department of Agriculture has been endeavoring to 
ascertain the approximate percentage of the tuberculosis that exists among 
cattle in the various sections of the United States, and we had previously made 
a great many tests in and about Washington and other sections. 

In doing that it was determined that tuberculosis did exist to considerable 
extent in the District. The test showed that 1,701 cattle were tested with tuber- 
culin. Of that number 319 responded, and there were two held as suspects for 
subsequent testing at a later date, usually from two to three naonths. The 
total reimbursement to owners was $13,855.10, for 305 cases. The average 
loss to owners was 27.65 per cent of the value of the destroyed stock. 



358 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Otber tests have been made in Virginia and Maryland. In Virginia, from 
July 1, 1909, to June 30, 1910, there were tested 899 cattle, of which 162 reacted, 
39 were held as suspicious, and the per cent of reacters and suspects was 18.27. 

In Maryland, in the same time, 289 were tested. Forty-eight reacted, 6 
were suspected, and the percentage of reacters and suspects was 15.74. 

During that same period of time there were retested in Virginia and Mary- 
land animals previously tested. In Virginia 923 passed, 39 reacted, 4 were 
held as suspects, making a percentage on the retest of 4.45 per cent, a reduction 
from 18.27 from the first test. 

In Maryland, on the retest, 301 passed, 5 reacted, 3 were suspects, making 
a percentage of reacters and suspects of 2.58, a reduction from 15.74. 

CONDITIONS IN DISTRICT. 

In the District we have retested and found free from tuberculosis 423 ; we 
have found 31 reacters and 1 suspect, or a percentage of reacters and suspects 
of 7.03. 

We have demonstrated beyond any question the feasibility of eliminating 
tuberculosis by three or four tests of this sort. In the tests that we made here 
in the District tuberculosis was demonstrated in cattle that reacted in something 
over 98 per cent of the cases. 

We found in 126 cattle in and near the city of Washington that tuberculosis 
was demonstrated in 99.21 per cent of the cases which reacted. In a table I 
made as a result of the tuberculin testing of cattle by State and Federal officers 
with tuberculin prepared by the Bureau of Animal Industry, we found that 
between 1893 and 1908, there were tested 400,008 cattle. The number reacting 
was 37,000. These were in all parts of the United States, and were a per- 
centage of 9.25 of all cattle tested. 

The number slaughtered under inspection was 24,784 ; the number of these 
found tuberculous upon post mortem was 24,387, or 98.39 per cent. 

Db. Mohles's Statement. 

Dr. Mohler's testimony was as follows: 

Introductory to my statement concerning the tuberculin test I would present 
extracts from bulletins on bovine tuberculosis in Virginia and Maryland, 
States which now supply the greatest amount of milk to the citizens of the 
District of Columbia. I refer first to the statement of Dr. Buckley, of the 
Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station. He says: 

" Usually the discovery of an agent which, when properly used by compe- 
tent persons, enables them to detect positively the existence of a condition that 
is not revealed by any other means is hailed as a wonderful triumph. If the 
opposition to the use of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent came from those, only, 
who were ignorant of its properties and who could not inform themselves of its 
virtues it would be wholly excusable. The practice of using tuberculin, how- 
ever, has been and is now condemned by some who know its value and who 
have been in a position to observe its reliability." 

On the other side of our line, in Virginia, I would like to take a sentence 
from the book of Dr. Nelson Mayo. He is the veterinary in charge of the 
agricultural station at Blacksburg, Va. In his book, on page 382, he states 
as follows : 

" The most accurate means of detecting tuberculosis in cattle is by injecting 
a small amount of tuberculin beneath the skin. When prepared for use, 
tuberculin contains no germs of tuberculosis and is incapable of producing 
any disease." 

TUEEKCULIN HARMLESS. 

During the last 15 years statistics with reference to bovine tuberculosis show 
that over 98 per cent of the animals tested show adhesions at the post-mortem. 
Tuberculin is the most accurate diagnostic agent known when it is in the hands 
of competent men. As to the possibility of defeating the test, the farmer might 
infect his cattle before the inspector comes around. The best means to prevent 
this would be for the inspector to stay with the herd about 24 hours. An 
attempt to defeat the tuberculin test should be considered as any other fraud 
and guarded against by precautions. 

I would like to speak of the Report of the International Commission on the 
Control of Bovine Tuberculosis, of which I was a member, and to leave a copy 
of the report with you and call your attention to this resolution in it: 



. THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 359 

" That tuberculin, properly used, is an accurate and reliable diagnostic 
agent for the detection of active tuberculosis. 

" That tuberculin may not produce a reaction under the following conditions : 

"(a) When the disease is in a period of incubation. 

"(&) When the progress of the disease is arrested. 

"(c) When the disease is extensively generalized. 

" The last condition is relatively rare and may usually be detected by physical 
examination." 

Thirty-three cities in the United States now require that herds which supply 
their milk be tuberculin tested. Error in the application of the tuberculin 
test has never been found to be greater than 3 per cent. 

Views of Dk. Scheoedeb. 

Dr. Schroeder testified as follows : 

The efiiciency of the tuberculin test has been well demonstrated and it is 
hardly necessary to say anything more on the subject. When we consider that 
the tuberculin test gives an accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis in cattle, in 
between 98 and 99 per cent of the cases, we must recognize that we have a 
more reliable diagnostic method in this disease than in any other known dis- 
ease. I have given the tuberculin test a great deal of attention throughout 
many years. I have given animals as high as 1,000 doses of tuberculin at a 
single time and in healthy animals it produces no injury. 

We use at the experiment station a great many animals in various forms 
of experiments. Before using them we inject tuberculin to assure ourselves 
they avB perfectly well. We have injected large quantities of tuberculin into 
well animals and they have shown no symptoms of trouble, and after being 
killed have been found perfectly well. 

At the experiment station I had a number of animals from District herds, 
apparently in the best of health, so far as physical examination was concerned. 
We submitted them to the tuberculin test and 40 per cent, apparently healthy, 
reacted. 

HUMAN AND BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. 

Relative to human and bovine tuberculosis, from the researches of the German 
and British investigating commissions, and independent investigators, we know 
that bovine tubercle bacilli are fairly common in human beings. 

There was one interesting feature brought out at the last International Con- 
gress on Tuberculosis. It was an investigation by W. H. Park, of the New York 
research laboratory. Twenty-six per cent of the children under 5 years ex- 
amined by him and found to have tuberculosis were afCected by bovine tubercle 
bacilli. 

I do not believe it is necessary to add anything to this. We have the efficiency 
of the tuberculin test thoroughly demonstrated, and the frequent occurrence of 
bovine tuberculosis among children alone shows we must eliminate those cattle 
or do something to the milk to prevent it doing injury. That something is 
pasteurization. 

The tuberculin test should be required of all dairy herds. Where it is not 
required, all milk should be pasteurized before it is used. This should apply 
not only to milk and cream used in their raw state, but to all milk and cream 
contained in ice cream, buttermilk, butter, and cheese. 

I have demonstrated that 40 per cent of apparently healthy cows that have 
tuberculosis in its early stages pass tubercle bacilli in the feces. Unquestion- 
ably, much of the tubercle bacilli in milk enters it in this way. Tuberculous 
cows whose milk does not show the presence of tubercle bacilli pass the bacilli 
in the feces, and for this reason their product can not be safely used unless it 
is pasteurized. This shows the menace in the apparently healthy cow that has 
not been tuberculin tested. 

Dr. Anderson's recital of his observations concerning the milk supply of 
Washington follows : 

Just prior to October, 1907, 1,147 cows of the District of Columbia were 
given the tuberculin test, and 214, or 18.6 per cent, responded. About the same 
time 1,059 cows from 51 herds of Virginia, Maryland, and the District, supply- 
ing milk to Washington, were tested ; of this number, 160, or 15.1 per cent, 
reacted. These figures do not give a fair idea of the prevalence of tuberculosis 
in the herds supplying milk to Washington, as only the owners of those herds 



B60 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

who had reason to think their herds were free from tuberculosis permitted the 
test to be made. 

I took, in the fall and winter of 1908, 272 samples of the market milk of 
Washington and injected them into guinea pigs. Of the 272 animals 49, or 18 
per cent, died within 3 weeks of other causes before tuberculosis could have 
developed. I wish to direct attention, also, to the fact that the milk from 
some of the dairies, therefore, killed actually a high percentage of all the ani- 
mals to which milk was given, showing the milk contained other bacteria. 

Of the 223 samples that remained for study 15, or 6.72 per cent, contained 
sufficient tubercle bacilli to cause typical tuberculosis in the inoculated animals. 

Of the samples of milk from 104 dairies 2 were lost by acute death of the 
animals, leaving 102; the milk from 11 of these 102 dairies contained tubercle 
bacilli. This gave a percentage of 10.7 of the dairies examined showing tubercle 
bacilli in the milk supplied their customers. 

ELEVEN PER CENT AFFECTED. 

These results, showing that approximately 11 per cent of the dairies whose 
milk was examined contained tubercle bacilli virulent for guinea pigs, do not, 
however, give a fair idea of the frequency of the presence of tubercle bacilli in 
the market milk of the city of Washington. When two animals were inoculated 
with the same sample both did not always develop tuberculosis. This would 
indicate that the bacilli were so few in the amount inoculated that one of the 
animals, by being a little more resistant, was able to overcome the infection. 

The amount inoculated, less than 2 cubic centimeters of milk, is a very small 
portion of a pint bottle. The creamy layer was not inoculated, and other 
workers have shown that tubercle bacilli are more frequent in this than in the 
bottom milk. It is very probable that if more animals had been inoculated 
with the same sample and both cream and sediment used, the percentage of 
positive results woudl have been much higher. 

The results, however, as they are found are sufficiently high to emphasize 
the necessity for the enactment and rigorous enforcement of a law requiring 
that all cows supplying milk to the District be tuberculin tested and freed from 
tuberculosis. This test, which is now universally recognized as a means of 
determining whether an animal has tuberculosis, should be made by a com- 
petent veterinarian, and those animals that respond should be disposed of in 
some way so that their milk may no longer be a source of danger to the com- 
munity. 

I have compiled the statistics of investigators who have collected in all 1,734 
samples of milk in recent years. Of these samples 11.3 have been found to 
contain tubercle bacilli. 



Mr. Herbert P. Carter. I speak from the producers' point of view. There 
are two questions brought up which I have nothing to do with. One is the 
personal controversy between the officials of the health department and the 
dealers in milk here, and the second is the matter of the scientific controversy 
as to the merits of pasteurization. I am not entitled to any opinion on its 
merits, but I can be convinced by an examination of the evidence, which shows 
that the tuberculin test is sufficient in a large number of cases. 

I can say for my part I am not bothered about the order for the tuberculin 
test, as my herd has been tuberculin tested from the first, and I know about 
the 'cattle that have been slaughtered from my herd after reacting, and I should 
have been sorry to serve milk from them. It certainly served to weed out the 
bad cattle from my herd, cattle that I would be sorry to keep in. 

It seems to me this is a matter which neither the producers nor dealers 
have a right to discuss. We can not pretend to be scientists. If the scientific 
opinion requires such tests, it is the business of the producer to obey them as 
well as he can. 

The whole question is a matter of compensation. It is a matter of dollars 
and cents. There may be many people who have worked hard for many years 
to produce a herd of, say, 20 cattle, honest, hard-working, laboring men. They 
have not had any tuberculin tests applied, and they have not done anything 
against the law or against their conscience. The profit of the herd of 20 cattle 
is not anything extraordinary. You must consider in this connection that the 
producer of milk has an exceptionally hard life. It is a case of woi-king seven 
days in the week and not six. He should therefore receive additional 
compensation. 



THE MILK SiTUATtOK IK THE DISTBICT OF COLUMBIA, S61 

Suppose he has a herd of 20 calves. He may rely on getting 2 gallons of 
milk from each calf on an average. If he gets 40 gallons a day and in the 
winter gets 22 cents, which is a pretty good price, that represents $8.80 a day 
from that herd of 20 calves. If we calculate the cost of feeding each one at 
20 cents in winter we would deduct $4 from the $8.80, leaving the producer 
with a net income of $4.80 a day. He would have to pay his rent and for 
sending the milk to town, and from time to time his cows go dry, so his income 
is really inadequate. 

If farmers are to be required to meet all kinds of expensive requirements, it 
will add more expense. I think, personally, it is desirable that the cattle 
should be housed in thoroughly sanitary stables, but that means an investment 
of considerable capital, and if the tuberculin test is applied it means also a 
certain amount to be written off at a loss; but it has a more serious bearing if 
it is applied suddenly and without warrant or compensation. 

A man may have his whole fortune staked on this herd, and if he is to have 
the test applied, having done nothing against the law, it may mean that half 
of his cattle will be condemned ; and it is not infrequent for half the cattle to 
go under the test, especially if housed under insanitary conditions. 

He faces a loss of half his herd with only what he can get from the butcher 
for the meat; maybe in some cases he will lose all. At any rate it means a 
serious loss to the producer. 

I don't think the producers or dealers should attempt to down the laws as to 
what test should be applied, but if we submit to certain tests we have a right 
to ask for proper compensation. It is not for us to determine whether the test 
is by the Government of Maryland or Virginia or the District, but it is fair that 
the people of the District should pay up a proper amount if they require it. If 
there is increased protection to the puWic, the producers must be properly com- 
pensated for it. If they have proper compensation, I don't think there is any 
objection to submitting to the test. 

Then if the test is continually applied after proper compensation is given, 
all that is required is that sufficient price is paid for the milk. A higher price 
will have to be paid by the consumer for a more valuable article. I therefore 
ask the commissioners to use their influence to obtain proper compensation for 
the producer of milk. If this business is made productive enough to the people 
in the neighborhood, there will be enough milk coming into Washington. 

Under present conditions it is not to be expected that any of the poor class 
of producers can attempt to meet the requirements in the District, but if they 
get compensation for the cattle condemned and get better prices they will in- 
crease the facilities, and there will be no friction between the health depart- 
ment and themselves in meeting the requirements. 



APPENDIX J. 

COMMUNICATION" FROM A. S. TRUNDLE, REPRESENTING THE DAIRYMEN's 
ASSOCIATION OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, MARYLAND, AND VIRGINIA. 

The Dairymen's Association of the 
District of Colitmbia, Maryland, and Virginia, 

Washington, D. C, November 20, 1910. 
Mr. J. Louis Willige, Chairman. 

Dear Sir : In compliance with your suggestion, under date of November 18, 
would say the complaints lodged by me in behalf of the Dairymen's Association 
of the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia were, first, that the health 
officer, in violation of law, has refused to issue permits to ship milk into the 
District of Columbia, although all sanitary requirements had been complied 
with ; second, that the health officer had in the absence of any possible author- 
ity cited members of this association to appear before him and show cause 
why milk claimed to have been sold by them contained so-called excessive 
numbers of bacteria (this in the absence of law or regulations to name any 
specific number) and had threatened to have them summoned in court; third, 
that in the opinion of this association the health officer had mislead the District 
of Columbia Commissioners, by making to them (this determined by their reply 



362 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

to our complaints) statements tbat were misleading. To sustain these charges 
we offer the applications of producers for permits filed with the health depart- 
ment and not granted, copies of summons to dealers and to producers to appear 
as cited, and copies of letters and answers thereto as indicated in charge 
third, to all of which proof is to be found in the health office records, if such 
records are kept and filed as is the general custom and if such records have not 
been tampered with. A further claim, together with a request to the chamber 
of commerce, for investigation was to the effect that if such policies as indi- 
cated in charges first and second and the requirements of a compulsory tuber- 
culin test were to be carried out, such policies would drive producers and 
dealers out of business or would result in shipments to other markets, thus 
diverting money to other cities that should naturally come to Washington. A 
further claim that I wish personally to file is, that, in my opinion, if the health 
officer had a right to issue an order for the compulsory tuberculin test (which 
order was issued to take effect on November 3, 1910, and since rescinded), he 
has that right now and has had such right for 15 years or since the milk law 
of 1895. That if, as he claims, recent researches and advanced knowledge has 
convinced him that milk from cows not having stood the tuberculin test is 
dangerous to public health, he is not only violating the laws of Congress but 
his sworn obligations, and further, if, as I understand, he claims to have 
knowledge that death has ensued as a result from consumption of milk from 
cows not having undergone the tuberculin test, he stands to-day a confessed 
party to the cause of probable death and therefore a criminal in the eyes of 
the law. Please find inclosed list of members as asked for. 
Very truly, yours, 

A. S. Trundle, Chairman. 
P. S. I can but feel that we have not had ample opportunity to present to 
your committee many facts without a knowledge of which it is absolutely 
impossible for anyone to arrive at conclusions which would insure full justice 
to the cause and business we represent as concerns ourselves or the general 
public. 

A. S. T. 



APPENDIX K. 

COMMUNICATIONS FROM HEALTH OFFICER, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, DATED 
NOVEMBER 14 AND 23 AND DECEMBER 20, 1910. 

Commissioners of the District of Columbia, 

Health Department, 
Washington, November 14, 1910. 
Mr. J. Louis Willige, 

Chairman Committee on Milk Supply, 

Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. 0. 

Dear Mr. Willige : As your committee has decided, I understand, to give 
no more public hearings, the following comments are submitted for consideration : 

As to the accuracy of the records of births and deaths in this department. — 
The allegation made by Mr. Trundle at the first hearing, and the correctness of 
which was denied by the health officer, was to the effect that the records of 
the department showed that more infants died than were born. Evidence that 
could not be disputed having been offered to show that the statement was 
incorrect, Mr. Trundle shifted his ground so as to make it appear that he had 
said that more people died than were born. It is not alleged that this shifting 
of ground was intentional, but possibly Mr. Trundle's original statement was 
unintentionally inaccurate. The fact that I have quoted accurately what he 
actually said is, I think, certain, since I recall the statement that one member 
of the committee remarked that it was hardly possible that a sufficient number 
of babies would be imported into the District during the year to make up the 
deficiency represented by the alleged excess of births over deaths. 

With respect to the Trundle- Childs difficulty. — The committee has not heard 
Dr. Childs's version of the affair, and in view of the fact that Trundle was 
found guilty while Dr. Childs was not, is sufficient evidence to show who was 
the culpable party. Dr. Childs is a very polite respectable colored physician 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 363 

In this city, where he is now and for years has been practicing his profession. 
As there was no evidence whatsoever, beyond that of the aggrieved party", to 
show that Childs was in any way at fault in the matter, the health officer 
declined to detail another inspector to examine Trundle's place of business. 
To detail an inspector to inspect Trundle's place of business, out of the regular 
course of the department's work, would necessitate the making of similar 
details to every other dairyman who desired it, particularly for those who did 
not threaten inspectors with ice picks, but made the request in a proper way, 
and to do this would have disorganized the inspection force. 

Mr. Trundle's reference to the prosecution of a Mr. Estes, unsuccessfully, by 
Inspector Childs is unfortunate for Mr. Trundle's argument. Inspector Childs 
prosecuted Mr. Estes because Mr. Estes was maintaining a dairy without a 
license ; he was selling much milk and cream, and some butter, eggs, and 
cheese. A prosecution was instituted by Inspector Childs on direct orders from 
the health officer. And the defense was to the effect that the sale of milk and 
cream was a mere incident to some other business. Mr. Estes was acquitted, 
but subsequently, and while continuing the very same business, applied for 
and was given a permit to maintain a dairy. 

In so far as relates to the alleged delay in prosecuting Mr. Trundle for the 
sale of loto-grade cream. — The case referred to was promptly referred by the 
health department to the office of the corporation counsel for prosecution. Such 
delay as occurred occurred in that office and in the police court and not in the 
health department. The reason for the delay is therefore unknown to the 
health department, but such delay could probably have been avoided by Mr. 
Trundle had he demanded of the court prompt trial. Acquittal was presumably 
brought about in large part by the length of time that had elapsed between the 
collection of the sample and the prosecution, thus weakening the force of the 
evidence. , 

Respectfully, Wm. C. Woodwaed, M. D., Health Officer. 



commissioneks of the distkiot of columbia, 

Health Department, 
Washington, November 23, 1910. 
Mr. J. Louis Willige, Chairman, etc.. 

Chamber of Commerce, Twelfth and F Streets NW., Washington, D. C. 
Dear Me. Willige : Until the receipt of your letter of the ISth instant I had 
presumed that the inquiry sheets recently received from your committee were 
the same as had been sent out by the committee generally, and that the 
desired information had been given in the hearings. I readily see now, how- 
ever, that the inquiries recently received call for information that was not given 
at that time. The accompanying statement furnishes, I believe, the information 
which you wish, so far as it is possible for me to furnish it. If, however, 
there is any further information that you desire, please do not hesitate to 
call on me. 

Yours, very truly, . Wm. C. Woodward, M. D., 

Health Officer. 



Memorandum Furnished the Committee on the Milk Supply of the Dis- 
teict op Columbia, Appointed by the Chambee of Commerce, in Response 
to its Request op November 3, 1910. 

November 23, 1910. 
1. Please furnish, if prncticable, a statement of the number of producers and 
shippers of milk to the District of Columbia for a series of years past. 

Milk and cream shipped into District of Columbia : Farms. 

1905-6 : 918 

1906-7- 965 

1907-8 906 

1908-9 882 

1909-10 1,091 



364 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 



2. Please furnish, if practicable, a statement of tlie number of cows furuisliing 
milk to tbe District of Columbia for some years past. 

Number cows on dairy farms supplying milk to District of Columbia : 

1905-6 16,250 

1906-7 15,950 

1907-S 10,172 

190S-9 16,116 

1909-10 17,688 

3. Please furnish, if practicable, a statement of the number of permits applied 
for and the number issued for selling milk in the District of Columbia for some 
years past. 

Number of permits in force June 30, 1905, were as follows : 

To maintain dairies 285 

To maintain dairy farms 102 

To bring milk or cream into the District of Columbia 974 









To bring 








or send 




To main- 
tain 
dairies. 


To main- 
tain 


niillc or 
cream 




dairy 
farms. 


into Dis- 
trict of 








Colum- 


' 






bia. 


Applications received: 








1905-6 


47 
69 
45 
8 
10 


19 
24 
18 
12 

7 


310 


1906-7 


403 


1907-8 


190 


1908-9 


194 


1909-10 


388 


Permits c;ranted: 




1905-6 


37 

36 

14 

3 

5 


16 
7 
3 

3 


139 


1906-7 


173 


1907-8 


9 


1908-9 


3 


1909 10 


1 







4. What amount of milk, in your opinion, is daily supplied to the District of 
Columbia ? 

Amount of milk per day sold in the District of Columbia, 19,000 gallons. 

5. Should the retail price of milk sold in the District be increased, and to 
what price? 

Answer. It costs more to produce milk now than it did 10 years ago ; and if 
the price then paid was a fair one, the price now should be increased. A fair re- 
tail price for milk, however, can be determined only after information is at hand 
relative to the cost of production and distribution under intelligent economical 
businesslike management in this particular section of the country, and so far as 
I know no figures are available to show such cost. 

6. Would this price, in your judgment, be prohibitive to the poorer classes to 
any extent whatsoever? 

Answer. This question is in part answered by the answer to question 5. I 
may add, however, that I know of no evidence to show that wholesome milk can 
not be sold at a price within the reach of what may be termed in a general way 
"the poorer classes." The burden of furnishing evidence to show that a fair 
price for milk would be prohibitive to such classes rests upon those who allege 
the fact ; but while there may have been allegations as to the occurrence of a 
prohibitive price, there have been no reliable figures to show that such a price 
would be necessary. It must be borne in mind, of course, that the adoption of 
more economical methods with respect to production and distribution will tend 
to offset increased prices otherwise necessary. 

7. In your judgment, is the farmer receiving his proper share of the money 
derived from the production and sale of milk? 

Answer. Probably, I think, the farmer is not receiving his proper share of the 
retail price of milk, but, so far as I know, no farmer in this vicinity has ever 
produced any figures to show that that is the case. Until evidence to the con- 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 365 

trary is shown it may clearly be presumed as long as farmers continue to pro- 
duce and sell milk that they are finding it profitable to do so. 

8. In your opinion, is a uniform standard of wholesale and retail prices of 
milk practicable? 

Answer. I do not believe that a uniform standard of wholesale and retail 
prices of milk is desirable, but I do not understand just what is meant by the 
word " practicable " as used in this connection. I doubt very much whether the 
farmers in this vicinity are sufiiciently well organized to fix a uniform standard 
for the wholesale price of milk. The retail milk dealer, however, does appar- 
ently fix a uniform standard for the retail price of ordinary milk, and I think 
he comes very close to fixing the price that the farmer gets. 

9. Are the existing freight and express charges for transporting milk reason- 
able, in your judgment? 

Answer. I am hardly qualified to answer this question. 

10. State whether, in your judgment, the requirements of the health depart- 
ment, including the proposed tuberculin test, can be observed by the producers 
without increasing the wholesale and retail price of milk in Washington. 

Answer. The elimination of diseased cows from the dairy herds that would 
result from the application of the tuberculin test and the necessity for purchas- 
ing sound cows to replace the cattle thus eliminated would doubtless for a while 
justly result in an increase in the cost of milk, although it should result in no 
substantial increase. Only a single item in the cost of milk production would be 
increased by the application of the tuberculin test ; that is, the cost of the cattle. 
It costs no more to feed, house, and care for a well cow than it does to care for 
a sick one, and in the long run the well cow may be expected to have a longer 
productive commercial life than one that is diseased. Ultimately, as the number 
of tuberculous cows in the dairy country is reduced to a minimum, the cost of 
milk should return to substantially what it is at present, supposing, of course, 
that in the meantime events do not show that the present selling price of milk 
is, because of other factors, too low. 

11. To what extent is compulsory pasteurization, in your opinion, practicable, 
and is such action under consideration by the health department? 

Answer. With proper restrictions as to the installation of apparatus and as 
to the keeping of records, there would seem to be no reason why compulsory 
pasteurization should not be practicable. The fact that regulations directed to 
this end might in some cases be evaded, notwithstanding a proper system of 
inspection, is no reason why such regulation should not be made and enforced 
as far as practicable. Laws against murder, embezzlement, housebreaking, and 
all other kinds of crimes and misdemeanors are very commonly evaded, not- 
withstanding a well-organized system of police protection, but that has never 
been set forth as a reason why such laws should not be kept on the statute 
books. The health department has for some time had under consideration the 
advisability of the compulsory pasteurization of all milk coming from cows not 
tuberculin tested and believes that with respect to that part of the milk supply 
pasteurization should be enforced. 

12. Would compulsory pasteurization, in your opinion, have any effect in 
reducing the amount of milk daily supplied to the District, provided the retail 
cost of milk (and consequently the price received by the farmer) be increased, 
and to what extent? 

Answer. I can conceive of no reason why compulsory pasteurization should 
reduce the amount of milk daily supplied to the district. 

13. What effect, in your judgment, would the enforcement of the tuberculin 
test have on the wholesale and retail prices of milk supplied to the District of 
Columbia in summer and in winter? 

Answer. This question seems to have been answered in answering question 10. 
The enforcement of the tuberculin test would not increase the price of land, the 
price of foodstuffs, the price of stable accommodations, the price of labor, the 
cost of transportation, or the cost of distribution. It would increase for a while 
a single item, to wit, the cost of cattle. For purposes of illustration, assume that 
a farmer has a herd of 100 cattle, worth $75 each, making the total value of his 
cattle $7,500. Interest on this capital at 5 per cent per annum is equivalent to 
$375. Assume now that the tuberculin test is applied, 20 per cent of the herd 
react and are killed, and 20 new cows are introduced, tuberculin tested, costing 
$100 apiece, or 33J per cent more than the value of the original herd before 
testing. If we disregard the increased value of the herd that has stood the test 
that arises out of the fact that it has done so, the value of the herd will then be as 



366 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 

follows: 80 cattle at $75 each, equivalent to $6,000; 20 cattle at $100 each, 
equivalent to $2,000; total value of herd, $8,000. The interest on this capital 
at 5 per cent per annum is equivalent to $400. Between the interest in the 
capital invested on the untested herd and the interest on the capital invested 
in the tested herd the difference amounts, therefore, to but $25 per annijm. This 
amount is distributed over the entire output of a herd of 100 cows for 12 months. 
It represents the increased cost to the producer of producing milk from tuber- 
culin-tested cattle. This amount would probably be materially reduced if not 
altogether eliminated by the increased period of usefulness of the tuberculosis- 
free cattle as compared with those infected with the disease otherwise in the 
herd. 

Viewing the matter in the light most favorable to the producer, the increased 
cost of producing milk from tuberculin-tested cows should not amount to more 
than a small fraction of a cent per gallon. Taking the herd of 100 cows, untested, 
worth $75 per cow, the gross value of the herd would be $7,500. Kill 20 per cent 
of these cows on account of tuberculosis, without remuneration of any kind to 
the farmer, and appraise the remaining 80 animals as still worth as much as 
the entire herd — $7,500. Replace the 20 animals that have been destroyed by 
20 tuberculin-tested cows costing $100 per cow, or $2,000. The value of the 
100 tuberculin-tested cows would then be $9,500. Five per cent on this invest- 
ment would amount to $475 per annum, or just $100 per annum more than the 
Interest charged on the untested herd. If then we presume that the average 
production for each animal in the entire herd is but IJ gallons per day, the pro- 
duction of the herd for the entire year will be 36,500 gallons, and the increased 
cost per gallon, representing the interest charge on the increased cost of the 
herd, would amount to one-fifth of 1 per cent 

Of course, if a larger percentage of the herd reacted, the net increase in the 
cost of production would be increased, but it does not appear likely that there 
will be any material increase. In view of the experience with respect to the 
testing of cattle in the District, however, it would appear that the figure taken 
for condemnations — 20 per cent — was extremely liberal. 

14. Would the tuberculin test, as a matter of practice, require to be applied 
on the farm, or would it be practicable to establish testing laboratories within 
convenient reach of most farms supplying milk to the District of Columbia? 

Answer. As a matter of practice, the tuberculin test would ordinarily have to 
be applied on the farm. Some cattle might be tested in the hands of dealers, 
and possibly quarantine or testing stations might be established to economize 
with respect to the application of the test. 

15. Would the enforcement of the tuberculin test, in your judgment, create 
a milk famine in the District of Columbia? 

Answer. If the test could be applied within a day or a week, and were so 
applied, a milk famine would undoubtedly result. If the application of the 
tests in the first instance were spread over a reasonable length of time, no 
famine would result. Under ordinary conditions, the routine application of the 
test would not diminish the milk supply. 

16. Please furnish, if practicable, a statement of mortality, and especially of 
infant mortality, in the District of Columbia for some years past. 



Years. 



881 
882 
883 
884 
885 
886 
887 
888 
889 
890 
891 
892 
893 
894 



Under 2 
years — 
diarrhea. 



372 
209 
417 
298 
226 
360 
297 
348 
341 
332 
430 
355 
427 
490 
506 



Under 1 
year — all 
causes. 



1,235 
1,197 
1,105 
1,135 
1,250 
1,234 
1,223 
1,298 
1,493 
1,308 
1,483 
1,484 
1,716 
1,642 
1,514 



Total 
deaths 
all ages. 



Years. 



1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 



Under 2 
years — 
diarrhea. 



299 
463 
419 
385 
317 
387 
344 
329 
382 
323 
337 
318 
325 
333 
250 



Under 1 
year— all 
causes. 



1,424 
1,465 
1,306 
1,249 
1,266 
1,344 
1,234 
1,235 
1,092 
1,128 
1,139 
1,233 
1,125 
1,100 
1,042 



Total 
deaths 
all ages. 



5,782 
5,832 
5,486 
5,815 
5,863 
6,059 
6,050 
5,788 
5,944 
6,221 
6,205 
6,316 
6,343 
6,136 
6,216 



> Diarrheal diseases from years 1880 to 1899, inclusive, are for fiscal years. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 367 

17. To what extent, in your judgment, is the decrease in mortality due to the 
improvement of the milk supply? 

Answer. It is impossible to estimate the extent to which the decrease in the 
mortality of this District is due to the improvement of the milk supply. The 
fact that the decrease in infant mortality has been greater than the decrease 
in the mortality of the population as a whole, and the fact that there has 
been a very marked decrease in the infant mortality from diarrheal diseases, 
the decrease in the infant mortality beginning almost coincidently with the 
enforcement of the milk law of 1895, suggests very strongly the existence of a 
causal relation. The extent of that causal relation, however, as stated above, is 
impossible to determine. There have, of course, been many other factors at 
work tending toward the reduction of infant mortality. It should be noted in 
studying the figures given in the preceding answer that the decrease in the 
number of deaths of children under 1 year of age from all causes and the 
decrease in the number of deaths of children 2 years of age from diarrheal dis- 
eases have occurred, notwithstanding a general increase in the population. 

18. Can you suggest any additional requirements for the betterment of the 
District's milk supply, and the safeguarding of public health? 

Answer. All milk should be tuberculin tested or else pasteurized. All milk 
should be properly cooled and kept cool. Arrangements should be made for the 
instruction of mothers in caring for their infants, and this can in no other way 
be done so well as in connection with the free distribution of proper milk to per- 
sons unable to pay for it and the distribution of milk at reduced prices to 
persons who are unable to pay the ordinary market price for a milk of proper 
quality. There are, of course, many other suggestions that might be made with 
respect to the improvement of the health of the District, but these seem to be 
those most directly connected with the subject now under consideration. 

19. Have inspectors been cautioned to exercise patience and tact in the dis- 
charge of their duties? 

Answer. Inspectors have been told repeatedly that it is desired that they act 
primarily as instructors and advisers to persons producing and selling milk, 
dealing with those with whom they come in contact rather as persons who 
desire to do right and who are to be helped along than as persons who are un- 
willing to do right and have to be driven along. Inspectors have been directed 
to use compulsion only when compulsion was necessary. 

20. Have there been many complaints filed of improper action on the part of 
inspectors in the performance of their duty? 

Answer. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, there were approximately 
10 complaints filed against inspectors in the dairy-farm and milk-inspection 
service, numbering in all 10 inspectors. None of these complaints were 
regarded, after investigation, as well founded. 

21. Is the present force of inspectors sufficient to compel the proper observance 
of the existing and proposed regulations? 

Answer. No ; the present force can not compel proper compliance with existing 
regulations, and the necessity of applying the tuberculin test to dairy herds 
hereafter will still further diminish its capacity to accomplish that end. 

22. Has a bacteriological laboratory recently been established for the health 
department? 

Answer. No; the health department had a bacteriological laboratory for 
many years. The bacteriological laboratory has. however, up to the early part 
of the current fiscal year been devoted exclusively to the contagious disease 
service, having been established and operated from funds appropriated exclu- 
sively for that service. The appropriation act for the current year, however, 
approved May 18, 1910, provided $500 for the equipment and maintenance of 
the bacteriological laboratory, and authorized the bacteriologist employed out 
of the contagious disease appropriation, under direction of the health officer, 
to undertake the bacteriological examination of milk and of other dairy prod- 
ucts and of the water supplies of dairy farms, whether such examinations be 
or be not directly related to contagious diseases. Since that time, therefore, 
the health department has undertaken the bacteriological examination of milk. 

23. Have any attempts been made, to your knowledge, to secure legislation 
by Congress affecting the production, transportation, and distribution of milk, 
under the authority vested in the national legislation to regulate commerce 
between the several States? 

Answer. The act of 1895, relating to the production of milk in and for the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, was made by Congress, quite as much by virtue of its power 
to regulate interstate commerce as by virtue of its power to legislate for the 
District of Columbia. The food and drugs act of 1898, enacted by Congress for 



368 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

the District of Columbia, regulated the sale of milk and cream In the District 
of Columbia, and having been enacted by Congress, would doubtless apply quite 
as well to " original packages " as to any other form in which the milk might 
be sold. The Federal food and drugs act of June 30, 1906, which is distinctly 
an interstate act, although it regulates local commerce within the District of 
Columbia, applies to milk and cream. 

24. To what extent are milk products (including also prepared, condensed, 
modified, and powdered milk) regulated by the provisions of the pure food and 
drugs act? 

Answer. So far as the provisions of the act referred to are applicable to the 
products named, and generally speaking they are applicable to them quite as 
much as to other food products, the manufacture and sale of milk and milk 
products (including also prepared, condensed, modified, and powdered milk) is 
governed by the provisions of said act. 

25. Kindly furnish copies, if practicable, or refer the committee to the milk 
law of 1S95, and any House or Senate bills or documents relating to legislation 
already in effect and contemplation, or regulations of the health department 
referring to the subject under investigation by this committee. 

Answer. A copy of the milk law of 1895, of the regulations promulgated by 
virtue thereof, of the act regulating the manufacture and sale of foods in the 
District of Columbia, enacted in 1898, and of the Federal food and drugs act 
of June 30, 1906, are inclosed herewith ; also copies of the bill now pending look- 
ing toward the improved regulation of the milk supply of this District. 
Yours, very truly, 

Wm. C. Woodward, M. D., 

Health Officer. 



Commissioners of the District of Columbia 

Health Department, 
Washington, December 20, 1910. 
Mr. J. Louis Willige, Chairman, etc.. 

Chamber of Commerce, Washington D. G. 
Dear Mr. Willige: I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 
24th ultimo, requesting certain information relative to the milk supply of this 
District. I regret very much that absence from the city has prevented a more 
prompt compliance with your request, and hope that the following information 
will meet your needs. 

1. What routine, if any, is prescribed for procuring reports of communicable 
diseases among dairymen and dairy farmers, and their assistants. 

Answer. No routine has ever been laid out aimed at this particular end. 
The reporting of all cases of communicable diseases, with but few exceptions, 
within the District of Columbia, is required by law. These reports, however, 
do not state whether the patient or any member of the household is employed 
on a dairy farm or about a dairy. Such information is obtained by the inspector 
who visits the premises, and such visits are always made in connection with 
reported cases of typhoid fever, scarlet fever, and diphtheria, the diseases most 
likely to be communicated by milk. Outside of the District of Columbia, cases 
of communicable diseases are not reported to the health officer, whether they 
occur on dairy farms or not. The employment of any one who has been exposed 
to diphtheria, scarlet fever, erysipelas, smallpox, anthrax, or other dangerous 
contagious diseases, in or about the dairy or dairy farm, is forbidden by law. 
(See sec. 3, an act to regulate the sale of milk in the District of Columbia, etc., 
approved Mar. 2, 1895.) 

2. Are there any restrictions against feeding " wet malt," or other brewery 
products, to milch cows? 

Answer. No effort has been made to restrict the feeding of dairy cows with 
any of the foods named. The only brewery product, however, that, to the 
knowledge of the health department, is used for milch cows, is wet malt. This, 
it is believed, can be safely fed until it has begun to sour; after it has begun 
to sour it is regarded as having spoiled, and its use would not be tolerated any 
more than the use of any other spoiled food for dairy cows. In the considera- 
tion of this matter, the committee must bear in mind the difference between 
wet malt and other brewery products on the one hand, and distillery waste 
on the other, so as to avoid coming to erroneous conclusions as to the views 
of various sanitary authorities with respect thereto. 

3. Has the feeding of such products a prejudicial effect upon the milk of 
animals so fed? 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 369 

Answer. I do not believe that it has yet been demonstrated that the feeding 
of fresh sweet brewer's grains has a prejudical effect upon the milk of animals 
so fed. Attention is invited, however, to the preceding answer. 

4. With what average frequency are inspections of dairies and dairy farms 
made by the health department? 

Answer. By the term " dairy " is understood a place where the sale of milk 
and milk products is the principal part of the business carried on. There are 
in the District of Columbia 60 such places, independently of those located on 
dairy farms ; those located on dairy farms are inspected as a part of the 
dairy farm and therefore are not included in the following statement of aver- 
age frequency of inspection of dairies. The dairies of the District of Columbia, 
independent of those located on dairy farms, were during the year ended 
June 30, 1910, inspected on an average of 23.6 times. The dairy farms supply- 
ing milk to the District of Columbia were during the same year inspected on 
an average of 8.79 times each. 

5. Is there any need for more inspectors under the present regulations? 

Answer. The number of inspectors of dairy farms should be increased. Be- 
cause of the distance between dairy farms in outlying districts, a considerable 
part of the time of any inspector is consumed in going from his headquarters to 
the various farms and from farm to farm. The proportion of his time that is 
practically lost in this way is, of course, increased in proportion as the size of 
his territory is increased, and with the large territories that individual in- 
spectors now have to cover a very large part of their time is lost in going to 
and fro. At least one new inspector is urgently needed, and more could be 
used with advantage. What, however, is most urgently needed is a competent 
officer of the health department to devote his entire time to the supervision of 
the food-inspection service. No salary has ever been provided sufficient to tempt 
into the service any veterinary surgeon or graduate of a dairy school willing 
to give up his entire time to the work of the office, as proper supervision of the 
food-inspection service practically requires. The men who have been assigned 
to this work have been, therefore, men not specially qualified or trained, and 
however willing they may have been to discharge the duties of their office, 
they have not always been capable of doing so when put to the test. As an 
illustration of the difference between the situation in Washington and else- 
where, it may be stated that New Orleans pays its chief food inspector $200 a 
month and allows him time for a reasonable amount o'f private work. The chief 
food inspector in the city of Winnipeg receives $2,000 a year. The most that 
the District of Columbia has ever paid for this service is $1,200 per annum. 

6. What number of additional inspectors will probably be required if a low 
bacterial content, the tuberculin test, and compulsory pasteurization be required? 

Answer. It is impossible to answer this question with any degree of accuracy. 
Four additional employees, for instance, would be sufficient to supervise from a 
bacteriological standpoint the milk supply of this District in a very satisfactory 
way. One additional inspector, however, M^ould very much improve the present 
service, and two would improve it in proportion to the increase in the number 
of employees. While an increase in the number of employees assigned to the 
supervision of the milk supply from a bacteriological standpoint would not do 
away altogether with the necessity for the inspection of the farms, yet if it 
were permitted to fix an arbitrary bacteriological content and to insist that 
milk shipped into the District for sale or sold within the District show no 
greater number of bacteria than that allowed the necessity for the supervision 
of dairy farms would be very much reduced. A farmer or a dealer in milk can 
not produce and market a milk containing a small number of bacteria unless 
his premises and his methods are what may be designated as sanitary. A bac- 
teriologist examining the milk as it reaches the city and as it is offered for sale 
can tell quite as much regarding the conditions under which it has been pro- 
duced, from a general sanitary standpoint, as can the inspector on the farm. 
The bacteriologist can not, however, determine as accurately as can the inspector 
on the farm the condition of the dairy cattle, nor can the bacteriologist pick up 
as well as can the inspector who visits the dairy farm information concerning 
the presence of contagious diseases in the families of milk producers. It must 
be borne in mind, of course, that the isolation of disease germs in milk is exceed- 
ingly difficult, with the possible exception of the isolation of tubercle bacilli, 
and that the isolation of tubercle bacilli is a slow and somewhat expensive 
process, which can not well replace the physical and tuberculin testing of the 
dairy cattle. If all tuberculin testing is to be done by employees of the District 
government, three additional veterinary inspectors should be provided, for the 
present at least, when there is a very large number of untested herds to be 

82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-3 24 



370 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

looked after. The number of inspectors required to supervise properly the 
pasteurization of milk would depend upon the number of pasteurizing plants 
established. Three would probably be a fair estimate for such work. The 
more important part of the supervision of the pasteurizing plant, it might 
almost be said, would rest with the inspectors charged with the bacteriological 
supervision of the milk supply. Generally speaking, therefore, it might be said 
that if a fixed bacterial standard be established, the tuberculin test required, 
and compulsory pasteurization insisted upon from six to ten additional in- 
spectors would be needed properly to supervise the work. 

7. What number of dealers are at present purveying milk in the District 
of Columbia? 

Answer. The health department has no record of the numerous grocers and 
other keepers of stores other than dairies who are purveying milk. It is estimated, 
however, that milk is sold at 2,000 places within the District of Columbia. 

8. What number of producers are at present furnishing the milk consumed 
in the District of Columbia? 

Answer. The number of licensed dairy farms at present is 1,142. 

9. Will you kindly furnish, if possible, a statement of the prices paid to the 
dairy farmer and by the consumer for milk during the past several years? 

Answer. The price paid to the dairy farmer during the past five years has 
been practically unchanged at from 14 to 16 cents for the summer months and 
20 to 22 for winter months. The consumer has paid in that time 32 cents in 
the summer time and 36 to 40 cents in the winter. These prices are per gallon. 
So-called " special " milk is being sold at 40 cents per gallon throughout the year. 

10. What individuals or companies now maintain plants for pasteurizing milk 
consumed in the District of Columbia? 

Answer. George M. Oyster, jr., J. J. Bowles, W. A. Simpson, Belmont Dairy 
Co., J. W. Gregg (no holding device), Nathan Straus Laboratory, all in Wash- 
ington, D. C. ; Baltimore & Washington White Cross Milk Co., Frederick, Md. ; 
Tri-State Sanitary Milk Co., Cumberland, Md. ; International Milk Products 
Co., Cooperstown, N. Y., and the following creameries which ship only cream, 
so far as is known to this department : Chapin-Sacks Manufacturing Co., 
Buckeystown, Md., and Woodstock, Va. ; Rosemary Creamery Co., Adams, N. T. 

11. Does any present requirement of the health department forbid the use 
of milk bottles or other receptacles for holding coffee, tea, paint, coal oil, 
molasses, vinegar, gasoline, etc.? 

Answer. Section 6a of an ordinance to prevent the sale of unwholesome food 
and the distribution of medicinal and poisonous substances in the District of 
Columbia provides as follows: 

" Sec. 6a. That any person in the District of Columbia who receives milk 
or cream for sale shall, immediately after emptying the receptacle in which 
such milk or cream has been received, thoroughly rinse such receptacle so as 
to free the same from all remnants of milk and of cream, or shall cause such 
receptacle to be so rinsed ; and no person in said District shall put or, having 
power and authority to prevent, permit to be put into any receptacle which is 
commonly used for the storage or delivery of milk or cream for sale anything 
which is filthy or offensive or any refuse matter of any kind. Any person 
violating the provisions of this section shall, upon conviction thereof, be pun- 
ished by a fine not exceeding $25 for each and every such offense." (Commis- 
sioners' Regulation of Apr. 21, 1903.) 

The health department has prosecuted persons who have failed to rinse 
the receptacles in which milk or cream .has been received, such prosecutions 
being against, as the regulation quoted above will indicate, persons who have 
received milk or cream for sale. Cases in which householders have used the 
receptacles in which milk or cream has come into their possession for pur- 
poses suggested by the question propounded by the committee have not been 
prosecuted by the health department, for the simple reason that the health 
department does not obtain knowledge of such offenses, and the milk dealers 
who do obtain knowledge of such offenses have never appeared to enter com- 
plaint against their customers. 

12. What is the temperature maintained in household refrigerators in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia? 

Answer. The health department is unable to answer this question. 

13. In what respect, if any, is the drinking of sour milk deleterious? 
Answer. The drinking of sour milk is ordinarily not injurious to health. 

The milk that seems to do harm is not milk that is actually and manifestly 
soured, but milk that is more or less advanced in the process of souring. 
Whether this is due to the fact that up to a certain point disease-producing 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 371 

organisms multiply in milk, whereas at a later period by reason of the changes 
produced by the ordinary milk bacteria such disease-producing organisms are 
either killed or inhibited in their action, or whether the injurious effect that seems 
to follow in many cases from the drinking of old and partially soured milk results 
from changes in the process of souring that follow its ingestion, is not clear. 

14. Has the health department expressed any views as to the desirability of 
compulsory pasteurization? 

Answer. Yes. In the present state of the production and sale of milk com- 
mercially, pasteurization seems to be the only way of safeguarding the public 
health against milk-borne diseases. There will, however, probably always be 
some use for raw milk, either as a medicinal agent or for culinary purposes, 
or for use by the exceptional individual, similar to the individual who now 
without any physical necessity uses raw meat and raw eggs, and therefore 
there appears to be no reason why the sale of raw milk should be forbidden. 

15. Has a bacteriological laboratory been recently established in connection 
with the health department, and on what date? 

Answer. This question was answered, it is believed, in the answers previously 
submitted to the committee. Briefly, however, a bacteriological laboratory has. 
not been recently established in connection with the health department, but 
such a laboratory has been used by the department for some years past. Until 
the beginning of the current fiscal year, however, that laboratory was devoted 
exclusively to the contagious-disease service, because it was maintained from 
the appropriation provided for the maintenance of that service. With legisla- 
tion enacted by Congress at its last session it became possible to use this 
laboratory for other purposes, and with the beginning of the fiscal year its 
use for such other purposes, notably for milk work, was begun. 

16. Are additional or better facilities desired for this laboratory? 

Answer. The laboratory is in need of additional room. It is possible to 
operate it on its present basis only by the detail of a sanitary inspector to 
assist the bacteriologist, and in order to obtain an inspector to do this work 
it has been necessary to train him. There should be provision for an assistant 
bacteriologist, with salary and prospects suflicient to bring into the service a 
generally trained bacteriologist, say with an initial salary of $1,500 per annum, 
with some assurance of promotion in event of giving satisfactory service. Pro- 
vision should be made for the more general supervision from a bacteriological 
standpoint of the milk supply of the District, by providing for from one to 
four minor assistants in the bacteriological laboratory, and if such assistants 
be provided it will be necessary to have additional equipment as well as addi- 
tional space. 

17. In your judgment will the specification of 500,000 bacteria to the cubic 
centimeter suffice as a maximum indication of acceptable milk, or should this 
number be decreased, and if so to what figure? 

Answer. In the present state of the production and vending of milk, 500,000 
bacteria per cubic centimeter represents a fair standard. Good raw milk 
should contain not in excess of that number, but it will hardly be practicable 
during the summer season to prosecute for every sample of milk that contains 
a number in excess of the standard suggested. In the case of pasteurized milk, 
a bacterial standard should be fixed not in excess of 50,000 per cubic centimeter. 
If bacterial standards are to be fixed by law, it might be well to provide gen- 
erally that no milk should be sold having a higher bacterial content than that 
claimed for it by the vender, so that the producer and vender of special grades 
of milk who claims for such milk a bacterial count not in excess of say 10,000 
per cubic centimeter could not with impunity sell to his customer milk contain- 
ing a greater number. 

18. Can you refer the committee to a statement of the present requirements 
of the health department as to stabling cows, etc.? 

Answer. A copy of the regulations of the department relative to the stabling 
of cows is inclosed herewith. 

19. Can you conveniently furnish copies of all orders of the health department 
at present in operation governing the production and sale of milk? 

Answer. The production and sale of milk is governed rather by laws and 
regulations, copies of which have already been furnished the committee, than 
by orders of the health department. Orders of the health department are gen- 
erally directed to the employees of the department, and thereupon departmental 
interpretations of existing laws and regulations. Copies of all such orders 
can not be easily furnished, but if the committee desires copies of such orders 
relating to any particular feature of the milk-inspection work, copies of such 
orders will be made and furnished. 



372 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 



The department staads ready to furnish the committee with any other infor- 
mation in its possession which the committee believes will be of service to its 
work. 

Respectfully, Wm. C. Wooodward, M. D., 

Health Officer. 



APPENDIX L. 



SCORE CARDS EMPLOYED BY DISTRICT GOVERNMENT AND DEPARTMENT OF 
AGRICULTURE FOR RATING DAIRIES AND DAIRY FARMS. 

[Health Department of the District of Columbia, Dairy and Dairy Farm; Service.] 

SCOEE CAED fob DAIEIEa. 



Owner or manager: ■ 
Street and No.: 



Trade name: • 



Permit No. 



Number of wagons: ■ 

Date of inspection: - 

Gallons sold daily: 

Milk: . 



19—. 



Cream: 

Buttermilk: 



Equipment. 


Score. 


Methods. 


Score. 


Perfect. 


Allowed. 


Perfect. 


Allowed. 


Plant: 

Location , 10 


2 

8 

4 
1 

6 
3 
1 
5 
5 
5 

5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
6 

10 
5 
5 

3 

4 
3 




Plant: 

Cleanliness 15 

Floor 


3 

2 

5 
30 

6 
10 

5 
20 

10 
5 








Walls 




Arrangement 5 
















Windows 












Floor and drainage 

Walls 


Free from odors 

Freedom from flies 

Machinery and utensils: 
Cleanliness 








Ceiling 






Light 






Ventilation 




Milk: (HandUng) 20 

Clarifying 










Machinery and utensils 
(kind.quaUty.condition, 
and arrangement) ...30 




Bottling 








Storage 






45° F. or below 20 

45 to 50° F 15 

50 to 55° F 10 

Salesroom — 
Cleanliness . 




Bottling machine 

Capping machine 














Cold storage . 






Pasteurizer 




Attendants' cleanli- 




Water for cleaning. 20 








Additional deductions for 
exceptionally bad con- 
ditions- 




Hot water 




100 










Salesroom 10 

Location 




























100 












Additional deductions for 
exceptionally bad condi- 
tions- 






































Total deductions. . . 






Total deductions 
















Net total 






Net total 























Score for equipment ; multiplied by 1 

Score for methods ; multipUed by 2 

Total to be divided by 3 

Final score, ............. .,,...,., ,.,..,..,..,,.., , 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 373 



Supplemental score for wagons. 


Perfect. 


Allowed. 


Construction 


3 

7 




Condition - 










10 








This score does not cover quality of milk purchased by this dealer. 





., Inspector. 



[Health Department of the District of Columbia, Dairy and Dairy- Farm Inspection Service.] 
Score Card for Dairy Farms. 

Farm of . Location . Consignee . 

Permit number . D. C. Md. Va. 191—. Rating . 



Equipment. 



Cows, 16. 

Comfort: 

Bedding 

Temperature of stable 

Food 

Water: 

Clean 

Fresh , 

Light: 4 square feet ormore of 
glass per cow (3 square feet, 
3; 2 square feet, 2; 1 square 
foot, 1) 

Ventilation: Automatic sys- 
tem (adjustable windows, 1). 

Cubic feet air space per cow, 
600 to 1,000 feet (less than 600 
feet, 2; less than 500 feet, 0) . , 

StaMe, 6. 

Location of stable: 

Well drained 

Free from contaminating 

surroundings 

Construction of stable: 

Tight, sound floor and 
proper gutter 

Smooth, tight walls and 
ceiling 

Proper stall, tie, and man- 
ger 

Utensils, 14. 

Construction of utensils 

Water for cleaning, clean, con- 
venient, and sufficient 

Facilities for steam (hot water 
sufficient to immerse uten- 
sils, 2) 

Small top milking pail 

Milk cooler 

Clean milking suits 

Handling the milk, 4- 

Location of milk room: 

Free from contaminating 

surroundings 

Convenient 

Construction of milk room: 
Floors, walls, and ceiling. 
Light, ventilation, and 
screens 

Total 



Score. 



Perfect. Allowed. 



40 



Methods. 



Cows and stables, 18. 
Cleanliness of stables: 

Floor 

Walls 

Ceiling and ledges 

Mangers and partitions. . . 

Windows 

Stable air 

Barnyard, clean and well 

drained . - 

Removal of manure daily to 
field or pit (manure stored 
less than 50 feet from sta- 
ble, 0) 

Utensils and milking, 24. 

Care and cleanliness of uten- 
sils: 

Thoroughly cleansed 

Steaming or scalding uten- 
sils 

Inverting utensils in piure 

air and sunlight 

Cleanliness of milking: 

Clean, dry hands 

Udders washed and dried 
(udders cleansed with 
moist cloth, 4) 

Handling the milk, 20. 

Cleanliness of attendants 

Milk of each cow removed im- 
mediately from the stable . . 

Cleanliness of milk room 

Prompt cooling (cooled imme- 
diately after milking each 
cow) 

Efficient cooling; below 50° F. 
(51° to 55°, 4; 56° to 60°, 2). 

Storage; below 50° F. (51° to 
55°, 2; 56° to 60°, 1) 

Transportation; iced (for jack- 
et or wet blanket allow 2; 
dry blanket or covered 
wagon, 1) 



Total. 



Score. 



Perfect. Allowed. 



60 



This report indicates the sanitary condition of these premises only at the time this inspection was made; 
any person desiring to learn the general sanitary condition should refer to a series of not less than three 
consecutive reports, which may be seen in the health office. 

SCORE FOE CATTLE. 

Number of cattle in dairy herd 

Perfect score for each cow or bull 100 

Total possible score for herd 



374 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

Deductions on account of cattle diseased, etc. 



Number of 
cattle. 



Nature of disease, defect, etc. 



1. Tuberculosis as shown by a physical examination or by the 

tuberculin test. 

2. Absence of a tuberculin test within one year of the date of Inspec- 

tion, not to Include cattle scored under paragraph 1. 

3. Inflammatory diseases of the udder 

4. Diseases other than or in addition to the diseases mentioned 

above. 

5. Unclean condition of the teats and udders 

6. Unclean condition of the cows other than specified In the preced- 

ing paragraph. 

7. Undue emaciation or cows otherwise out of condition 



Total deduction for herd. 
Net score 



Deduc- 
tions per 
cow. 



100. 
30.. 



100 or less. 
...do 



40 or less. 
30 or less. 



10 or less. 



Total de- 
ductions. 



Net score (- 
Remarks.. 



-) divided by the total possible score for herd (- 



-) equals - 



Percentage score, 



, Inspector. 

The health department believes that if a cow is suffering from tuberculosis her entire value as a dairy 
cow is gone. If she is suffering from an Inflammatory disease of the udder as well as from tuberculosis, 
she becomes even a greater danger to the herd. And If she Is furthermore otherwise diseased or out of 
condition or dirty she becomes even a more serious menace to public health. For these reasons the above 
system of scoring has been arranged so that an individual cow may count against the score of the entire 
herd more than would have been allotted to her had she been in perfect condition. 

All cows stabled with the dairy herd or found in the milking line will be scored as part of the herd. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 375 



[United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Dairy Division.] 
Sanitary Inspection of City Milk Plants. 



Owner or manager : 

City : . Street and No, 



Trade name : 



State ; 



Number of wagons : . Gallons sold daily ; 

Milk : . 

Cream : 



Buttermilk ; 



Permit or license No. 



-. Date of inspection : 



-, 19—. 



Equipment. 


Score. 


Methods. 


Score. 


Perfect. 


Allowed. 


Perfect. 


Allowed. 


Plant: 

Location 


18 
7 
9 

1 
1 

1 
20 

28 

4 
11 




Plant: 

Cleanliness 


15 

25 

25 
20 

6 
9 




Convenience 6 

Surroundings 12 

Arrangement 




Floor 6 

Walls 4 

Ceiling 1 

Doors 1 

Windows 1 

Good order 1 

Free from odors ... 1 
Machinery and utensils- 
Cleanliness 




Proper rooms 3 

Convenience 4 

Construction , 






■ Floor 5 

Vfalls 3 

Ceiling 1 






Light 


Milk- 
Handling (clarifying, 
pasteurizing, cool- 
ing, bottling) 

Storage 










Screens 






Machinery and utensils 






Kind and quality 






(steam or hot 
water, bottle and 
can washer, bot- 
1 1 i n g machine, 
drying racks, 
crates, sinks, pas- 
teurizer, cold 

storage) 7 

Condition 7 

Arrangement 6 

Water for cleaning 


46° F. or below 20 
45° to 50° F... 15 
50° to 55° F... 10 

Wagons 




Wagon- 
Construction, con- 






dition 


Cleanliness 3 

Protection of prod- 
uct 3 

Salesroom — 

Cleanliness 




Salesroom 






Location 4 

Construction 4 

Equipment 3 








Additional deductions for 
exceptionally bad con- 
ditions: 






100 




100 




Additional deductions for 
exceptionally bad con- 
ditions: 








































Total deductions 






Total deductions 






















Net total 






Net total 



















Score for methods 

Score for equipment- 



■ ; multiplied by 2. 
; multiplied by 1. 



Total, to be divided by 3. 
Final score 



376 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

[Front of card.] 
(United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Dairy Division.] 

, Sanitary Inspection of Daiuiks. 

DAIRY SCOIlia CAKD. 

Adopted by the Official Dairy Instructors' Association. 
(Subject to revision at future meetings.) 



Owner or lessee of farm : ;- 

P. O. address : . State : 

Total number of cows : . 



Number milking : 



Gallons of milk produced daily : . 

Product retailed by producer in . 

Sold at wholesale to . 

For milk supply of . 

Permit No. : • Date of Inspection 

Remarks : 



-, 19 



-, Inspector. 



[Back of card.] 
Detailed Score. 



Equipment. 



Cows. 



Health ----- 

Apparently in good 

health 1 

If tested with tubercu- 
lin once a year and 
no tuberculosis is 
found, or if tested 
once m six months 
and all reacting ani- 
mals removed 6 

(If tested only once a 
year and reacting animals 
found and removed, 2.) 

Comfort 

Bedding 1 

Temperature of stable. 1 
Food (clean and wholesome). 

Water 

Clean and fresh 1 

Convenient and abund- 
ant 1 

Stables. 



Location of stable 

Well drained 1 

Free from contaminat- 
ing surroundhigs 1 

Construction of stable 

Tight, sound door and 

proper gutter 2 

Smooth, tight walls 

and ceiling 1 

Proper stall, tie, and 

manger 1 

Light: 4sqiiarefeetofglassper 
cow (3 square feet,' 3; 2 
square feet, 2; 1 square foot, 
1. Deduct for uneven dis- 
tribution) 

Ventilation: Automatic sys- 
tem (adjustable windows. 

Cubic feet of space for cow: 500 
to 1,000 feet (less than 500 
feet, 2; less than 400 feet, I; 
less than 300 feet, 0; over 
1,000 feet.O) 



Score. 



Perfect. Allowed 



Methods. 



Cows. 
Cleanliness of cows 

Stables. 

Cleanliness of stables 

Floor 2 

Walls...'. 1 

Ceiling and ledges 1 

Mangers and parti- 
tions 1 

Windows 1 

Stable air at milking time 

Barnyard clean and well 

drained 

Removal of manure daily to 
field or proper pit (to SO feet 
from stable, 1) 

Milk room. 

Cleanliness of milk room 

Utensils and milking. 

Care and cleanliness of utensils. 

Thoroughly washed and 

sterilized in live steam 

for .'W minutes 5 

(Thoroughly washed and 
placed over steam jet, 4; thor- 
oughly washed and scalded 
with 'boiling water, 3; thor- 
oughly washed , not scalded, 2. ) 
Inverted in pure air. . . 3 

Cleanliness of milking 

Clean dry hands 3 

Udders washed and 

dried 6 

(Udder.s cleaned with moist 
cloth, 4; cleaned with dry cloth 
at least 15 minutes before milk- 
ing, 1.) 



Score. 



Perfect. Allowed 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEIOT OF COLUMBIA. 377 



DiOTAiLiilh Scoiiii) ("oiil limed. 





Score. 


MoMiods. 


Score. 




Porfeot. 


Allowed. 


I'crfoot. 
1 


Allowed. 


Utensils. 


1 

1 
a 

1 
1 
1 

■2 

2 




Handling Of Af Ilk. 

CloanlliuwH of al,toiuliui(n 

Milk removod linnuHlliUely 








Walcr forclcivniiiH (cliMin.con- 

vt'iiiciit,, 1111(1 ubiiiidiuil.) 

Siiiiill-liip milking pull 






I'loini)!, coolliiK'. (Coolod liii- 
iiUMliulrly ilfior milking I'lveli 


3 












Hiciuii (.should bo 111 milk 


K,incl(>iilcooliiiK'; 1h>1ow m" F. 

(.'•)i''U)r)r)'','i:r){i'' (,o(i()",2)... 

HloniK'o; below M" \>\ (51° to 
K,", '2; .'■.(i" to (ill", 1) 
















MUk room. 




'rnuiHportiitloii; Icod (for jiiok- 
I't or wet bliuikot allow 2; 
dry l)hiiikiit or (^ovtircd 




Freo from contiimlimt- 
in^; aiirroiindliiKN 1 




Total 








Floor, walKs, mid eell- 

I'lH 1 

Ll(,'lit., veuUliiUoii, 










Total 


40 




CO 













Soore for (M|uipiiuMit j .score for iiielliods >fliial w^ore. 

NoTli; 1. Ifaiiy llltliy coiiiliMoii i.s roimil, purl.lruliirly dirty iil,eii,sll.s, the total .siiore .shall bo limited to ■!(). 
NoTic 2. If tlib water l.s i'\piiMMl to (lanneniiis coiitamliialloii or Ihoro id ovldouoe of tliu prosonuo of u 
daugorout) dltiuasu iu unliiialH ur ulteiidaiits, i\w nvon\ .shall be (I. 



APrENDTX M. 

FOOD AND DRU(!H ACT, A I'I'ItOV 101) .HINIO :iO, 1!)00 

AN ACT l^or prevciilliiH the iiui iMil'iicI lire, Hiilc, or I raii.spoi-hH ion of ndullenilcd or inlH- 
briuidcd or poisonous or dclclcrloiis I'oodH, driiKH, iiicdlidiics, mid ihpiorw, iiiid lor ronu- 
lutiuK IrulUc tiicrclii, and fur olhcr piirpoHcH. 

\:'A HIiitH., 7(iH.,| 



lie it enacted hy the Senate and House of Reprenmta1iveH of the United 
States of Aincriea in (Jimf/ress assembled, '■|'']»it; il. hIimII lie iiuliivvrui for imy 
person to iiiainiriicdirc williin iiny 'rci'rilory or llio District, oC (lolimihiii jmy 
iirticio of food or di'ii^ wiiicli is luluitcrjilcd or iMisl)niii(!('(l, within tlic nicnn 
\\\'^ of tliis Act,; <Mn(l nny lUM'Son who sluill violjito nny of tlic provisions of liiis 
section sliMll be j^niily of ii niisdcMncanor, mid for ciicli olTcnsc shiill, upon con- 
viction liicr(V)f, lie tilled not l-o exceed live iinndred doliiii's or slinll he sentencod 
to oiK^ year's iniprisonnient, or botii sucli fine and iniprisonnient, in Ihe discre- 
tion of tiie court, and foi- eacli snl»se(|iient, offense aiwl conviction lliereid' sliall 
be lined not less lliaii one tlionsand dollars or sentenced to one year's iiiijii'ison- 
nieni,, or hotli sncli liii<^ and iniprisonnient,, in tint discridion of tlie court. 

Sic(!. 2. 'IMiat {\w iidrodnction into any States or 'I'eri'llory or tli<' District of 
Coliiniliia from any otlier State or 'i^erritory or tbe DIstict of (lolnnilila, or 
from any forei^'n conntry, or sliiinnent to any forei;j:n country of nny article of 
food or dniKH wldcli is adul(*'rate<l or niisl)raiided, witliin llie ni(>anlnjj; of this 
net, is liereliy jiroliijiited ; and any jierson wiio sliail ship or deliver for sldp- 
nieiit from any Stale or Tenltory or tlie Disti'ict of (lolnmjiia to any oliier 
Sta((> or Territory or tlie District of (lolnmliia, or to a foreign conntry, or wiio 
siiali r(>ceiv(> in any State or 'I'erriloi-y or tlie District of ('oiiimliia fi'oin any 
otlier State oi" 'l\^rritory or tlu; District, of (lolnnil)ia, or foreij^n connlry, mid 
liaviiiK so received, sliall deliver, In oriKinnI iiid)roi«^n pacUa;ies, I'm- jiay m- 
olliwwise, or oll'er to deliver to uiiy ythor person, nny suc-h urtleie ho adul- 



378 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

terated or misbranded within tlie meaning of this act, or any person who shall 
sell or offer for sale in the District of Columbia or the Territories of the 
United States any such adulterated or misbranded foods or drugs, or export 
or offer to export the same to any foreign country, shall be guilty of a misde- 
meanor, and for such offense be fined not exceeding two hundred dollars for 
the first offense, and upon conviction for each subsequent offense not exceeding 
three hundred dollars or be imprisoned not exceeding one year, or both, in the 
discretion of the court : Provided, That no article shall be deemed misbranded 
or adulterated within the provisions of this act when intended for export to 
any foreign country and prepared or packed according to the specifications or 
directions of the foreign purchaser when no substance is used in the prepara- 
tion or packing thereof in conflict with the laws of the foreign country to 
which said article is intended to be shipped ; but if said article shall be in fact 
sold or offered for sale for domestic use or consumption, then this proviso 
shall not exempt said article from the operation of any of the other provisions 
of this act. 

Sec. 3. That the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Agriculture, 
and the Secretary of Commerce and Labor shall make- uniform rules and regula- 
tions for carrying out the provisions of this act, including the collection and 
examination of specimens of foods and drugs manufactured or offered for sale 
in the District of Columbia, or in any Territory of the United States, or which 
shall be offered for sale in unbroken packages in any State other than that in 
which they shall have been respectively manufactured or produced, or which 
shall be received from any foreign country, or intended for shipment to any 
foreign country, or which may be submitted for examination by the chief health, 
food, or drug officer of any State, Territory, or the District of Columbia, or at 
any domestic or foreign port through which such product is offered for inter- 
state commerce, or for export or import between the United States and any 
foreign port or country. 

Sec. 4. That the examinations of specimens of foods and drugs shall be made 
in the Bureau of Chemistry of the Department of Agriculture, or under the 
direction and supervision of such bureau, for the purpose of determining from 
such examinations whether such articles are adulterated or misbranded within 
the meaning of this act ; and if it shall appear from any such examination that 
any of such specimens is adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of 
this act, the Secretary of Agriculture shall cause notice thereof to be given to 
the party from whom such sample was obtained. Any party so notified shall 
be given an opportunity to be heard, under such rules and regulations as may 
be prescribed as aforesaid, and if it appears that any of the provisions of this 
act have been violated by such party, then the Secretary of Agriculture shall 
at once certify the facts to the proper United States district attorney, with a 
copy of the results of the analysis or the examination of such article duly 
authenticated by the analyst or officer making such examination, under the 
oath of such officer. After judgment of the court, notice shall be given by 
publication in such manner as may be prescribed by the rules and regulations 
aforesaid. 

Sec. 5. That it shall be the duty of each district attorney to whom the Secre- 
tary of Agriculture shall report any violation of this act, or to whom any health 
or food or drug officer or agent of any State, Territory, or the District of 
Columbia shall present satisfactory evidence of any such violation, to cause 
appropriate proceedings to be commenced and prosecuted in the proper courts 
of the United States, without delay, for the enforcement of the penalties as in 
such case herein provided. 

Sec. 6. That the term " drug," as used in this act, shall include all medicines 
and preparations recognized in the United States Pharmacopoeia or National 
Formulary for internal or external use, and any substance or mixture of sub- 
stances intended to be used for the cure, mitigation, or prevention of disease 
of either man or other animals. The term " food," as used herein, shall in- 
clude all articles used for food, drink, confectionery, or condiment by man or 
other animals, whether simple, mixed, or compound. 

Sec. 7. That for the purposes of this act an article shall be deemed to be 
adulterated : 

In, case of drugs: 

First. If, when a drug is sold under or by a name recognized in the United 
States Pharmacopoeia or National Formulary, it differs from the standard of 
strength, quality, or purity, as determined by the test laid down in the United 
States Pharmacopoeia or National Formulary official at the time of investiga- 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 379 

tion : Provided, That no drug defined in the United States Pharmacopoeia or 
National Formulary shall be deemed to be adulterated under this provision if 
the standard of strength, quality, or purity be plainly stated upon the bottle, 
box, or other container thereof although the standard may differ from that 
determined by the test laid down in the United States Pharmacopoeia or 
National Formulary. 

Second. If its strength or purity fall below the professed standard or quality 
under which it is sold. 

In the case of confectionery : 

If it contain terra alba, barytes, talc, chrome yellow, or other mineral sub- 
stance or poisonous color or flavor, or other ingredient deleterious or detri- 
mental to health, or any vinous, malt or spirituous liquor, or compound or 
narcotic drug. 

In the case of food : 

First. If any substance has been mixed and packed with it so as to reduce 
or lower or injuriously affect its quality or strength. 

Second. If any substance has been substituted wholly or in part for the 
article. 

Third. If any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or in part 
abstracted. 

Fourth. If it be mixed, colored, powdered, coated, or stained in a manner 
whereby damage or inferiority is concealed. 

Fifth. If it contain any added poisonous or other added deleterious in- 
gredient which may render such article injurious to health : Provided, That 
when in the preparation of food products for shipment they are preserved by 
any external application applied in such manner that the preservative is neces- 
sarily removed mechanically, or by maceration in water, or otherwise, and 
directions for the removal of said preservative shall be printed on the covering 
or the package, the provisions of this act shall be construed as applying only 
when said products are ready for consumption. 

Sixth. If it consists in whole or in part of a filthy, decomposed, or putrid 
animal or vegetable substance, or any portion of an animal unfit for food, 
whether manufactured or not, or if it is the product of a diseased animal, or 
one that has died otherwise than by slaughter. 

Sec. 8. That the term " misbranded," as used herein, shall apply to all drugs, 
or articles of food, or articles which enter into the composition of food, the 
package or label of which shall bear any statement, design, or device regarding 
such article, or the ingredients or substances contained therein which shall be 
false or misleading in any particular, and to any food or drug product which is 
falsely branded as to the State, Territory, or country in which it is man.u- 
factured or produced. 

That for the purposes of this act an article shall also be deemed to be mis- 
branded : 

In case of drugs: 

First. If it be an imitation of or offered for sale under the name of another 
article. 

Second. If the contents of the package as originally put up shall have been 
removed, in whole or in part, and other contents shall have been placed in such 
package, or if the package fail to bear a statement on the label of the quantity 
or proportion of any alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, heroin, alpha or beta 
eucaine, chloroform, cannabis indica, chloral hydrate, or acetanilide, or any 
derivative or preparation of any such substances contained therein. 

In the case of food : 

First. If it be an imitation of or offered for sale under the distinctive name 
of another article. 

Second. If it be labeled or branded so as to deceive or mislead the purchaser, 
or purport to be a foreign product when not so, or if the contents of the 
package as originally put up shall have been removed in whole or in part and 
other contents shall have been placed in such package, or if it fail to bear a 
statement on the label of the quantity or proportion of any morphine, opium, 
cocaine, heroin, alpha or beta eucaine, chloroform, canabis indica, chloral 
hydrate, or acetanilide, or any derivative or preparation of any of such sub- 
stances contained therein. 

Third. If in package form, and the contents are stated in terms of weight 
or measure, they are not plainly and correctly stated on the outside of the 
package 



380 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Fourth. If the package containing it or its label shall bear any statement, 
design, or device regarding the ingredients or the substances contained therein, 
which statement, design, or device shall be false or misleading in any particular: 
Provided, That an article of food which does not contain any added poisonous 
or deleterious ingredients shall not be deemed to be adulterated or misbranded 
in the following cases : 

First. In the case of mixtures or compounds which may be now or from time 
to time hereafter known as articles of food, under their own distinctive names, 
and not an imitation of or offered for sale under the distinctive name of another 
article, if the name be accompanied on the same label or brand with a state- 
ment of the place where said article has. been manufactured or produced. 

Second. In the case of articles labeled, branded, or tagged so as to plainly 
indicate that they are compounds, imitations, or blends, and the word " com- 
pound," " imitation," or " blend," as the case may be, is plainly stated on the 
package in which it is offered for sale : Provided, That the term blend as 
used herein shall be construed to mean a mixture of like substances, not exclud- 
ing harmless coloring or flavoring ingredients used for the purpose of coloring 
and flavoring only : And provided further, That nothing in this act shall be 
construed as requiring or compelling proprietors or manufacturers of proprie- 
tary foods which contain no unwholesome added ingredient to disclose their 
trade formulas, except in so far as the provisions of this act may require to 
secure freedom from adulteration or misbranding. 

Sec. 9. That no dealer shall be prosecuted under the provisions of this act 
when he can establish a guaranty signed by the wholesaler, jobber, manufac- 
turer, or other party residing in the United States, from whom he purchases 
such articles, to the effect that the same is not adulterated or misbranded 
within the meaning of this act, designating it. Said guaranty, to afford pro- 
tection, shall contain the name and address of the party or parties making the 
sale of such articles to such dealer, and in such case said party or parties 
shall be amenable to the prosecutions, fines, and other penalties which would 
attach, in due course, to the dealer under the provisions of this act. 

Sec. 10. That any article of food, drug, or liquor that is adulterated or mis- 
branded within the meaning of this act, and is being transported from one 
State, Territory, District, or insular possession to another for sale, or, having 
been transported, remains unloaded, unsold, or in original unbroken packages, 
or if it be sold or offered for sale in the District of Columbia or the Territories, 
or insular possessions of the United States, or if it be imported from a foreign 
country for sale, or if it is intended for export to a foreign country, shall be 
liable to be proceeded against in any district court of the United States within 
the district where the same is found, and seized for confiscation by a process 
of libel for condemnation. And if such article is condemned as being adulter- 
ated or misbranded, or of a poisonous or deleterious character, within the 
meaning of this act, the same shall be disposed of by destruction or sale, as 
the said court may direct, and the proceeds thereof, if sold, less the legal costs 
and charges, shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States, but such 
goods shall not be sold in any jurisdiction contrary to the provisions of this 
act or the laws of that jurisdiction : Provided, however, That upon the pay- 
ment of the costs of such libel proceedings and the execution and delivery of a 
good and sufficient bond to the effect that such articles shall not be sold or 
otherwise disposed of contrary to the provisions of this act, or the laws of any 
State, Territory, District, or insular possession, the court may by order direct 
that such articles be delivered to the owner thereof. The proceedings of such 
libel cases shall conform, as near as may be, to the proceedings in admiralty, 
except that either party may demand trial by jury of any issue of fact joined 
in any such case, and all such proceedings shall be at the suit of and in the 
name of the United States. 

Sec. 11. The Secretary of the Treasury shall deliver to the Secretary of 
Agriculture, upon his request from time to time, samples of foods and drugs 
which are being imported into the United States or offered for import, giving 
notice thereof to the owner or consignee, who may appear before the Secretary 
of Agriculture, and have the right to introduce testimony, and if it appear 
from the examination of such samples that any article of food or drug offered 
to be imported into the United States is adulterated or misbranded within the 
meaning of this act, or is otherwise dangerous to the health of the people of 
the United States, or is of a kind forbidden entry into, or forbidden to be sold 
or restricted in sale in the country in which it is made or from which it is 



TH!e milk situation in the district of COLUMBIA. 381 

exported, or is otherwise falsely labeled in any respect, the said article shall be 
refused admission, and the Secretary of the Treasury shall refuse delivery to 
the consignee and shall cause the destruction of any goods refused delivery 
which shall not be exported by the consignee within three months from the 
date of notice of such refusal under such regulations as the Secretary of the 
Treasury may prescribe : Provided, That the Secretary of the Treasury may de- 
liver to the consignee such goods pending examination and decision in the mat- 
ter on execution of a penal bond for the amount of the full invoice value of 
such goods, together with the duty thereon, and on refusal to return such goods 
for any cause to the custody of the Secretary of the Treasury, when demanded, 
for the purpose of excluding them from the country, or for any other purpose, 
said consignee shall forfeit the full amount of the bond : And provided further, 
That all charges for storage, cartage, and labor on goods which are refused ad- 
mission or delivery shall be paid by the owner or consignee, and in default of 
such payment shall constitute a lien against any future importation made by 
such owner or consignee. 

Sec. 12. That the term " Territory " as used in this act shall include the 
insular possessions of the United States. The word " person " as used in this 
act shall be construed to import both the plural and the singular, as the case 
demands, and shall include corporations, companies, societies, and associations. 
When construing and enforcing the provisions of this act, the act, omission, 
or failure of any officer, agent, or other person acting for or employed by any 
corporation, company, society, or association, within the scope of his employ- 
ment or office, shall in every case be also deemed to be the act, omission, or 
failure of such corporation, company, society, or association as well as that of 
the person. 

Sec. 13. That this act shall be in force and effect from and after the first 
day of January, nineteen hundred and seven. 

Approved, June 30, 1906. 



APPENDIX N. 

COMMUNICATION FROM CHIEF OF BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY, UNITED STATES 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, REFERRING TO PROSECUTIONS UNDER 
FEDERAL PURE-FOOD LAW. 

United States Department of Agricultube, 

Bureau of Chemistry, 
Washington, D. C, December 2, 1910. 

The Washington Chamber of Commerce, 

Washington, D. G. 

Gentlemen : In further reply to your inquiries respecting standards for milk, 
I am transmitting, in accordance with your request of November 18, additional 
data bearing specifically upon the question which your committee is so carefully 
considering. Attached to this is also a memorandum prepared by the assistant 
chief of this bureau. Dr. W. D. Bigelow, and copies of certain notices of judg- 
ment obtained as a result of prosecutions secured against interstate shipments 
of milk. 

I need not assure you again how earnestly this bureau is endeavoring to coop- 
erate with you in your efforts to secure a proper milk supply. In this connection 
I beg to say that the ordinary pasteurized milk of commerce is a dangerous 
article — far more so than the so-called raw milk. I may say that as many as 
54,000,000 organisms per cubic centimeter have been found in milk alleged 
to have been pasteurized 24 hours after the pasteurization is said to have been 
accomplished. Pasteurized milk is only to be tolerated when certified by an 
independent official as to the efficiency of pasteurization and the suitability of it 
for consumption. 

Respectfully, H. W. Wiley, Chief. 



382 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 
memorandum fob dr. wiley. 

United States Department of Agriculture, 

Bureau of Chemistry, 
Washington, D. C, Decemher 1, 1910. 

In the inspection of milk shipped into interstate commerce the bureau adheres 
to the standards promulgated by the Secretary of Agriculture respecting the 
composition of milk. 

No prosecutions are actually brought, however, for the shipment of milk 
which very nearly complies with those standards. Prosecutions have been 
successfully maintained for the shipment in interstate commerce of milk shown 
by chemical analysis to be adulterated, as, for instance, by skimming, by the 
addition of water or ice, or by the addition of formaldehyde. Prosecutions 
have also been maintained for the shipment of badly contaminated milk on 
the ground that it was filthy, decomposed, and putrid, and contained filthy, 
decomposed, and putrid material. This question is judged by its bacteriological 
condition. 

There are now pending in the court, or preparing for the courts, about 170 
cases of violations of the food and drugs act by shipping adulterated milk and 
cream. The following notices of judgment, copies of which are attached hereto, 
refer to cases which have already been prosecuted : N. J. 5, 37, 81, 88, 125, 132, 
185, 206, 214, 219, 223, 228, 229, 241, 264, 265, 267, 268, 273, 285, 287, 307, 308, 312, 
331, 335, 336, 338, 347, 370, 419, 420, 421, 423, 425, 430, 437, 445, 446, 451, 460, 
479. 484, 485, 502, 503, 510, 512, 513, 514, 515, 517, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 
528, 538, 557, 558, 586, 587, 588, 590, 607, 628, 629, 632, and 638. 

W. D. BiGELOW. 



APPENDIX O. 

SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING SANITARY ARRANGEMENTS FOR DAIRY FARMS. 

By Ed. H. Webster, Chief of Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, United 
States Department of Agriculture. 

[Reprinted from Bulletin No. 56, Hygienic Laboratory, United States Public Health and 
Marine-Hospital Service, pp. 570, 571.] 

Twenty-one Suggestions. 
THE cows. 

1. Have the herd examined frequently by a skilled veterinarian. Promptly 
remove any animals suspected of being in bad health. Never add an animal to 
the herd until certain it is free from disease, especially tuberculosis. 

2. Never allow a cow to be excited by hard driving, abuse, loud talking, or 
unnecessary disturbances ; do not unduly expose her to cold or storms. 

3. Clean the entire body of the cow daily. Hair in the region of the udder 
should be kept short. Wipe the udder and surrounding parts with a clean, 
damp cloth before milking. 

4. Do not allow any strong flavored feed, such as garlic, cabbage, or turnips, 
to be eaten except immediately after milking. 

5. Salt should always be accessible. 

6. Radical changes in feed should be made gradually. 

7. Have fresh, pure water in abundance, easy of access, and not too cold. 

THE STABLES. 

8. Dairy cattle should be kept in a stable where no other animals are housed, 
preferably without cellar or storage loft. Stable should be light (4 square feet 
of glass per cow) and dry, with at least 500 cubic feet of air to each animal. 
It should have air inlets and outlets, so arranged as to give good ventilation 
without drafts of air on cows. The presence of flies may be reduced by dark- 
ening the stable and removing the manure as directed below. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 383 

9. The floor, walls, and ceilings of the stable should be tight, walls and ceil- 
ings being kept free of cobwebs and whitewashed twice a year. There should 
be as few dust-catching ledges and projections as possible. 

10. Allow no musty or dirty litter or strong smelling material in the stable. 
Store manure under cover at least 40 feet from the stable in a dark place. Use 
land plaster daily in gutter and on floor. 

THE MILK HOUSE. 

11. Cans should not remain in the stable while being filled. Remove the milk 
of each cow at once from the stable to a clean room ; strain immediately 
through cotton flannel or absorbent cotton; cool to 50° F. as soon as strained; 
store at 50° F. or lower. All milk houses should be screened. 

12. Milk utensils should be made of metal, with all joints smoothly soldered, 
or, when possible, should be made of stamped metal. Never allow utensils to 
become rusty or rough inside. Use milk utensils for nothing but handling, stor- 
ing, or delivering milk. 

13. To clean dairy utensils, use pure water only. First rinse the utensils in 
warm water ; then wash inside and out in hot water in which a cleansing mate- 
rial has been dissolved ; rinse again ; sterilize with boiling water or steam ; then 
keep inverted in pure air that may have ready access, and sun if possible, until 
ready for use. 

MILKING AND HANDLING MILK. 

14. The milker should wash his hands immediately before milking and should 
milk with dry hands. He should wear a clean outer garment, which should 
be kept In a clean place when not in use. Tobacco should not be used while 
milking. 

15. In milking be quiet, quick, clean, and thorough. Commence milking at the 
same hour every morning and evening and milk the cows in the same order. . 

16. If any part of the milk is bloody, stringy, or unnatural in appearance, or 
if by accident dirt gets into the milk pail, the whole mess should be rejected. 

17. Weigh and record the milk given by each cow. 

18. Never mix warm milk with that which has been cooled, and do not allow 
milk to freeze. 

19. Feed no dry, dusty feed just previous to milking. 

20. Persons suffering from any disease, or who have been exposed to a con- 
tagious disease, must remain away from the cows and the milk. 

21. It is needless to say that the shorter the time between the production of 
milk and its delivery, and between delivery and use, the better will be the 
quality of the milk. 



APPENDIX P. 

ACT TO REGULATE THE SALE OF MILK IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 
APPROVED MARCH 2, 1895. 

AN ACT To regulate the sale of milk in the District of Columbia, and for other purposes. 

Be it enacted dy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States 
of America in Congress assemWed, That from and after the passage of this act 
no person shall, within the District of Columbia, keep or maintain a dairy or 
dairy farm without a permit so to do from the health oflicer of said District; 
application for said permit shall be made in writing, upon a form prescribed by 
said health oflicer : Provided, That no applicant for said permit shall be 
restrained from conducting business until said application has been acted upon 
by the health oflicer of the District of Columbia or his duly appointed agent. 
It shall be the duty of said health oflicer, upon receipt of said application in 
due form, to make or cause to be made an examination of the premises which 
it is intended to use in the maintenance of said dairy or dairy farm ; if after 
such examination said premises are found to conform to the regulations govern- 
ing dairies and dairy farms within the District of Columbia, said health officer 
shall issue the permit hereinbefore specified, without charge: Provided, That 
said permit may be suspended or revoked at any time, without notice, by said 



384 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

health officer whenever the milk supply from said dairy or dairy farm is exposed 
to infection by Asiatic cholera, anthrax, diphtheria, erysipelas, scarlet fever, 
smallpox, splenic fever, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, typhus fever, or yellow fever, 
so as to render its distribution dangerous to public health. 

Sec. 2. That no person shall bring or send into the District of Columbia for 
sale any milk without a permit so to do from the health officer of said District ; 
application for said permit shall be made in writing, upon a form prescribed by 
said health officer, and shall be accompanied by such detailed description of the 
dairy farm or dairy where said milk is produced or stored as said health officer 
may require, and by a sworn statement as to the physical condition of the cattle 
supplying said milk: Provided, That no applicant for said permit shall be 
restrained from conducting business until said application has been acteil upon 
by the health officer of the District of Columbia or his duly appointed agent. 
If after examination of said application said health officer is satisfied that said 
milk will be brought into the District of Columbia for sale or consumption 
without danger to public health, he shall issue, without charge to the applicant, 
a permit so to do, on condition that none but pure and unadulterated milk shall 
be, with knowledge of its impurity, brought into said District ; that in the man- 
agement of said dairy or dairy farm said applicant shall be governed by the 
regulations of the health office of the District of Columbia, approved by the 
Commissioners of the District of Columbia, issued for dairies and dairy farms 
in said District, when said regulations do not conflict with the law of the State 
in which said dairy or dairy farm is located, and that said dairy or dairy farm 
may be inspected at any time without notice by the health officer of the District 
of Columbia or his duly appointed representative: Provided, That said permit 
may be suspended or revoked at any time without notice by said health officer 
whenever the milk supply from said dairy or dairy farm is exposed to infection 
by Asiatic cholera, anthrax, diphtheria, erysipelas, scarlet fever, smallpox, 
splenic fever, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, typhus fever, or yellow fever, so as to 
render its distribution dangerous to public health. 

Sec. 3. That no person suffering from, or who has knowingly, within a period 
specified by the health officer of the District of Columbia, been exposed to diph- 
theria, scarlet fever, erysipelas, smallpox, anthrax, or other dangerous con- 
tagious disease, shall work or assist in or about any dairy or dairy farm; no 
proprietor, manager, or superintendent of any dairy or dairy farm within the 
District of Columbia shall knowingly permit any person suffering, or exposed as 
aforesaid, to work or assist in or about said dairy or dairy farm. 

Sec. 4. That all milk wagons shall have the name of the owner, the number 
of permit, and the location of dairy from which said wagons haul milk, painted 
thereon plainly and legibly. 

Sec. 5. That all grocers, bakers, and other persons having or offering for sale 
milk shall at all times keep the name or names of the dairymen from whom the 
milk on sale shall have been obtained posted up in a conspicuous place wherever 
such milk may be sold or kept for sale. 

Sec. 6. That no person shall offer or have for sale in the District of Columbia 
any unwholesome, watered, or adulterated milk, or milk known as swill milk, 
or milk from cows that are fed on swill, garbage, or other like substance, nor 
any butter or cheese made from any such milk. 

Sec. 7. (Repealed by act of February 17, 1898. See Wiegand v. D. C, 31 
Wash. Law Rep., 730.) 

Sec. 8. That no person shall sell, exchange, or deliver, or have in his custody 
or possession with intent to sell, exchange, or deliver, skimmed milk containing 
less than nine and three-tenths per cent of milk solids, inclusive of fat. 

Sec 9. That no dealer in milk, and no servant or agent of such a dealer, shall 
sell, exchange, or deliver, or have in his custody or possession with intent to 
sell! exchange, or deliver, milk from which the cream, or any part thereof, has 
been removed, unless in a conspicuous place, above the center or upon the out- 
side of every vessel, can, or package thereof, in which milk is sold, the words 
" skimmed milk " are distinctly marked in gothic letters, not less than one inch 
in length. 

Sec. 10. That it shall not be lawful for any person or persons to sell or offer 
for sale, within the District of Columbia, milk taken from any cow less than 
fifteen days before or ten days after parturition, or from any cow which is 
known to be suffering from tuberculosis, splenic fever, anthrax, or any general 
or local disease which is liable to render the milk from said cow unwholesome. 

Sec. 11. That it shall be the duty of the health officer of the District of Co- 
lumbia, under direction of the commissioners of said District, to make and 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 385 

enforce regulations to secure proper water supply, drainage, ventilation, air 
space, floor space, and cleaning of all dairies and dairy farms within said 
District ; to secure the isolation of cattle suffering from any contagious disease, 
and to carry into effect the provisions of this act. 

Sec. 12. That the health officer of the District of Columbia, or his duly ap- 
pointed assistants, shall have the right to enter, without previous notice, for 
the purpose of inspection, any dairy or dairy farm within said District. 

Sec. 13. (Repealed by act of February 17, 1898. See Weigand v. D. C, 31 
Wash. Law Rep., 730.) 

Sec. 14. That prosecutions under this act shall be in the police court of said 
District, on information signed by the attorney of the District or one of his 
assistants, and any person or persons violating any of the provisions of this 
act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, on conviction, be pun- 
ished for the first offense by a fine of not less than five dollars nor more than 
twenty-five dollars, to be collected as other fines and penalties, or by imprison- 
ment in the workhouse for a period of not more than thirty days, and for the 
second offense and each subsequent offense, by a fine of not less than fifty 
dollars nor more than one hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the work- 
house for ninety days, or by both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion 
of the court, and if the person so convicted of a second or subsequent offense 
hold a permit under this act, the same shall be canceled and no permit shall 
be issued to said person for a period of six months : Provided, That any person 
or persons under this act shall have the privilege, when demanded, of a trial 
by jury as in other jury cases in the police court. 

Sec. 15. That all laws and parts of laws inconsistent with the foregoing be, 
and the same are hereby, repealed. 

Approved, March 2, 1895. 



APPENDIX Q. 

KEGULATIONS FOR GOA^ERNMENT OF DAIRIES AND DAIRY FARMS, PROMUIi- 
GATED JULY 31, 189 7, TOGETHER WITH AMENDMENTS OF NOVEMBER 5, 
1910. 

[Health Department, District of Columbia, Wasliington. ] 

Regulations for the Government of Dairies and Dairy Farms. 

Office of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, 

Washington, July 31, J897. 

Ordered: That the following regulations made by the health officer of the 
District of Columbia, pursuant to the requirements of section 11 of "An act 
to regulate the sale of milk in the District of Columbia, and for other pur- 
poses," approved March 2, 1895, in lieu of the regulations on the same subject 
made and approved June 26, 1895, are hereby approved : 

Section 1. No building or space shall be used for dairy purposes which is not 
well lighted and ventilated, which is not provided with a suitable floor; and, 
if such room or space be a cellar or subcellar, or be located in a cellar or sub- 
cellar, which is not properly concreted, guttered, and drained. 

Sec. 2. No dairy shall be located or maintained within any kitchen, wash 
room, workshop, or inhabited room, nor in proximity to any water-closet, privy, 
cesspool, or urinal, nor in any room or space which is not of such size and con- 
struction as to permit the entire separation of all milk and milk products, both 
in process of handling and storing the same, from all probable sources of con- 
tamination either by dirt, noxious gases, infective organisms or substances, or 
anything liable to alter unnecessarily the quality of such milk or milk 
products. 

Sec. 3. Every person maintaining a dairy shall provide for the use thereof, 
and shall use a sufficient number of receptacles made of nonabsorbent material 
for the receptiow, storage, and delivery of milk, and shall cause them to be kept 
clean and wholesome at all times ; and having delivered any such receptacle to 
a consumer shall not again use the same for the reception, storage, or delivery 
of milk or cream in any form until it has been, to his personal knowledge, 
properly cleaned after such use. 

82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-3 25 



386 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Sec. 3a. Elsewhere than in the proper parts of premises which have been 
dluly constructed and equipped, and which are duly maintained for the hand- 
ling, storage, and sale of milk or cream, no person shall fill or partly fill with 
milk or cream any receptacle intended for delivery to a customer unless such 
receptacle, at the time of filling be furnished by the customer for whose service 
such receptacle is intended. 

(Amendment of July 14, 1903.) 

Sec. 4. Every person maintaining a dairy shall provide for the use thereof 
a supply of pure and suitable water, sufficient for the proper washing of all 
cans, bottles, and appliances. 

Sec. 5. Every person maintaining a dairy shall keep the same and all appur- 
tenances thereto clean and wholesome at all times, and shall change the water 
m the coolers at least once each day. 

, Sec. 6. No building shall be used f©r stabling cows for dairy purposes which 
is not well lighted, ventilated, drained, and constructed, or which is not pro- 
Tided with stalls or with proper stanchions for anchoring the cows so arranged 
as to allow not less than 3i feet width of space for each milch cow; or which 
is not provided with good and sufficient facilities for feeding the animals in a 
©leanly manner ; or which contains less than 600 cubic feet clear air space 
for each cow, unless the use of such building for stabling cows for dairy pur- 
poses has been authorized prior to the promulgation of these regulations, in 
which case it shall contain not less than 500 cubic feet clear air space for each 
cow. 

Sec. 7. No room shall be used for stabling cows for dairy purposes which 
contains any water-closet, privy, cesspool, urinal, or manure pit; nor shall any 
fowl, hog, horse, sheep, or goat be kept in any room used therefor. 

Sec. 8. Every person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes 
shall, when so directed by the health officer, erect and maintain in the stable, 
stall, shed, or yard connected therewith one or more proper receptacles for 
drinking water for such cows, and shall keep the same supplied with clean, 
fresh water and none other. 

Sec. 9. Every person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes 
shall keep the entire premises clean and in good repair, and the buildings well 
painted or whitewashed. 

Sec. 10. Every person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes 
shall cause the dung to be removed from the stables at least twice daily, and 
always within one hour preceding every milking of the cows ; and shall not allow 
any accumulation of dung within the building occupied by the cows, but shall, 
whenever in the opinion of the health officer it is required by local conditions 
and surroundings, provide temporary storage for the same and for other refuse 
in a separate place, which shall be covered, and which, when so ordered by said 
health officer, shall be a water-tight receptacle. 

Sec. 11. Every person keeping cows for dairy purposes within the city of 
Washington or its more densely populated suburbs, or elsewhere in the District 
of Columbia, if, in the opinion of the health officer, local conditions require it, 
shall cause the inclosure in which such cows are kept to be graded and drained, 
so as to keep the surface reasonably dry and to prevent the accumulation of 
water therein, except as may be permitted for the purpose of supplying drink- 
ing water; and shall not permit any garbage, urine, fecal matter, or similar 
substance to be placed or to remain in such inclosure, nor any open drain to 
run through it. 

Sec. 12. Every person keeping cows for the production of milk for, sale shall 
'cause them to be kept clean and wholesome at all times, and shall cause the 
"teats, and, if necessary, the udder, to be carefully cleaned by brushing, washing, 
or wiping before milking, and shall cause each such cow to be properly fed 
'and watered. 

Sec. 13. Any person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes 
shall provide and use a sufficient number of receptacles of nonabsorbent material 
tor the reception, storage, and delivery of milk, and shall keep them clean and 
wholesome at all times, and at milking time shall remove each receptacle as 
soon as filled from the stable or room in which the cows are kept; nor shall 
any milk or cream be stored or kept within any room used for stabling cows 
or other domestic animals. 

' Sec. 14. It shall be the duty of every person having charge or control of any 
premises upon which cows are kept to notify the health officer of the District 
of Columbia of the existence of any contagious or infectious disease among 
such cows, by letter delivered or mailed, with 24 hours after the discovery 
hereof, and to thoroughly isolate any cow or cows so diseased or which may 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 387 

reasonably be believed to be infected, and to exercise such other precautions 
as may be directed, in writing, by said health officer. 

Sec. 15. Milkers and those engaged in the handling of milk or cream shall 
maintain strict cleanliness of their hands and persons while milking or while 
so engaged. It shall be the duty of every person holding a permit to maintain 
a dairy or dairy farm to enforce this regulation in reference to such persons 
as may assist them in the maintenance thereof. 

Sec. 16. That any person violating any of the foregoing regulations shall, 
on conviction thereof in the police court, be punished by a fine of not more 
than $10 for each and every such offense, to be collected as other fines and 
penalties are collected. 

Sec. 17. That the regulations for the government of dairies and dairy farms 
in the District of Columbia promulgated June 26, 1895, are hereby repealed. 

Wm. C. Woodward, M. D., 
' Health Officer, District of Columbia. 
John W. Ross, 
John B. Wight, 
W. M. Black, 
Commissioners of the District of ColumMa. 



[Health department, District of Columbia.] 

Washington, November 5, 1910. 

Ordered: That the following amendments of the regulations made July 31, 
1897, by the health officer of the District of Columbia and approved by the 
Commissioners of said District, pursuant to the requirements of section 11, 
of "An act to regulate the sale of milk in the District of Columbia, and for 
other purposes," approved March 2, 1895, are hereby made by adding after 
section 14 thereof the following sections : 

Sec. 14a. No new dairy cow and no new bull, which has not been demon- 
strated by the tuberculin test to be free from tuberculosis and officially tagged 
to show that fact, shall be brought upon any dairy farm in the District of 
Columbia and maintained there for a period longer than is necessary to have 
said cow or bull officially tuberculin tested. And any cow or bull so tested and 
reacting to the tuberculin test shall be tagged so as to show that fact, and 
killed or promptly removed from said farm. 

Sec. 14b. Whenever there is found on any dairy farm any cow or bull 
presenting such physical evidence of tuberculosis as to make it appear to the 
satisfaction of the health officer that such cow or bull has tuberculosis, then and 
in that event the licensee or applicant for license to produce for sale milk on 
said farm upon which such cow or bull is, shall, upon written notice from the 
health officer, have said cow or bull immediately killed, or removed from the 
dairy farm, or else separated from the dairy herd and officially tuberculin 
tested ; and if said animal reacts to the tuberculin test, then such licensee or 
applicant, as the case may be, shall have said cow or bull forthwith tagged 
so as to show that fact, and promptly killed or removed from the said dairy 
farm. 

Provided, That nothing in section 14a or in section 14b, of these regulations, 
shall in any way modify or repeal any of the provisions of the order of the 
Commissioners of the District of Columbia for the suppression and prevention 
of tuberculosis in cattle, promulgated November 26, 1909. 

Sec. 14c. With respect to all applications filed after October 1, 1910, prompt 
action will be taken, and if all cattle on the dairy farm to which any such 
application relates are not free from tuberculosis as shown by the tuber- 
culin test, the application will in the discretion of the health officer be promptly 
rejected. 

Wm. C. Woodwabd, M. D., 
Health Officer of the District of Columbia. 

By direction of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, November 5, 
1910 : 

CXJNO H. Rttdolph, 
John A. Johnston, 

W. V. JUDSON, 

Commissioners of the District of Columbia. 
By order: 

W. TiNDALL, Secretary. 



388 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

APPENDIX E. 

ACT RELATING TO THE ADULTERATION OF FOODS AND DRUGS IN THE DIS- 
TRICT OF COLUMBIA, APPROVED FEBRUARY 17, 189 8. 

AN ACT Relating to the adulteration of foods and drugs in the District of Columbia. 

[30 Stat., 246.] 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States 
of America in Congress assembled, That no person shall within the District of 
Columbia, by himself, or by his servant, or aj^'ont, or as the servant or agent of 
any other person, sell, exchange, or deliver, or have in his custody or possession 
with the intent to sell or exchange, or expose or offer for sale or exchange, any 
article of food or drug which is adulterated within the meaning of this act. 

Sec. 2. That the term " drug," as used in this act, shall include all medicines 
for external or internal use, antiseptics, disinfectants, and cosmetics. The term 
"food," as used herein, shall include confectionery, condiments, and all articles 
used for food or drink by man, and if there be more than one quality of any 
article of food or drug known by the same name the best quality thereof shall 
be furnished to the purchaser, unless he otherwise requests at the time of mak- 
ing such purchase, or unless he be notified at such time of the inferior quality 
of the article delivered. 

Sec. 3. That an article shall be deemed to be adulterated within the meaning 
of this act: 

(a) In the case of drugs: First, if, when sold under or by a name recognized 
in the United States Pharmacopoeia, it differs from the standard of strength, 
quality, or purity laid down in the edition thereof at the time official ; second, 
if, when sold under or by a name not recognized in the United States Pharma- 
copoeia, but which is found in the German, French, or English Pharmacopoeia, 
it dift'ers from the strength, quality, or purity laid down therein ; third, if, when 
sold as a patented medicine, compounded drug, or mixture, it is not composed 
of all the ingredients advertised or printed or written on the bottles, wrappers, 
or labels of or on or with the patented medicine, compounded drug, or mixture : 
Provided, That if the defendant in any prosecution under this act, in respect to 
the sale of any such patented medicine, compounded drug or mixture, shall 
prove to the satisfaction of the court that he had purchased the article in ques- 
tion as the same in nature, substance, and quality as that demanded of him by 
the purchaser, and with a written warranty to that effect ; that he had no 
reason to believe at the time when he sold it that the article was otherwise, 
and that he sold it in the same state as when he purchased it, he shall be dis- 
charged from the prosecution. 

(b)In the case of food : First, if any substance or substances have been mixed 
with it so as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its quality or strength; 
second, if an inferior or cheaper substance or substances have been substituted 
wholly or in part for it; third, if any valuable constituent has been wholly or 
in part abstracted from it: fourth, if it is an imitation of or is sold under the 
name of another article: fifth, if it consists wholly or in part of a deceased,'^ 
decomposed, putrid, or rotten animal or vegetable substances, whether manu- 
factured or not ; sixth, if it is colored, coated, polished, or powdered whereby 
damage is concealed, or if it is made to appear better or of greater value than 
it really is; seventh, if it contains any added poisonous ingredient or any in- 
gredient which may render it injurious to the health of a person consuming it ; 
water, more than five per centum of salt, and less than eighty-three per centum 
of fat, less than nine per centum of solids not fat, and contains more than 
eighty-seven and one-half per centum of water; in the case of cream, if it con- 
tains less than twenty per centum of butter fat; ninth, in the case of butter or 
cheese, if it is not made exclusively from milk or cream or both, with or with- 
out common salt ; the butter, if it contains more than twelve per centum of 
watfi', more than five per centum of salt, and less than eighty-three per centum 
of fat; tenth, in the case of coffee, if it is not composed entirely of the seed of 
the Caffea arabica ; eleventh, in the case of lard, if it is not made exclusively 
from the rendered fat of the healthy hog; twelfth, in the case of tea, if it is 
not composed entirely of the genuine leaf of the tea plant not exhausted ; thir- 
teenth, in the case of all kinds of vinegar, if it contains an acidity equivalent 

* So printed in statute. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 389 

to the presence of less than four per centum of absolute acetic acid ; and cider 
vinegar, if it is not made from the pure apple juice and contains less than one 
and five-tenths per centum of total solids; fourteenth, in the case of cider, if it 
is not made from the legitimate product of pure apple juice; in the case of wines 
and fruit juices, if not made from the pure fruit as represented; and in the case 
of cider, wines, fruit juices, and malt liquors, if not free from salicylic acid or 
other preservatives ; and in the case of malt liquors, if not free from picric acid, 
cocculus indicus, colchicine, colocynth, aloes, and wormwood ; ' fifteenth, in the 
case of glucose, if it contains more than five one-hundredths per centum of ash ; 
sixteenth, in the case of flour, if it is not composed entirely of one single ground 
cereal ; seventeenth, in the case of bread, if there is any addition of alum, sul- 
phate of copper, borax, or sulphate of zinc, or other poisonous or harmful in- 
gredient, and if it contains more than thirty-one per centum of moisture, more 
than two per centum of ash, and less than six and twenty-five one hundredths 
per centum of albuminoids ; eighteenth, in the case of olive oil, if it is not made 
exclusively from the olive berry (Olea europea), and its specific gravity at 
fifteen and six-tenths degree centigrade (sixty degrees Fahrenheit) "actual 
density " to be not more than nine hundred and seventeen one-thousands nor 
less than nine hundred and fourteen one-thousandths : Provided, That an offense 
shall not be deemed to be committed under this section in the following cases, 
that is to say, first, where the order calls for an article of food or drug inferior 
to such standard, or where such difference is made known by being plainly 
written or printed on the package; second, where the article of food or drug is 
mixed with any matter or ingredient not injurious to health and not intended 
fraudulently to increase its bulk, weight, or measure, or conceal its inferior 
quality, if at the time such article is delivered to the purchaser it is made 
known to him, that such article of food or drug is so mixed. 

Sec. 4. That it shall be the duty of the health officer of the District of 
Columbia, under the direction of the Commissioners of said District, to adopt 
such measures as may be necessary to facilitate the enforcement hereof, and 
prepare rules and regulations with regard to the proper method of collecting 
and examining drugs, and articles of food in said District. 

Sec. 5. That it shall be the duty of the health ofiicer to investigate a com- 
plaint for a violation of any of the provisions of this act on the information of 
any person who lays before him satisfactory evidence by which to substantiate 
such complaint. 

Sec. 6. That every person offering for sale or delivering to any purchaser 
any drug or article of food included in the provisions of this act shall furnish 
to any analyst or other ofiicer or agent of the health department, who shall 
apply to him for the purpose and shall tender him the value of the same, a 
sample sufficient for the purpose of analysis of any such drug or article of food 
which is in his possession. 

Sec. 7. That in all cases where any drug or article of food shall be taken 
as a sample to be examined and analyzed the person making the analysis shall 
reserve a portion of the sample, which shall be sealed, for a period of thirty 
days from the time of taking such sample, and in case of complaint the reserved 
portion alleged to be adulterated shall, upon application, be delivered to the 
defendant or his attorney. 

Sec. 8. That no person shall hinder, obstruct, or in any way interfere with 
any inspector, analyst, or other person of the health department in the per- 
formance of his duty in carrying out the provisions of this act. 

Sec. 9. That all prosecutions under this act shall be in the police court of 
said District, on information brought in the name of the District of Columbia, 
and on its behalf; and any person or persons violating any of the provisions of 
this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be 
punished by a fine of not less than five dollars nor more than one hundred 
dollars. 

Sec. 10. That all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act be, and 
the same are hereby, repealed : Provided, That nothing in this act contained 
shall be construed as modifying or repealing any of the provisions of "An act 
defining butter, also imposing a tax upon and regulating the manufacture, sale, 
importation, and exportation of oleomargarine," approved August second, 
eighteen hundred and eighty-six, or of "An act defining cheese, and also im- 
posing a tax upon and regulating the manufacture, sale, importation, and 
exportation of ' filled cheese,' " approved June sixth, eighteen hundred and 
ninety-six. 

Approved, February 17, 1898. 



390 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

APPENDIX S. 

SENATE BILL TO PROTECT THE PUBLIC HEALTH BY REGULATING THE PRO- 
DUCTION AND SALE OF MILK, CREAM, AND ICE CREAM IN THE DISTRICT 
OF COLUMBIA. 

[S. 4986, Sixty -first Congress, second session.] 

A BILL To protect public health by regulating the production and sale of milk, cream, 
and ice cream in and for the District of Columbia. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled, That no person shall (first) produce 
for sale, hold for sale, offer for sale, or sell, or have in his custody or possession 
with intent to sell, in the District of Columbia, milk, cream, or ice cream, as 
such, or milk or cream to be made into ice cream for sale, or (second) bring 
or send milk, cream, or ice cream into said District for sale as such, or milk 
or cream to be made into ice cream for sale, unless such milk, cream, or ice 
cream is pure and wholesome and is produced, manufactured, transported, 
held, and offered for sale, and sold under sanitary conditions and in a sanitary 
manner, conforming to the regulations hereinafter authorized; nor unless nor 
until licensed by the health officer of said District so to do ; nor after any 
license so issued to him has been suspended or revoked and during the contin- 
uance of such suspension or revocation. 

Sec. 2. That no person shall produce for sale, hold for sale, offer for sale, 
sell, or have in his custody or possession with intent to sell, in the District of 
Columbia, any milk, cream, or ice cream, either in or from any store, shop, 
establishment, or wagon or other conveyance, or in or from any container or 
receptacle whereon or wherein is any advertisement, sign, label, design, device, 
trade-mark, trade name, name, or statement relating to such milk, cream, or 
ice cream, or to any ingredient or substance contained therein, or relating to 
the inspection, composition, character, purity, origin, test, class, or sanitary 
condition thereof, which is false or misleading in any particular or in any 
manner calculated to deceive; nor shall any person in said District in any 
manner whatsoever falsely represent the inspection, composition, character, 
purity, origin, test, class, or sanitary condition of any milk, cream, or ice cream 
which he produces for sale, holds for sale, offers for sale, sells, or has in his 
custody or possession with intent to sell, or of any ingredient or substance con- 
tained therein. 

Sec. 3. That no person, either for himself or as the representative, agent, 
servant, or employee of any other person or of any firm or corporation, shall 
offer for transportation or send, or receive for transportation or carry, from 
any State or Territory into the District of Columbia, any milk, cream, or ice 
cream, for sale in said District, or any milk or cream to be manufactured into 
ice cream therein for sale, unless the person offering for transportation or 
sending such milk, cream, or ice cream, or else the person receiving for trans- 
portation or carrying the same, is authorized under the provisions of this act to 
bring or send such milk, cream, or ice cream into said District. 

Sec. 4. That it shall be the duty of the health officer of the District of 
Columbia, and of such agents and employees in the service of the health de- 
partment as he may designate for that purpose, to enforce the provisions of 
this act and of all regulations made by authority thereof; and said health 
officer and agents and employees are hereby authorized, in the performance of 
the duty aforesaid, to enter and inspect all places where milk, cream, or ice 
cream is sold or held, offered, or produced for sale in or for the District of 
Columbia, and to inspect all milk, cream, and ice cream therein, and all cattle, 
appliances, apparatus, utensils, and materials used in connection therewith, 
and to board and examine all cars, boats, wagons, and other vehicles, and to 
stop all wagons and other vehicles for that purpose. No person shall interfere 
with said health officer or with any agent or employee aforesaid in the per- 
formance of his official duty, nor shall any person hinder, prevent, or refuse to 
permit any inspection or examination aforesaid. 

Sec. 5. That for the purposes of this act, and of any regulations made by 
virtue hereof, any particular milk, cream, or ice cream shall be conclusively 
presumed to be held and offered for sale, and held in custody or possession 
with intent to sell, which, whether in bulk or in containers, is mingled with the 
common stock of milk, cream, or ice cream, as the case may be, kept in or about 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 391 

any store, shop, establishment, farm, or premises, or any wagon or othei* 
vehicle, in. on, or from which such article or articles generally are produced 
for sale, held for sale, or sold, or held in custody or possession with intent t© 
sell. 

Sec. 6. That any person who for himself, or as the employee or agent of 
another person, or as a member, officer, employee, or agent of a firm or cor- 
poration violates or aids in the violation of any of the provisions of this act 
or of any regulations promulgated by the Commissioners of the District of 
Columbia under the provisions thereof shall be punished by a fine not exceed- 
ing forty dollars, or by imprisonment for not more than twenty days. 

Sec. 7. That the Commissioners of the District of Columbia be, and they are 
hereby, authorized and empowered to make, promulgate, modify, and amend 
from time to time such regulations as in their judgment may be necessary t© 
fix the classes and standards and the conditions and manner under which 
milk, cream, and ice cream must be produced, manufactured, transported, held, 
and offered for sale, and sold, in order to entitle the person, firm, or corpora- 
tion producing, manufacturing, transporting, holding, or offering for sale or' 
selling the same to receive and to hold a license so to do, and to govern the 
issue, suspension, and revocation of licenses aforesaid. And in the exercise 
of the authority conferred by this act and in the execution of the provisions" 
hereof and of such regulations as may be promulgated under its authority said 
commissioners shall, whenever in their judgment it is expedient so to do, 
request the assistance of the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of 
Agriculture, and said Secretaries of the Treasury and of Agriculture are hereby 
authorized to grant such assistance in so far as they may deem it compatible 
with the proper discharge of the duties of their respective departments so to do. 

Sec. 8. That all prosecutions under this act shall be in the police court of 
the District of Columbia, upon information signed by the corporation counsel 
of said District or by one of his assistants. 

Sec. 9. That all money heretofore or hereafter appropriated and available, 
or appropriated and to become available, for the enforcement of "An act to 
regulate the sale of milk in the District of Columbia, and for other purposes," 
approved March second, eighteen hundred and ninety-five, be, and the same is 
hereby, made available for the enforcement of this act and of the regulations 
promulgated by authority thereof, including the employment of personal serv- 
ices, when ordered in writing by the commissioners. 

Sec. 10. That all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of 
this act be, and the same are 'hereby, repealed : Provided, hotDCver, That prose- 
cution for anything done or omitted to be done in violations of any such act or 
part of act prior to the passage of this act may be instituted, and if already in- 
stituted shall be continued, after and notwithstanding the passage of this act, 
and shall be heard and determined as if this act had not been passed. 



APPENDIX T. 

HOUSE BILL TO PROTECT THE PUBLIC HEALTH BY REGULATING THE PRO- 
DUCTION AND SALE or MILK, CREAM, AND ICE CREAM IN THE DISTRICT 
or COLUMBIA. 

[H. R. 17506, Sixty-first Congress, second session.] 

A BILL To protect public health in the District of Columbia by regulating the produc- 
tion and sale of milk, cream, and ice cream in and for the District of Columbia. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assemhled. That no person shall, (first) produce 
for sale, hold for sale, offer for sale, or sell, or have in his custody or possession 
with intent to sell, in the District of Columbia, milk, cream, or ice cream, as 
such, or milk or cream to be made into ice cream for sale, or (second) bring 
or send milk, cream, or ice cream into said District for sale as such, or milk or 
cream to be made into ice cream for sale, unless such milk, cream, or ice 
cream is pure and wholesome and is produced, manufactured, transported, held,, 
and offered for sale, and sold under sanitary conditions and in a sanitary man-: 
ner, conforming to the regulations hereinafter authorized; nor unless nor until 



392 THE MIDK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

licensed by the health officer of said District so to do; nor after any license so 
issued to him has been suspended or revoked and during the continuance of 
such suspension or revocation. 

Sec. 2. That no person shall produce for sale, hold for sale, offer for sale, 
sell, or have in his custody or possesson with intent to sell, in the District of 
Columbia, any milk, cream, or ice cream, either in or from any store, shop, 
establishment, or wagon or other conveyance, or in or from any container or 
receptacle whereon or wherein is any advertisement, sign, label, design, device, 
trade-mark, trade name, name, or statement relating to such milk, cream, or 
ice cream, or "to any ingredient or substance contained therein, or relating to 
the inspection, composition, character, purity, origin, test, class, or sanitary 
condition thereof, which is false or misleading in any particular or in any man- 
ner calculated to deceive; nor shall any person in said District in any manner 
whatsoever falsely represent the inspection, composition, character, purity, 
origin, test, class, or sanitary condition of any milk, cream, or ice cream which 
he produces for sale, holds for sale, offers for sale, sells, or has in his custody 
or possession with intent to sell, or of any ingredient or substance contained 
therein. 

Sec. 3. That no person, either for himself or as the representative, agent, 
servant, or employee of any other person or of any firm or corporation, shall 
offer for transportation or send, or receive for transportation or carry, from any 
State or Territory into the District of Columbia, any milk, cream, or ice cream, 
for sale in said District, or any milk or cream to be manufactured into ice 
cream therein for sale, unless the loerson offering for transportation or sending 
such milk, cream, or ice cream, or else the person receiving for transportation or 
carrying the same, is authorized under the provisions of this act to bring or 
send such milk, cream, or ice cream into said District. 

Sec. 4. That it shall be the duty of the health officer of the District of 
Columbia, and of such agents and employees in the service of the health 
department as he may designate for that purpose, to enforce the provisions of 
this act and of all regulations made by authority thereof; and said health 
officer and agents and employees are hereby authorized, in the performance of 
the duty aforesaid, to enter and inspect all places where milk, cream, or ice 
cream is sold or held, offered, or produced for sale in or for the District of 
Columbia, and to inspect all milk, cream, and ice cream therein, and all cattle, 
appliances, apparatus, utensils, and materials used in connection therewith, 
and to board and examine all cars, boats, wagons, and other vehicles, and to 
stop all wagons and other vehicles for that purpose. No person shall interfere 
with said health officer or with any agent or employee aforesaid in the per- 
formance of his official duty, nor shall any person hinder, prevent, or refuse to 
permit any inspection or examination aforesaid. 

Sec. 5. That for the purposes of this act, and of any regulations made by 
virtue hereof, any particular milk, cream, or ice cream shall be conclusively 
presumed to be held and offered for sale, and held in custody or possession with 
intent to sell, which, whether in bulk or in containers, is mingled with the 
common stock of milk, cream, or ice cream, as the case may be, kept in or about 
any store, shop, establishment, farm, or premises, or any wagon or other vehicle, 
in, on, or from which such article or articles generally are produced for sale, 
held for sale, or sold, or held in custody or possession with intent to sell. 

Sec. 6. That any person who for himself, or as the employee- or agent of 
another person, or as a member, officer, employee, or agent of a firm or cor- 
poration violates, or aids in the violation of any of the provisions of this act, or 
of any regulations promulgated by the Commissioners of the District of Colum- 
bia under the provisions thereof shall be punished by a fine not exceeding 
forty dollars, or by imprisonment for not more than twenty days. 

Sec. 7. That the Commissioners of the District of Columbia be, and they are 
hereby, authorized and empowered to make, promulgate, modify, and amend 
from time to time such regulations as in their judgment may be necessary 
to fix the classes and standards and the conditions and manner under which 
milk, cream, and ice cream must be produced, manufactured, transported, held, 
and offered for sale, and sold, in order to entitle the person, firm, or corpora- 
tion producing, manufacturing, transporting, holding, or offering for sale or 
selling the same to receive and to hold a license so to do, and to govern 
the issue, suspension, and revocation of licenses aforesaid. And in the exer- 
cise of the authority conferred by this act and in the execution of the 
provisions hereof and of such regulations as may be promulgated under its 
authority said commissioners shall, whenever in their judgment it is expedient 
so to do, request the assistance of the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secre- 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 393 

tary of Agriculture, and said Secretaries of the Treasury and of Agriculture 
are hereby authorized to grant such assistance in so far as they may deem it 
compatible with the proper discharge of the duties of their respective depart- 
ments so to do. 

Sec. 8. That all prosecutions under this act shall be in the police court of 
the District of Columbia, upon information signed by the corporation counsel 
of said District or by one of his assistants. 

Sec. 9. That all money heretofore or hereafter appropriated and available, 
or appropriated and to become available, for the enforcement of "An act to 
regulate the sale of milk in the District of Columbia, and for other purposes," 
approved March second, eighteen hundred and ninety-five, be, and the same is 
hereby, made available for the enforcement of this act and of the regulations 
promulgated by authority thereof, including the employment of personal serv- 
ices, when ordered in writing by the commissioners. 

Sec. 10. That all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of 
this act be, and the same are hereby, repealed : Provided, hoivever, That prose- 
cution for anything done or omitted to be done in violations of any such act or 
part of act prior to the passage of this act may be instituted, and if already 
instituted shall be continued, after and notwithstanding the passage of this act, 
and shall be heard and determined as if this act had not been passed. 



APPENDIX U. 

RESOLUTION OFFERED BY MR. LEVER, OF SOUTH CAROLINA, AUTHORIZING 
THE COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, TO 
INVESTIGATE TO WHAT EXTENT TUBERCULOSIS IS PREVALENT AMONG 
DAIRY AND FARM ANIMALS IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, ETC. 

[H. Res. 605, Sixty-first Congress, second session.] 

Whereas it appears from the official reports issued by the Department of Agri- 
culture, particularly during the past two years, that the alarming prevalence 
of tuberculosis in the human family in all parts of the United States and the 
District of Columbia and the prevalence of typhoid fever and other diseases 
which endanger the public health are due to a considerable extent to the con- 
sumption of milk and cream obtained from diseased cows and to the consump- 
tion of butter produced from milk and cream which contain tubercle bacilli 
and typhoid bacilli ; and 
"Whereas it is stated in said official reports that typhoid bacilli will remain alive 
and ^-irulent in butter manufactured from milk infected with such bacilli for 
a period of at least one hundred and fifty-one days, and that during this 
period of time these bacilli are ready to multiply whenever placed in suitable 
environment ; that tubercle bacilli may remain alive and virulent in ordinary 
salted butter fully one hundred and sixty days after its manufacture from 
milk and cream infected with such bacilli; and further that more than one 
sample out of every twenty samples of commercial or market milk from vari- 
ous dairies supplying milk to the city of Washington were, by application of 
the tuberculin test, recently found to be infected with tubercle bacilli, thereby 
causing great danger to the public health; and 
Whereas it is also stated that ten per centum of all dairy cows in the United 

States are infected with tuberculosis ; and 
Whereas it is also stated in said official reports that the financial loss which is 
chargeable to the prevalence of tuberculosis among farm animals amounts to 
no less than twenty-three million dollars annually and is dangerously on the 
increase : Therefore be it 

Resolved, That the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives 
be, and it hereby is, authorized and directed to investigate and ascertain the 
condition of milk, cream, cheese, and butter offered for sale or transportation 
in the District of Columbia ; report to the House of Representatives its find- 
ings as to the extent to which tuberculosis and other diseases are com- 
municated to the human family by the sale of such infected articles of food, 
and to what extent tuberculosis is prevalent among farm and dairy animals in 
the District of Columbia, and report to the House of Representatives the reason 
for the failure to enforce the pure-food law as it affects butter and butter 
products in the United States. 



394 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

APPENDIX V. 

AMENDMENT TO HEALTH ORDINANCES, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, SPECIFYING 
ACTUAL CONTENT FOR MILK BOmJiS, ETC.; PROMULGATED MAY 28, 
1906. 

Executive Office, 
Commissioners of the District of Columbia, 

Washington, May 28, 1906. 
Ordered: That the health ordinances of the District of Coiuiubia be, and 
th'ey are hereby, amended by adding thereto the following: 

estaijlisiiing a limit of tolerance on milk bottles or jars. 

July 29, 1901. 

Ordered: That the schedule of fees for inspecting and sealing glass bottles or 
jars used for the distribution or delivery of milk or cream to consumers, 
adoi)ted June 17, 1901, and suspended July 1 and July 10, 1901, is hereby 
amended to read as follows, to take effect on and after the 1st of August, 1901 : 

That the glass bottles or jars used for the distribution or delivery of milk or 
cream to consumers, that hold, when tilled to a level with the bottom of the cap 
or stopple, not less than 7 ounces and drams and not over 8 ounces and 2 
drams for one-half pint measure; not less than 15 ounces and f) drams and not 
over 16 ounces and 4 drams for 1 pint; not less than 'M ounces and 4 drams 
and not over .S2 ounces and 4 drams for 1 quart.; not less than 47 ounces and 
3 drams and not over 48 ounces and 5 drams for 3 pints; not less than G3 ounces 
and 2 drams and not over 04 ounces and (J drams for one-hnlf giillon, shall be 
sealed as measures and that all denlers in milk who use glass bottles or jars for 
the distribution or delivery of milk or cream to consumers shall be charged a 
fee of 50 cents per hundred bottles for such insi)ection and sealing. 



APPP^NDTX W. 

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR LABELING OF MILK VESSELS IN DISTRICT OF 
COLUMBIA, APPUOVED FEBRUARY 27, 1007. 

AN ACT To amend section eight liundred and seventy-eight of the Code of Law for the 

District of Columbia. 

[34 Stats., 1006.] 

Be it enacted J)y the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States 
of America im Congress assembled. That section eight hundred and seventy- 
eight of the Code of Law for the District of Columbia be, and the same is 
hereby, amended by adding thereto the following: 

" Sec. 878a. That the following words shall, in addition to their ordinary 
meaning, have the meaning herein given: The word 'person' or 'persons,' in 
sections eight hundred and seventy-eight b, c, d, e, and g, inclusive, shall include 
' firms' or ' corporations; ' th(i word ' vessel ' or ' vessels,' in sections eight liun- 
dred and seventy-eight b, c, d, and e, slnill include 'cans,' 'bottles,' ' siplions,' 
and ' boxes ; ' the word ' mark ' or ' marks ' sliall include ' labels,' ' trade-marlis,' 
and all other methods of distinguishing ownership in vessels, whether printed 
upon labels or blown into bottles or engraved and impressed upon cans or boxes. 

" Sec. 87Sb. Tliat persons engaged in [iroducing, manufacturing, bottling, or 
seUing milk or cream, or any other lawful beverage composed principally of 
milk, in vessels, with their name, trade-mark, or other distinctive mark, and 
the word * registered ' branded, engraved, blown, or othervsise produced thereon, 
or on which a pasted trade-mark label Is jiut ujion which the word ' registered' 
is also distinctly printed, may file with the clerk of the supreme court of the 
District of Columbia a description, by fiicsimile, or a sample of an original 
package so marked or branded or blown, showing plainly such names and 
marks thereon, together with their uiiuie in full, or tlieir corporate name, and 
also their place of business in the District of Columbia, and if so filed shall 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 395 

cause the same to be published for not less than two weeks successively in a 
daily or weekly newspaper published in the District of Columbia. 

" Sec. 878c. That whoever, except the person who shall have filed and pub- 
lished a description of the same as aforesaid, fills with milk or cream, or other 
beverage, as aforesaid, with intent to sell the same, any vessel so marked and 
distinguished as aforesaid, the description of which shall have been filed and 
published as provided in the preceding section, or defaces, erases, covers up, 
or otherwise removes or conceals any such name or mark as aforesaid, or the 
word ' registered ' thereon, or sells, buys, gives, takes, or otherwise disposes of, or 
traffics in the same without having purchased the contents thereof from the 
person whose name is in or upon such vessel, or without the written consent of 
such person, shall, for the first offense, be punished by a fine of not less than 
fifty cents for each such vessel, or by imprisonment for not less than ten days 
nor more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment; and for each 
subsequent offense by a fine of not less than one nor more than five dollars for 
each such vessel, or by imprisonment for not less than twenty days nor more 
than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment. 

" Sec. 87Sd. That the use or possession by any person not engaged in the 
production or sale of milk or cream or other beverage as aforesaid, except the 
person who shall so have filed and published a description of the same as afore- 
said, of any vessel marked or distinguished as aforesaid, the description of 
which shall have been filed and published as aforesaid, without purchase of the 
contents thereof from, or the written consent of, the person who shall so have 
filed and published the said description, shall be prima facie evidence of the 
unlawful use, possession of, or traffic in, such vessel, and the person so using or 
in possession of the same, exce])t the person who shall so have filed and pub- 
lished the said description as aforesaid, shall be punished as in the next pre- 
ceding section provided, 

" Sec. 878e. That upon complaint of any person who has complied with sec- 
tion eight hundred and seventy-eight b, or of his agent, to the police court of 
the District of Columbia, or one of the judges thereof, that such person, or 
agent, has reason to believe, and does believe, that any person within the Dis- 
trict of Columbia is guilty of the violation of any provision of this act. the snid 
court or judge may issue a search warrant to discover and obtain such vessels 
as aforesaid and their contents, and may also cause to be brought before the 
said court or judge the person so believed to be guilty, or his agent or employee,, 
in whose possession or upon whose wagon or premises any ^uch vessel or vessels 
may be found ; and any such person, agent, or employee found guilty of a viola- 
tion of any of the provisions of this act shall be punished as aforesaid, and the 
said court or judge shall also order the property taken upon any such search 
warrant to be delivered to its owner. 

" Sec. 878f. That the clerk of the supreme court of the District of Columbia 
is hereby authorized to make regulations and prescribe forms for the filing of 
labels, trade-marks, or other distinctive marks under the provisions of the 
foregoing amendments to section eight hundred and seventy-eight. 

" Sec. 878g. That nothing in the foregoing amendments to section eight hun- 
dred and seventy-eight shall prevent or restrain any person who is the legal 
owner of a trade-mark or label from proceeding in an action of tort against 
any person found guilty of violating any subsection of section eight hundred and 
seventy-eight." 

Approved, February 27, 1907. 



APPENDIX X. 

EXCERPT FROM DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA APPROPRIATION ACT INHIBITING 
HEALTH DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEES FROM SERVING DAIRYMEN OR DAIRY 
FARMERS OR MANUFACTURERS OF OR DEALERS IN FOODS AND DRUGS, 
APPROVED MARCH 2, 1907. 

[34 Stat, 1119.] 

Provided, That hereafter no officer or employee of the health department 
shall, during his continuance in office, serve in his private capacity, for fee,, 
gift, or reward, any person licensed to keep or maintain a dairy or dairy farm 



396 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

in said District or to bring or to send milk into said District, or any person 
who has applied or is about to apply for such license, or any manufacturer or 
dealer in foods, drugs, or disinfectants, or similar materials : Provided fiirther, 
That every place where milk is sold shall be dimmed a dairy under the law for 
purposes of inspection. (Approved, March 2, 1907.) 



APPENDIX Y. 

ORDERS RESTRICTING SALE OF MILK IN EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. 

Special order.] Department of Agkiculture, 

Office of the Seceetaky, 
Washington, D. C, October U, 1910. 
To the chiefs of bureaus, offices, and independent divisions: 

In order that no milk containing extraneous matter, raw milk from cows 
not known to be free of tuberculosis, or milk of unknown origin may be sold 
within certain buildings occupied by the Department of Agriculture in Wash- 
ington, D. C, it is hereby ordered that no milk shall be sold within any build- 
ing occupied by the Department of Agriculture which is not equal to the classi- 
fication as defined in Bureau of Animal Industry Circular 114. 

The determinations as to the standards of such milk shall be made by the 
Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. 

Officers of the various bureaus and divisions in which milk is used will see 
that this order is enforced. 
Effective October 25, 1910. 

James Wilson, 
Attest: Secretary of Agriculture. 

C. C. Claek, Chief Clerk. 



Office of Supeeintendent, 
State, Wae, and Navy Department Building, 

Washington, January 20, 1911. 
Mr. J. Louis Willige, 

Chairman Milk Committee, 

Washington Chamber of Commei'ce, Washington, D. G. 
Dear Sie : In response to your request by telephone this morning I am quoting 
below my circular letter of December 13, 1910, governing the sale of milk in 
this building. Copies of this letter were supplied to the chief clerks of the 
State, War, and Navy Departments. 

" Office of Supeeintendent, 
State, War, and Navy Depaetment Building, 

Washington, December IS, 1910. 

Sir: I have the honor to invite your attention to the fact that the commis- 
sion in charge of this building has decided that no milk shall be sold in the 
buildings under this office unless it is equal to the sanitary standard and com- 
plies with the classification established by the Bureau of Animal Industry, 
Department of Agriculture. 

In order to comply with these instructions, watchmen will be ordered to per- 
mit the delivery of milk only by persons having a permit from this office. 
These orders will be enforced on January 1, 1911, and thereafter. Arrangement 
has been mnde with the Department of Agriculture to examine and classify 
samples of milk proposed to be furnished, and to make from time to time neces- 
sary analysis of milk actually delivered. 

You are requested to notify the employees of your department of these facts, 
and to inform them that dealers desiring to supply milk should communicate 
with Mr. Ernest Kelly, Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department 
of Agriculture, with reference to the examination of samples of milk to be 
furnished. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 397 

A number of copies of Special Order of October 14, 1910, and of extract from 
Circular 114, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, are 
inclosed for your information." 

Very respectfully, U. S. Grant, 3d, 

First Lieutenant, Corps of Engineers, Superintendent. 



War Department, 
Washington, December 13, 1910. 
Sir : Referring to previous correspondence on the subject, I have the honor 
to quote for your information the following order, issued December 12, 1910, by 
the department concerning the sale of milk in the buildings under its juri^ic- 
tion in this city : 

" It is directed by the Secretary of War that on and after January 2, 1911, 
no dealer vrill be permitted to sell milk to employees of the War Department in 
the State, War, and Navy Department Building, and in the outside buildings 
under the jurisdiction of this department, unless he shall show as his authority 
therefor a ' milk permit ' issued by the superintendent of the State, War, and 
Navy Department Building, or the superintendent of the outside buildings, 
Capt. M. R. Thorp." 

This action has been taken in the interests of public health, and milk per- 
mits will be issued only by the ofl3cials named to such dealers as have fully 
complied with the requirements of the Department of Agriculture governing 
sanitary milk." 

Very respectfully, Robert Shaw Oliver, 

Assistant Secretary of War. 
Mr. J. Louis Willige, 

Chairman Special Committee, 

Washington Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. G. 



Navy Department, 
Washington, November 18, 1910. 
Sir: Referring to your letter No. 121463, of November 8, 1910, recommend- 
ing the issuance of an order prohibiting the sale of milk within any building 
occupied by the Navy Department which is not equal to the classification as 
defined in Bureau of Animal Industry Circular No. 114, a transcript of which is 
printed on the back of special order issued by the Secretary of Agriculture, 
copy of which was inclosed with your letter, the department incloses herewith 
a list of milk dealers furnishing milk to the personnel of the bureaus and oflaces 
of the Navy Department. The department desires that you communicate with 
these dealers and state that it is the department's intention to publish for the 
information of employees a list of dealers in milk whose milk comes up to the 
required test, and that if they so desire, the department will test their milk 
unless it has already been tested by competent authority. 
Very respectfully, 

Beekman Winthrop, 
Acting Secretary of the Navy. 
The Surgeon General, United States Navy, 

Navy Department, 



list of milk dealers furnishing milk to the personnel op the bureaus and 
offices of the navy department. 

Baltimore & Washington White Cross Milk Co. (Inc.), Ninth and N Streets 
NW., Washington. 

H. L. Alden, 211 Tenth Street SW., Washington. D. C. 

Geo. M. Oyster, 1116 Connecticut Avenue NW., Washington, D. C. 

Walker-Gordon Laboratory of Washington, D. C, 1020 Connecticut Avenue 
NW.. Washington. D. C. 

Dulin's Dairy, 1021 Twentieth Street NW., Washington, D. C. 

George A. Wise & Bro., 3310 R Street NW., Washington, D. O. 



398 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Special order.] Department of the Interiob, 

Washington, November 5, 1910. 
To the chiefs of bureaus, offices, and independent divisions: 

In order that no milk containing extraneous matter, raw milk from cows 
not known to be free of tuberculosis, or milk of unknown origin may be sold 
within certain buildings occupied by the Department of the Interior in Wash- 
ington, D. C, it is hereby ordered that no milk shall be sold within any build- 
ing occupied by the Department of the Interior which is not equal to the clas- 
sification as defined in Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, 
Circular 114. 

The determinations as to the standards of such milk shall be made by the 
Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, and no person or company will 
be permitted to sell milk in any of the buildings under this department unless a 
permit is obtained from the chief clerk of this department, countersigned by the 
Chief of the Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agri- 
culture. 

Oflicers of the various bureaus and divisions in which milk is used will see 
that this order is enforced. 

Effective November 16, 1910. 

R. A. Ballingeb, 
Secretary of the Interior. 

Attest : 

Clement S. Uckeb, Chief Clerk. 



MILK permit. 

Department of the Interior, 

Office of the Secretary, 

November 8, 1910. 

Admit to buildings and grounds occupied by the Department of 

the Interior for the purpose of selling milk. This permit is valid until November 
30, 1910, but may be revoked at any time for failure to comply with special 
departmental order in relation to classification of milk. 



Acting Chief Clerk. 



[Indorsement on stub:] 



Chief, Dairy Div., B. A. I., Dept. of Agriculture. 



rules governing the sale of milk in bttildings of the department of com- 
merce and labor. 

Department of Commerce and Labob, 

Office of the Secretary, 
Washington, December 1, 1910. 
To officers and employees of Department of Com,merce and Labor vn Washington, 

D. C: 

In order that no milk containing extraneous matter, raw milk from cows not 
known to be free from tuberculosis, or milk of unknown origin may be sold in 
buildings or parts of buildings under the jurisdiction of the department in 
Washington, it is hereby ordered that no milk shall be sold in any such build- 
ings or parts of buildings that is not equal to the classification as defined in 
Circular No. 114 of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, 
a transcript from which is printed on the reverse side of this circular. 

The standard of such milk shall be determined by the Dairy Division, Bureau 
of Animal Industry ; and no person or company shall be permitted to sell milk 
in any of the buildings or parts of buildings above mentioned without a permit 
from the chief clerk of the department, countersigned by the Chief of the 
Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 399 

Ofl5cers in charge of buildings in which milk is delivered will see that this 
order is enforced and that no milk is sold therein except under permit as above 
provided for. 

This order shall be effective beginning December 15, 1910. 

Chables Nagel, Secretary. 



APPENDIX Z. 

CORRESPONDENCE WITH OEEICIALS OF EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS AND INDE- 
PENDENT GOVERNMENT BUREAUS IN WASHINGTON, D. C, RELATING TO 
ISSUANCE OF ORDERS REGULATING MILK FURNISHED TO EMPLOYEES AT 
BUILDINGS. 

Decembek 3, 1910. 
]Mr. J. Louis Willige, 

Chairman Special Committee, Chamber of Comtmerce, 

Washington, D. C. 
Sir: The department acknowledges the receipt of your letter of the 28th 
instant in which you inquire whether an order is about to be issued by this 
department in regard to the milk supplied to its employees. 

In reply you are informed that the matter referred to is under consideration 
by the commission in charge of the State, War, and Navy Building. No order 
has as yet been issued. 

I am, sir, your obedient servant, Wm. McNeie, 

Chief Cleric. 



Wab Department, 
Washington, November 29, 1910. 
Sir : Referring to your inquiry of 28th instant as to whether the War Depart- 
ment will issue an order providing that milk supplied to its employees during 
the luncheon hour shall conform to the classification in Circular No. 114, of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, I beg to advise you 
that this matter is now being considered by the department, and when a deter- 
mination is reached in the premises further advices will be furnished you. 
Very respectfully, 

Robert Shaw Oliver, 

Acting Secretary of War. 
F. Louis Willige, Esq., 

Chairman Special Com,mittee, 

Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. G. 



Navy Department, 
Washington, December 1, 1910. 
Sir: Replying to your letter of November 28, 1910, the department incloses 
herewith a copy of its letter of November 18, 1910, to the Surgeon General of 
the Navy, on the subject of milk furnished by milk dealers to the personnel 
Off bureaus and offices of the Navy Department. 
Very respectfully, 

Beekman Winthrop, 
Assistant Secretary of the Navy. 
The Chairman Special Committee, 

Washington Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C. 



Department of the Interior, 

Washington, November 30, 1910. 
Mr. J. Louis Willige, 

Chadrman Special Committee on Local Milk Situation, 

1202 F Street NW., Washington, D. C. 
Sir : In response to your communication of November 28, 1910, there are 
inclosed several copies of special order, dated November 5, 1910, governing the 



400 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 

sale of milk in buildings under the control of this department, and several 
copies of "milk permit " authorizing milk dealers to sell milk within said build- 
ings, from which you will be able to obtain the information requested. 
Very respectfully, 

Frank Pierce, Acting Secretary. 



Department of Commerce and Labor, 

Office of the Secretar"?, 
Washington, November 29, 1910. 
Mr. J. Louis Willige, 

Chairman Committee to Investigate Milk Situation, 

Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. O. 
Dear Sir : To comply with the request in your letter of the 28th instant, I 
beg to inclose a copy of a circular this department proposes to issue regulating 
the sale of milk in buildings occupied by the Department of Commerce and 
Labor. 

Very truly, yours, Charles Nagel, Secretary. 



Treasury Department, 
Washington, December 8, 1910. 
Mr. J. Louis Willige, 

Chairman Special Committee, 

Washington Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. G. 
Sir : By direction of the Secretary I have to acknowledge the receipt of your 
letter of November 28, 1910, making inquiry as to whether any regulations 
have been issued in this department regarding the milk supplied to its em- 
ployees. 

In reply, you are informed that no such instructions have been issued up to 
the present time. For your information I might state that there are but three 
dealers supplying milk to this building, their names and the amounts furnished 

daily being as follows: 

Quarts. 

Wallace & Watson, 2306 L Street NW 20 

Baltimore & Washington White Cross Milk Co., Ninth and N Streets NW_ 13 

Thompson Dairy, 511 Four-and-a-half Street SW 6 

Kespectfully, 

James L. Wilmeth, Chief Clerk. 



Post Office Department, 

Office of the Chief Clerk, 
Washington, December 7, 1910. 
Mr. J. Louis Willige, 

Chairman Special Committee, Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C. 
Dear Sir: I am directed by the Postmaster General to acknowledge the re- 
ceipt of your letter of the 28th ultimo, in which you ask to be furnished with 
copies of such orders as may be issued by this department relative to the sale 
of milk in buildings under its control. 

In reply, I beg to advise you that no orders have been issued on the subject, 
the department considering it one coming peculiarly under the supervision of 
the District health authorities. 

Very truly, yours, T. L. Weed, Chief Celrk. 

Department of Justice, 

Office of the Chief Clerk, 

Washington, November SO, 1910. 

Mr. J. Louis Willige, 

The Washington Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C. 
Dear Sir: The department is in receipt of your letter of the 28th instant, 
requesting to be advised whether it is contemplated to prepare a circular along 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 401 

the lines of Circular 114 of the Department of Agriculture, with reference to 
milk supplied to employees in this department during luncheon hour. In reply 
thereto I beg to inform you that as the quantity of milk taken by the employees 
of this department amounts to almost nothing, no action in this respect is con- 
templated. 

Respectfully, O. J. Field, Chief Clerk. 



Smithsonian Institution, 

Washington, December 8, 1910. 
Deab Mr. Willige : In reply to your communication of November 28, with 
reference to establishing a restrictive standard for the milk supplied to em- 
ployees at the lunch hour, there has been )io order issued by the Institution or 
its branches in this connection. 

Very truly, yours, O. D. Walcott, 

Becretary. 
Mr. J. Louis Willige, 

Chairman Special Committee, 

The Washington Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. G. 



Office of the Public Printer, 

Washington, December 1, 1910. 

Sir: This will acknowledge receipt of your communication of the 28th 
instant, making inquiry as to the rules governing the sale of milk to employees 
in the Government Printing Office. 

In reply, I have the honor to advise that dealers to whom permits are issued 
by the Public Printer authorizing them to sell milk in the Government Printing 
Office are first required to furnish satisfactory evidence that they have been 
authorized by the health department of the District of Columbia to sell milk. 

Any deviation from this practice has not up to this time been contemplated. 
Respectfully, 

Saml. B. Donnelly, 



J. Louis Willige, Esq., 

Washington Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. 



Public Printer. 



Building and Grounds, Library of Congress, 

Office of the Superintendent, 

Washington, D. C, January 4, 1911. 
Mr. J. Louis Willige, 

Washington Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C. 
My Dear Sir : Your letter of November 28, 1910, addressed to the Librarian 
of Congress, on behalf of a special committee of the Washington Chamber of 
Commerce, on the subject of milk supplied to the Library of Congress em- 
ployees, was referred to me as the officer in charge of the Library Building. 

It is my duty to explain that the delay in my reply has been due somewhat 
to the unusual nature of the question and uncertainty as to the scope and 
application of Circular No. 114 of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the 
Department of Agriculture to which it refers. 

Now that I have been able to read it rather carefully, I am prepared to state 
that I feel quite sure that should the Government departments issue an order 
regulating the quality of the supply of milk furnished to the lunch rooms and 
employees in their several buildings the Library of Congress would do likewise, 
and, furthermore, that should the Department of Agriculture issue such an 
order the Library of Congress would follow it as far as practicable. 
Yours, very truly, 

Bernard R. Green, Superintendent. 
82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-3 26 



402 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 

APPENi:)IX AA. 

ORDER GOVERNING MILK USED IN INSTITUTIONS UNDER CONTROL OF DIS- 
TRICT GOVERNMENT PROMULGATED NOVEMBER 8, 1910. 

Commissioners of the District of Columbia, 

Executive Department, 
Washington, November 8, 1910. 
Ordered, That the purchase of milk by the District of Columbia for use in 
institutions under its control is limited to milk that has been properly pasteur- 
ized or that has come from tuberculin-tested herds. 
By order; 

William Tindall, 
Secretary Board of Commissioners, District of ColumMa. 



APPENDIX AB. 

ORDER OF DISTRICT COMMISSIONERS FOR COMPULSORY TUBERCULIN TEST- 
ING OF CATTLE WITHIN DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, PROMULGATED NOVEM- 
BER 27, 1909, TOGETHER WITH AMENDMENT OF MARCH 5, 1910. 

United States Department of Agriculture, 

BUREAU of animal INDUSTRY. 
order of THE commissioners OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA FOR THE SUPPRESSION 

and prevention of tuberculosis in cattle. 

Executive Office, 
Commissioners of the District of Columbia, 

Washington, November 26, 1909. 
Ordered: The Commissioners of the District of Columbia having learned that 
tuberculosis, a communicable disease, prevails among the cattle in the District 
of Columbia and adjacent States, do hereby, pursuant to law, authorize and 
direct the follovping measures for the prompt suppression and to prevent the 
spread of bovine tuberculosis within the District of Columbia and to adjoining 
States ; 

Section 1. It is hereby ordered that no cattle shall, in any manner, be re- 
moved from the District of Columbia except upon written permission from the 
Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry or the health officer of the District of 
Columbia, which removal shall only be granted for cattle which have success- 
fully passed an official tuberculin test, or are for immediate slaughter at an 
establishment at which United States meat inspection is maintained. 

Sec 2. Any person, firm, or corporation desiring to bring any cattle into the 
District of Columbia, except as provided in section 3, paragraph (c), shall first 
make application and obtain a permit from the Chief of the Bureau of Animal 
Industry or from the health officer of the District of Columbia. The said, 
application shall be in writing, stating the number, sex, and the age of the 
cattle, whether over or under 6 months old, the exact place, date, and time at 
which it is desired to enter said cattle, and their destination within the District 
of Columbia, together with a declaration showing clearly the purpose for which 
the cattle are desired to be entered, whether for immediate slaughter, feeding, 
or breeding purposes, or for milk production. 

Sec. 3. (a) Cattle offered for entry into the District of Columbia must be 
accompanied by a permit, as provided in section 2, and must be identified by an 
official veterinarian of the Bureau of Animal Industry or of the health depart- 
ment of the District of Columbia, and must be appropriately tagged before 
entrance is permitted, except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section. 

(6) Cattle over 6 months old, foi purposes other than inunediate slaughter, 
unless accompanied by a satisfactory certificate of tuberculin test by a vet- 
erinary inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry or an official veterinarian 
of the health department of the District of Columbia or of the State from which 



THE MILK SITUATIOISr IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 403 

brought, must be imrnediately taken after identification, as provided in para- 
grapb (a) of this section, to a place designated by the Chief of the Bureau of 
Animal Industry or health officer of the District of Columbia, and there quar- 
antined apart from all other cattle until officially tuberculin tested and dis- 
posed of in accordance with these regulations : Provided, That no indemnity 
shall be allowed for such cattle as shall be slaughtered on account of their being 
deemed to be tuberculous. When accompanied by certificate of tuberculin test, 
as herein provided, the said certificate must show the place and the date, within 
thirty days of being offered for entry, of inspection and tuberculin testing, also 
temperature chart, description of the animal or animals, age, markings, and tag 
numbers, if tagged. 

(c) Cattle for immediate slaughter may enter the District of Columbia if 
tagged in accordance with paragraph (a) and without the tuberculin test, on 
condition that the tag therein provided for shall remain attached to the hide * 
until removed in the presence of an employee of the Bureau of Animal Industry 
or of the health department of the District of Columbia, to either of whom it 
shall be delivered. The owner of the animal at the time of slaughter is hereby 
required to notify the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry or the health 
officer of the District of Columbia, stating the place where the hides will be 
found. If shipped in cars and consigned direct to an establishment having 
United States meat inspection, cattle for immediate slaughter may enter the 
District of Columbia without complying with section 2 and section 3, paragraph 
(a) : Provided, hoivever, That the consignee shall keep a complete record of 
each animal received, date of receipt, its place of origin, railroads traversed, 
name of shipper, and butcher class to which each animal belongs, a-nd shall 
report the same before the slaughter of any such animals to the Chief of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry through the veterinary inspector stationed at that 
establishment. 

id) Cattle under 6 months old for purposes other than immediate slaughter, 
when not accompanied by certificates as indicated in paragraph (6), may be 
brought into the District of Columbia as provided in paragraph {a), but said 
cattle must be accompanied by affidavits by the breeder or feeder and by the 
owner or shipper, said affidavits to state that tuberculosis has not been known 
to exist on the premises, during tlie six months immediately preceding the offer 
for entry, upon which said animals have been kept. 

Sec. 4. Cattle over 6 months old already within the District of Columbia shall 
be inspected and tuberculin tested by a veterinary inspector of the Bureau of 
Animal Industry or of the health department of the District of Columbia. Cat- 
tle under 6 months old shall, in the same manner, be inspected, and when 
deemed necessary shall be tuberculin tested, said inspection and tuberculin 
testing to be repeated annually, or at such times as the Chief of the Bureau of 
Animal Industry or the health officer of the District of Columbia may direct. 
All such cattle shall be oflicially tagged " U. S., B. A. I,," with a serial number, 
or " U. S., B. A. I., Reacted," with a serial number. 

Sec. 5. All cattle already within the District of Columbia which are deemed 
to be tuberculous, either as a result of physical examination or the tuberculin 
test, shall be slaughtered within a time and at a place designated by the Chief 
of the Bureau of Animal Industry or the health officer of the District of Colum- 
bia, and shall be subject to official post-mortem inspection, and the carcass of 
any such animal shall be disposed of according to the meat-insi^ection regula- 
tions of the Bureau of Animal Industry. All such cattle shall be appraised 
before being slaughtered, the owners to be indemnified, as hereinafter provided, 
from any available appropriation made by Congress for the Bureau of Animal 
Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture for carrying out the 
provisions of the act of May 29, 1884, except as specified in section 8 of these 
regulations : Provided, That no liability shall be incurred under these regula- 
tions by the United States Department of Agriculture in excess of the funds 
available from the aforesaid appropriation of Congress, and whenever the Chief 
of the Bureau of Animal Industry shall deem it necessary or advisable, because 
of the lack of funds for the aforesaid purpose, he shali notify the health officer 
of the District of Columbia to that effect, and thereafter no liabilities shall 
accrue against the United States on account of any act done or permitted under 
these regulations. 

Sec. 6. (a) The health officer of the District of Columbia shall designate or 
request the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry to designate an appraiser, 
who shall appraise each animal within five days prior to the date of slaughter, 
basing the amount upon the class and market value of the animal at the time 
of the appraisal, whether for breeding purposes or for meat or milk production. 



404 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Animals reacting to the tuberculin test but not exhibiting any physical evi- 
dence of tuberculosis shall be appraised without considering the presence of a 
diseased condition, but animals exhibiting any physical evidence of tuberculosis 
shall be appraised as diseased animals. The amount of appraisal shall not in 
any case exceed the sum of seventy-five dollars for a purebred and registered 
animal, or the sum of fifty dollars for a grade or nonregistered animal. If the 
amount of appraisal of any animal, as determined by the appraiser designated, 
is not satisfactory to the ovi^ner or owners of such animal, a written notice of 
such fact, setting forth the reasons for complaint, shall be forwarded upon the 
day of appraisal to the health oflicer of the District of Columbia. The amount 
of the appraisal shall then be determined by arbitrators, one to be appointed by 
the health officer of the District of Columbia or the Chief of the Bureau of 
Animal Industry and one by the owner or owners of the animal or animals. 
If the said arbitrators are not able to agree as to the amount of appraisal, a 
third arbitrator shall be appointed by them, whose decision shall be final. 
Arbitrators shall be paid at a rate of compensation not to exceed five dollars 
per diem and necessary expenses. Compensation for the arbitrator appointed 
by the owner, and the third arbitrator, if appointed, shall be paid from the 
fund of the United States Department of Agriculture if the decision made is 
against the arbitrator appointed by the health officer or the Chief of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry, but if the decision is in favor of such arbitrator 
the owner shall pay the compensation of the arbitrator appointed by him, and 
the third arbitrator, if appointed. 

(6) Following the appraisal of animals, in accordance with paragraph (a) 
of this section, the amount of reimbursement shall be determined by the results 
of post-mortem inspection according to the following rules : 

Rule 1. If any animal is found, upon post-mortem inspection, not to be 
affected with tuberculosis, the carcass and other edible portions shall be passed 
for food, and the owner shall sell the same, including all accompanying parts, 
for a reasonable price, which price shall be deducted from the amount of 
appraisal, and the balance, if any, thus remaining, shall be paid from any 
fund available for that purpose. 

Rule 2. If any animal is found, upon post-mortem inspection, to be affected 
with tuberculosis, and the lesions are such that the carcass and parts of the 
carcass are passed for food, the owner shall sell the same, including all ac- 
companying parts, for a reasonable price, which price shall be deducted from 
eighty per centum of the amount of the appraisal, and the balance, if any, 
thus remaining shall be paid from any fund available for that purpose. 

Rule 3. If any animal, upon post-mortem inspection, is condemned for offal, 
the owner' shall sell the hide for a /reasonable price, which price shall be de- 
ducted from forty per centum of the amount of the appraisal, and the balance, 
if any, thus remaining shall be paid from any fund available for that purpose. 

Sec, 7. Any premises upon which there have been kept animals affected with 
tuberculosis shall be disinfected promptly after the removal of such animals, 
and in a manner satisfactory to the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry 
or the health officer of the District of Columbia, said disinfection to be at the 
expense of the owner or owners of the premises or of the owner of the animals. 

Sec. 8. Any owner, shipper, or common carrier bringing any cattle into the 
District of Columbia in violation of these regulations will be liable to prosecu- 
ton, and the cattle shall be immediately removed, at the owner's expense, from 
the District of Columbia. Such cattle, however, may remain in the District of 
Columbia if inspected and tuberculin tested under the following conditions: 
The owner or owners shall first sign an agreement providing for the inspection 
and tuberculin test by a veterinary inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry 
or of the health department of the District of Columbia, and if any one or 
more of the said animals should then be deemed tuberculous, that he or they 
will cause such animals to be slaughtered in accordance with the specifications 
of section five of these regulations; and further, that no claim for reimburse- 
ment for any loss which might be thus sustained will ever be made against the 
United States Department of Agriculture, or any other branch of the United 
States Government, or the District of Columbia, or any officer or department 
thereof. 

Sec. 9. Any person violating any of these regulations, or entering cattle by 
fraudulent means, or using false or fraudulent tags, or interfering in any 
way with the work of any official, or using any false or fraudulent means to 
enable any cattle to pass the tuberculin test, shall be punished by a fine of not 
more than forty dollars nor less than five dollars. 



THE MILK SITUATION" IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 405 

The foregoing regulations shall go into effect upon their approval by the 
Secretary of Agriculture. 

Henrt B. F. Macfarland, 
Henry L. West, 
, William V. Judson, 

Commissioners of the District of Columbia. 
Approved, November 27, 1909. 

James Wilson, 
Secretary of Agriculture. 

Note. — The States of Maryland and Virginia require tuberculin test for dairy and neat 
cattle entering from other States. 



United States Department of Agriculture, 

bureau of animal industry. 

amendment to order of the commissioners of the district of columbia fob 
. the suppression and prevention of tuberculosis in cattle. 

Executive Office, 
Commissioners of the District of Columbia, 

Washington, March 5, 1910. 

Ordered, That paragraph (c) of section 3 of the order of the Commissioners 
of the District of Columbia of November 26, 1909, for the suppression and pre- 
vention of the spread of bovine tuberculosis v^ithin the District of Columbia 
and to adjoining States, is hereby amended to read as follows : 

"(c) Cattle for immediate slaughter may enter the District of Columbia if 
tagged in accordance with paragraph (a) and without the tuberculin test, on 
condition that the tag therein provided for shall remain attached to the hide 
until removed in the presence of an employee of the Bureau of Animal Industry 
or of the health department of the District of Columbia, to either of whom it 
shall be delivered. The owner of the animal at the time of slaughter is hereby 
required to notify the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry or the health 
officer of the District of Columbia, stating the place where the hides will be 
found, except that cattle under six months old, castrated cattle, and cattle 
shipped in cars consigned direct to an establishment having United States meat 
inspection, may enter the District of Columbia for immediate slaughter without 
complying with section 2 and section 3, paragraph (a) : Provided, hoioever. 
That the consignee at any official establishment shall keep a complete record of 
each animal received, date of receipt, its place of origin, railroads traversed, 
name of shipper, and butcher class to which each animal belongs, and shall 
report the same before the slaughter of any such animals to the Chief of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry through the veterinary inspector stationed at that 
establishment." 

The foregoing amendment shall go into effect upon its approval by the Secre- 
tary of Agriculture. 



Approved. 



Approved March 8, 1910. 
James Wilson, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 



CuNO H. Rudolph, 
John A. Johnston, 
W. V. Judson, 
Commissioners of the District of ColumMa. 



APPENDIX AC. 

REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON THE CONTROL OF BOVINE 

TUBERCULOSIS. 



Senator W. C. Edwards, Ottawa, Canada, member of the Canadian Parliament 
and one of the most extensive live-stock breeders in the Dominion. 



406 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

J. J. Ferguson, Chicago, 111., chief of the animal husbandry work of Swift 
& Co. 

J. W. Flavelle, Toronto, Canada, head of one of the large packing companies 
of Canada. 

W. D. Hoard, Fort' Atkinson, Wis., editor Hoard's Dairyman, and former gov- 
ernor of Wisconsin. 

Dr. C. A. Hodgetts, Toronto, Canada, health officer of the Province of Ontario. 

Dr. J. N. Hurty, Indianapolis, Ind., secretary of the Indiana State Board of 
Health. 

Dr. J. R. Mohler, Washington, D. C, Chief of the Pathological Division of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of Agriculture. 

Dr. V. A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Y., professor of pathology of Cornell University. 

Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis., professor of bacteriology. University of 
Wisconsin. 

Dr. M. H. Reynolds, St. Paul, Minn., professor of veterinary science. Univer- 
sity of Minnesota. 

Dr. E. C. Schroeder, Washington, D. C, superintendent of the Bethesda (Md.) 
Experiment Station of the Department of Agriculture. 

T. W. Tomlinson, Denver, Colo., secretai-y of the American National Live 
Stock Association. 

Dr. F. Torrance, Winnipeg, Canada, professor of veterinary science, Univer- 
sity of Manitoba. 

Dr. J. G. Rutherford, Ottawa, Canada, veterinary director general of Canada. 

First meeting, Buffalo, N. ¥., December 13 and 14, 1909 ; second meeting, 
Detroit, Mich., March 1 and 2, 1910; third meeting, Ottawa, Canada, May 19, 
20, and 21, 1910 ; fourth meeting, Madison, Wis., June 27 and 28, 1910. 

By the American Veterinary Medical Association, in annual meeting assem- 
bled, at Chicago, 111., in the month of September, in the year 1909, the follow- 
ing gentlemen were constituted an international commission to study the methods 
of the control of bovine tuberculosis and to submit a report to the association 
on the occasion of its next annual meeting: J. G. Rutherford, Leonard Pearson, 
V. A. Moore, Hon. W. D. Hoard, Frederick Torrance, E. C. Schroeder, M. H. 
Reynolds, Hon. W. C. Edwards, C. A. Hodgetts, M. D., J. R. Mohler, Louis F. 
Swift, and J. W. Flavelle. 

The commission met in Buffalo, N. Y., on the 15th day of December. 1909, 
and elected as chairman Dr. J. G. Rutherford, of Ottawa, Canada, and as 
secretary Dr. M. H. Reynolds, of St. Paul, Minn. 

Owing to the death of Dr. Leonard Pearson and the inability to act of Mr. 
Louis F. Swift, the president appointed in the stead of these gentlemen, respec- 
tively. Dr. M. P. Ravenel, of Madison, Wis., and Mr. T. W. Tomlinson, of 
Denver, Colo. Later, at the request of the commission, the president appointed 
Mr. J. J. Ferguson, of Chicago, 111., as representative of the United States 
packing industry, and Dr. J. N. Hurty, of Indianapolis, Ind., as representative 
of the medical health officers of the United States. 

The President of the American Veterinary Medical Association: < 

Owing to the great economic and sanitary significance of animal tuberculosis 
to the live-stock industry of America and the many and varied factors which 
must of necessity be accounted with in formulating successful measures for its 
eradication, the American Veterinary Medical Association, at its meeting in 
Chicago in September, 1909, appointed the international commission on the 
control of bovine tuberculosis. The commission was instructed to study the 
problem of tuberculosis among cattle and to report at the next meeting of the 
association upon reasonable and economically practicable methods or systems 
to be recommended to both officials and live-stock owners for eradicating this 
great scourge of domesticated animals. 

It is recognized that tuberculosis is widely prevalent among cattle and other 
animals, and that the frequency with which this great evil occurs is increasing 
rather than declining. As tuberculosis is one of the strictly preventable infec- 
tions, there is good ground for the belief that through the formulation and 
enforcement of proper regulations the disease may eventually be entirely 
suppressed. 

The commission has held four meetings, as follows : Buffalo, N. Y., December 
13 and 14, 1909 ; Detroit, Mich., March 1 and 2, 1910 ; Ottawa, Canada, May 19, 
20, and 21, 1910; Madison, Wis., June 27 and 28. 1910, all of which were well 
attended, very few of the members having on any occasion been absent. The 
commission begs to present as a result of its labors the following report, which. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 407 

although brief, will, on examination, be found to comprise the principal points 
essential to the promulgation of a comprehensive and practical policy, such as 
may reasonably be adopted by any governmental body interested in the control 
of bovine tuberculosis. 

It is quite unnecessary, in view of the extensive knowledge already possessed 
by all who are familiar with the efforts which have hitherto been made to secure 
control of bovine tuberculosis, to dwell at any length upon the importance of the 
subject or upon the conditions which led to the formation of the commission. 

In view of the personnel of the commission as selected by the American Vet- 
erinary Medical Association, and of the fact that so much information on the 
subject has been made available through the work of similar bodies in other 
countries and the researches of scientific and practical men in America and else- 
where, the commission has not deemed it necessary to take any evidence either 
from expert witnesses or others. 

The members fully understood that the purpose which their appointment was 
intended to serve was less the acquisition of new knowledge regarding bovine 
tuberculosis than the careful study of the knowledge already available and of 
the thoughts and opinions of those most entitled to speak with authority on the 
subject. 

The conclusions reached in this report are therefore simply the outcome of an 
earnest and thoughtful consideration of the various modern aspects and phases 
of the problem, with the object of crystallizing public opinion and so clearing 
the way for legislative action. 

They realized also that they could deal with fundamental principles only and 
that the details of any policy which they might outline must in each case be 
worked out by the duly authorized and responsible representatives of the com- 
munity immediately concerned. 

They nevertheless deemed it essential to study closely the history of the 
various efforts hitherto made by such countries throughout the world as have 
attempted to legislate on the subject. 

This naturally led to the gradual elimination of all methods other than such 
as might reasonably be adopted by any community desiring in full light of 
present-day knowledge to undertake the control of bovine tuberculosis. 

It was felt, in view of the prevalence of the disease, especially in some locali- 
ties and among certain classes of cattle, the difficulty of providing a sufficient 
number of trained officials and the large economic questions involved, to say 
nothing of the enormous expenditure, that it would be unwise, for the present at 
least, to seriously discuss a policy of universal compulsory testing and slaughter. 

Such a policy might perhaps be adopted with advantage by a small com- 
munity or one in which the disease existed to a very limited extent, but, speak- 
ing generally, especially in view of past experiences in this line, it was thought 
better to omit it entirely from the recommendations of the commission. 

All other methods of dealing with bovine tuberculosis which have been recom- 
mended or tried in various communities were thoroughly discussed, with the 
object of discarding weak points and adopting such features as might be deemed 
worthy of a place in the official findings of the commission. 

Every phase of the subject was in this way fully and freely considered, it 
being thought best to cover the whole ground as completely as possible before 
coming to a definite decision on any one point. 

In order to still further minimize the risk of omitting from the deliberations 
of the commission any phase of the question four committees were appointed at 
the first meeting to deal, respectively, with : 

(1) Education and legislation, 

(2) Location of tuberculosis. 

(3) Dissemination. 

(4) Disposition of tuberculous animals. 

The appointment of these committees proved to be of the greatest possible 
Talue in concentrating the energies of the various members on those branches 
of the subject with which they were most familiar, and their reports presented 
at subsequent meetings enabled the commission to reach satisfactory conclu- 
sions much more rapidly than would otherwise have been the case. 

As a means of furnishing information as to the reasons for these conclu- 
sions and the manner in which they were reached, the commission would rec- 
ommend that the reports of the committees should be published as an appendix 
to this report. 

The commission recognizing after careful study that the tuberculin test is 
the fundaiflental factor in any policy having for its object the control of 



408 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

bovine tuberculosis, decided that a pronouncement to that effect should prop- 
erly occupy a foremost place. 

Based on the information contained in the reports of its committees and on 
such other information as was brought out in the general discussions of the 
commission, the following resolutions were adopted for presentation to the 
American Veterinary Medical Association. 

Resolution 1. — Dissendnation. 

As a general policy to be observed all contact between tuberculous and 
healthy cattle and between healthy cattle and stables, cars, etc., which may 
contain living tubercle bacilli sliould be prevented. To accomplish this, the 
following specihc recommendations are made : 

1. There should be no sale or exchange of animals affected with tuberculosis 
except for immediate slaughter or for breeding purposes under official super- 
vision. 

2. That the managments of live-stock shows should give preference to cat- 
tle known to be free from tuberculosis, either by providing special classes 
for such cattle or in some other practical way, and should also take every pre- 
caution to prevent contact between such animals and those not known to be 
free from disease. 

3. All live-stock shippers should take every precaution to see that cars fur- 
nished are thoroughly cleansed and disinfected before use. 

Resolution 2. — Tuberculin test. 

1. That tuberculin, properly used, is an accurate and reliable diagnostic 
agent for the detection of active tuberculosis. 

2. That tuberculin may not produce a reaction under the following conditions : 

(a) When the disease is in a period of incubation. 

(b) When the progress of the disease is arrested. 

(c) When the disease is extensively generalized. 

The last condition is relatively rare and may usually be detected by physical 
examination. 

3. On account of the period of incubation and the fact that arrested cases 
may sooner or later become active, all exposed animals should be retested at 
intervals of six months to one year. 

4. That the tuberculin test should not be applied to any animal having a 
temperature higher than normal. 

5. That any animal having given one distinct reaction to tuberculin should 
thereafter be regarded as tuberculous. 

6. That the subcutaneous injection of tuberculin is the only method of using 
tuberculin for the detection of tuberculosis in cattle which can be recommended 
at the present time. 

7. That tuberculin has no injurious effect on healthy cattle. 

Resolution 3. — Evidence from tuberculin test. 

That a positive reaction to tuberculin in any properly conducted test, official 
or otherwise, in any animal in any herd shall be considered evidence sufficient 
upon which to declare the herd to be infected. 

Resolution 4. — Compulsory notification. 

That this commission recommends the passage of legislation providing for 
the compulsory notification by owners and by veterinarians of the existence 
of tuberculosis in a herd, whether such existence be made known by detection 
of clinical cases or by the tuberculin test. 

Resolution 5. — Location through slaughter. 

This commission recognizes that the discovery of tuberculosis in animals 
slaughtered for food purposes furnishes one of the best possible means of 
locating the disease on the farm, and therefore recommends the adoption of 
some system of marking, for purposes of identification, all cattle 3 years old 
and over shipped for slaughter. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 409 

As tuberculosis of hogs is almost invariably due to bovine infection, this 
recommendation should also be made to apply to hogs of any age shipped for 
slaughter. 

It is further recommended that the discovery of tuberculosis in animals 
coming under Government inspection should be used whenever identification 
is possible as a means of locating infected herds and premises. All such cases 
should be reported to the proper authorities for control action. 

Resolution 6. — Disposition of tuherculous animals — The convniission plan. 

1. As a general policy in the eradication of tuberculosis the separation of 
healthy and diseased animals and the construction of a healthy herd are 
recommended. 

In order to accomplish this the following recommendations are made: 

(1) If the herd is found to be extensively infected, as shown by the tubercu- 
lin test or clinical examination, even the apparently healthy animals in it 
should be regarded with suspicion until they have been separated from the 
reacting animals for at least three months. 

If, after the expiration of this time, they do not react to the tuberculin test, 
they may be considered healthy and dealt with accordingly. 

It is recommended that a herd extensively infected should not be treated by 
the method of general separation, but that the construction of a new herd from 
the offspring only is advisable. 

(2) If the herd is found, by either or both of the above methods, to contain 
a relatively small proportion of diseased animals separation of the diseased 
animals from the healthy animals and the construction of a sound herd from 
the healthy animals, and the offspring of both, is advocated. 

As a working basis in carrying out these principles, we advise : 

(a) That herds containing 50 per cent or more of diseased animals be 

treated as coming under section 1. 

(&) That herds containing under 15 per cent of diseased animals be treated 

as coming under section 2. 

(c) That herds falling between these figures be graded according to the 
option of the owner. 

(d) That it shall be the prerogative of the owner to reject either plan and 
have his herd dealt with by removal and slaughter of diseased animals, with 
or without compensation, according to the public policy in operation. 

2. That when by any means the officials properly charged with the control of 
tuberculosis become aware of its existence in a herd to which a policy of 
slaughter and compensation can not reasonably be applied, such herd must be 
dealt with by the owner, under Government supervision, on the principle of the 
separation of all sound animals from those affected. Such separation must be 
effected by treating the whole herd as diseased, and rearing the calves sepa- 
rately, either on pasteurized milk or the milk of healthy cows, or, when the 
number of those affected is so small as to warrant such a course, by the appli- 
cation to the whole h^rd, from time to time, under official supervision, of the 
tuberculin test, and the entire segregation of all animals found to react. 

In the event of any owner refusing or neglecting to adopt either of the above 
methods, his entire herd to be closely quarantined and sales therefrom to be 
entirely prohibited. 

3. That a policy of compensation be recommended as useful and usually 
necessary as a temporary measure. 

4. That, when slaughter is necessary, in order to avoid economic loss, every 
effort should be made to utilize as far as possible the meat of such animals as 
may be found fit for food, on being slaughtered under competent inspection. 

5. The details of commission plan will be found fully set forth in the ap- 
pendix to this report. 

Resolution 7. — Prevention. 

1, That, with the object of preventing the spread of infection, persons buying 
cattle for breeding purposes or milk production should, except when such pur- 
chases are made from disease-free herds which have been tested by a properly 
qualified person, purchase only subject to the tuberculin test. In order to 
assist in the proper carrying out of this suggestion the commission recom- 
mends that official authorities should adopt such regulations as will prevent the 
©Qtry to their respective territories of cattle for breeding purposes or milk 
production unless accompanied by satisfactory tuberculin-test charts. 



410 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

2. That all milk and milk by-products used as food should be properly pae* 
teurized unless derived from cows known to be free from tuberculosis. 

Resolution 8. — Control of tuberculin test. 

That this commission recommends the passage of legislation which will pre- 
vent the sale, distribution, or use of tuberculin by any persons other than those 
acting with the full knowledge or under the direction of official authorities. 

Resolution 9. — Education, 

As a clear knowledge of the cause and character of tuberculosis among ani- 
mals, the modes of dissemination and its significance as an economic and as a 
public-health problem underlie an intelligent adherence to the principles that 
must be observed in all efforts for eradication, as well as the establishment of 
proper cooperation in the great work between physicians, veterinarians, live- 
stock owners, legislators, and the public generally, it is recommended that a 
widespread campaign of education be undertaken. To accomplish this end it is 
recommended that first of all a simple pamphlet on bovine tuberculosis be 
written, in which the language used shall be of such character that every 
person of average intelligence shall be able to read it without being mystified 
by technical terms or phrases. This pamphlet should be published with the 
indorsement of the American Veterinary Medical Association and the special 
indorsement and consequent authority of the International Commission on 
Bovine Tuberculosis Control. 

Resolution 10. — PuUicity. 

In concluding its work the commission desires especially to appeal to the 
press — metropolitan, agricultural, and local — to join in the work of extending as 
much as possible among the people the conclusions here arrived at. The vital 
importance of the life of farm animals to the welfare of all classes of society 
needs no argument in its support. The aim and sole purpose which has actu- 
ated this commission has been to arrive at the soundest conclusions possible 
in the light of the best knowledge obtainable. 

Resolution 11. — Legislation. 

It is recommended that legislation regarding the control and eradication of 
tuberculosis among domestic animals be made uniform ; that the laws of the 
United States and Canada and other American countries for the admission 
into America of animals from without be made stringent and as much alike as 
possible; and that the laws governing the interstate and interprovincial move- 
ment of cattle and that between different American countries be harmonized. 

The laws governing interstate and interprovincial movement of cattle should 
be of such character that every State and every Province will be free in its 
eradication work from unnecessary difficulties due to the existence of the 
disease in other States and Provinces. 

Legislation is especially required to prevent the various frauds which inter- 
fere with the satisfactory use of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent for tubercu- 
losis, as well as for official supervision over all tuberculin sold to be used by 
veterinarians and others. 

Resolution 12. — Sanitation. 

In the eradication of tuberculosis it should be kept in mind that, in addition 
to protecting animals against exposure to tubercle bacilli, it is desirable to 
make them as resistant to infection as possible. This can be done by stabling 
them in clean, disinfected, and properly ventilated and lighted barns, giving 
them abundant clean water and nutritious food, a sufficient amount of daily 
exercise in the open air, and attending generally to those conditions which are 
well known to contribute to the health of animals. . 

The daily removal of manure from stables and water-tight floors and good 
drainage in stables are urgently recommended. 

Young stock particularly should be raised as hardy as possible, and should 
be accustomed to liberal exercise and living in the open. 

Resolution 13. — Immunization. 

That as none of the various methods for the immunization of animals against 
tuberculosis have passed sufficiently beyond the experimental stage the com- 
mission is unable to indorse any of these for practical use at the present time. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 411 

Resolution 14. — Animal tuberculosis and public health. 

"While the members recognize that the subject with which this commission is 
primarily intended to deal is the control and eradication of tuberculosis among 
animals as an economic problem they can not feel satisfied without declaring 
their recognition of the fact that tuberculosis among animals is also an im- 
portant public-health problem. Considered as such, the eradication of tuber- 
culosis among animals should have the approval and support of all those 
persons who are interested in curtailing human sufCering and prolonging human 
life. 

Resolution 15. — General statement. 

The members of the commission wish it to be clearly understood that they 
recognize the limitations of a report necessarily based on actual and not on 
theoretical conditions. They fully realize that in the event of the policy of 
which their recommendations form the framework, being anywhere adopted 
even in its entirety, much greater benefit will be derived, at least for some 
time, from its educative than from its executive features. 

The control, to say nothing of the eradication of bovine tuberculosis, is 
impossible of achievement, without the hearty cooperation of the men who are 
actually engaged in the cattle industry. In order to secure this cooperation 
it will doubtless be necessary in most communities to carry on an active and 
prolonged educational campaign. 

It is apparent that in the dissemination of practical and reliable information 
regarding the disease it will be possible to employ a very large variety of 
methods. Many of these methods, such as bulletins, lectures, and actual 
demonstrations of disease, having already been found valuable will doubtless 
continue to be largely used. 

It must not be forgotten, however, that in this, as in any other educative 
process, a measure of disciplinary control is essential to success. 

Needless to say such control can be secured only by the passage of legislation 
which, while clear and comprehensive, must at the same time be sufficiently 
conservative to avoid exciting alarm or arousing antagonism on the part of 
owners especially of valuable herds. 

The best law ever framed can be made an utter failure by stupid or inju- 
dicious administration, while on the other hand the most drastic legislation 
can be rendered acceptable, if enforced with reasonable tact and diplomacy. 

Provided, therefore, that these qualities, combined with integrity, thorough- 
ness, and determination, are available for administrative purposes the mem- 
bers of the commission are convinced that the enforcement of a law based on 
their recommendations will prove to be by far the most powerful and effective 
educational agency which could possibly be employed. 

In concluding its report the commission would suggest that the association 
should make such provision as may be necessary to carry on the work, either 
by continuing the commission as at present constituted or with such changes. 
in the personnel as may be considered desirable. 

W. C. Edwards. V. A. Moore. 

J. J. Ferguson. M. P. Ravenel. 

J. W. Flavelle. E. C. Schroedeb. 

W. D. Hoard. T. W. Tomlinson. 

C. A. Hodgetts. F. .Torrance. 

J. N. Hurty. J. G. Rutherford, Chairman.. 

J. R. Mohler. M. H. Reynolds, Secretary. 



APPENDIX AD. 



RESOLUTIONS ON PASTEURIZATION OF MILK ADOPTED BY THE NATIONAL 
ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY AND PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS, AT 



ANNUAL MEETING HELD MAY 2 AND 3, 1910. 



1. Resolved, That a thorough, efficient, and continuous official supervision of 
dairies and herds and of the milk from the dairy to the consumer is of the first 
Importance in securing a clean and pure milk supply, which is essential to public 
health. 



412 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

2. Resolved, Tliat the production and handling of millv under such satis- 
factory sanitary conditions as to insure its complete reliability (i. e., the pro- 
duction of what is known as certified milk) at the present time unfortunately 
increases its cost to such an extent as to make the use of such milk for general 
consumption impracticable. 

3. Resolved, That the efficient pasteurization of the general milk supply (ex- 
cepting certified milk) when supplementing dairy inspection and applied to milk 
from inspected dairies and done under official supervision is desirable for the 
destruction of the ordinary micro organisms of fermentation and putrefaction 
and as an additional protection against possible infection by typhoid fever, scarlet 
fever, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and possibly some other specific infectious 
disease. 

4. Resolved, That pasteurization of milk for sale should not be permitted 
except under official supervision and on conditions definitely prescribed by com- 
petent sanitary authorities; and should not be permitted as a method for the 
preservation of old or dirty milk. 

5. Resolved, That milk intended for infant feeding should be considered apart 
from that intended for general consumption ; and should be certified milk when 
obtainable. 

6. Resolved, That in the opinion of this association it has been proven, ap- 
parently, that a small percentage of the cases of nonpulmonary human tuber- 
culosis, especially tuberculosis of the lymph nodes in children under 5 years 
of age, is due to infection by tubercle bacilli of bovine origin. 



APPENDIX AE. 

EESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY BOARD OF DIRECTORS, ASSOCIATION FOR PREVEN- 
TION OF TUBERCULOSIS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, DECEMBER 27, 1910. 

At a meeting of the board of directors of the Association for the Prevention 
of Tuberculosis, held December 27, 1910, the following resolutions, presented by 
Dr. George M. Kober and seconded by Mr. Emile Berliner and Dr. G. Lloyd 
Magruder, were unanimously adopted. 

Whereas it has been shown by indisputable evidence that numerous epidemics 
of typhoid fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, and various throat diseases have been 
traced to contaminated dairy products, also that a considerable proportion of 
the cases of tuberculosis occurring in children under 5 years of age is the result 
of infection with the bovine tubercle bacillus, and that the mortality among 
infants fed upon cow's miik is very high : Therefore be it 

Resolved, That the United States Congress be requested to investigate the 
relation of dairy products to the public health with a view of enacting re- 
medial legislation ; be it also 

Resolved, That in the opinion of this association the tax of 10 per cent upon 
oleomargarine is an unjust discrimination against a wholesome article of food. 



APPENDIX AF. 

LIST OF STATES AND TERRITORIES REQUIRING THE TUBERCULIN TESTING OF 
DAIRY AND BREEDING CATTLE AS A QUALIFICATION FOR ENTRANCE. 

Arkansas: State live-stock laws issued in 1910. 

Alabama : Regulations live-stock sanitary, board, act of 1909. 

Arizona : Regulations, based on act approved March 16, 1905. 

Colorado (except exhibition) : Proclamation of August 15, 1909. 

Delaware: Act of May 1, 1909. 

District of Columbia : Order of commissioners of November 27, 1909. 

Hawaii: Act of December 31, 1909. 

Idaho : Proclamation of January 2, 1910. 

Indiana : May be made in discretion of State veterinarian, act of 1909. 

Iowa (registered dairy and breeding cattle) : Act approved August, 1907. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 413 

Kansas : Act of 1909. 

Kentucky : Governor's proclamation, 1909. 

Maine (pure bred and grade dairy cattle). 

Maryland : Act of 1908. 

Massachusetts : Act of 1903. 

Michigan : Act of 1909. 

Minnesota (except exhibition) : Act of 1907. 

Mississippi : Acts of 1908 and 1910. 

Missouri (except exhibition) : Proclamation of governor, 1910, on act of 1899. 

Montana (except exhibition) : Regulations of sanitary board, January 1, 1907. 

Nebraska : Regulations of August, 1909. 

New Hampshire (except grazing) : Board of cattle commissioners. ■ 

New Jersey : Act of 1899. 

New Mexico (and again after three months) : Act of 1909. 

New York : Act of 1908. 

North Carolina : Regulations issued December 1, 1909. 

North Dakota : Proclamation December 2, 1908, on act of 1907. 

Oklahoma : Proclamation, 1909. 

Oregon : Act of 1909. 

Pennsylvania : Act of 1898. 

South Carolina (except exhibition) : Act of 1908. 

South Dakota : Act of 1909. 

Tennessee : Act of 1909. 

Utah : Act March, 1909. 

Vermont : (?) When deemed necessary. 

Virginia: Proclamation of governor of May, 1909. 

Washington (except exhibition). 

Wisconsin (except exhibition) : Act of 1909. 

Wyoming: Proclamation, April, 1909, in force to April, 1910. 

Louisiana : Regulation live-stock sanitary board, July 20, 1910, act of 1908. 

Texas : Proclamation of governor, effective April 1, 1910. 

Total, 41. 



APPENDIX AG. 

LIST OF STATES PROVIDING INDEMNITY FOR CATTLE REACTING UNDER 

TUBERCULIN TEST. 

Connecticut: Animals ordered slaughtered are appraised and full value of 
appraisal is paid. 

District of Columbia: Appraisal and slaughter. 

Florida : State health officer may require slaughter, in which case payment 
may be made not to exceed $50. 

Indiana : Reimbursement not to exceed the sum of $25. 

Kansas : Appraisal and slaughter. 

Maine: Appraised not to exceed $50 for grade stock or $100 for pure-bred 
cattle. Reimbursement at rate of 50 per cent. 

Massachusetts: Appraised at a sum not to exceed $40. 

Michigan : Appraisement is made by the commission and the owners receive 
50 per cent of the value of the animals, not exceeding $50. 

Minnesota : Appraisal not to exceed $35 per head, except in case of pure-bred 
animals, when the maximum shall not exceed $75. 

Montana : Provisions are made for the appraising and for the reimbursement 
of animals which are slaughtered under the direction of the State veterinarian. 

Nebraska : Sold, subject to post-mortem inspection, only to such establish- 
ments where Federal inspection is maintained. 

New Hampshire: One-half of appraised value. 

New Jersey : Payment three-fourths of appraised value, which is not to 
exceed $40 in grade and $100 in registered cattle. 

New Mexico : Animals slaughtered on account of communicable diseases are 
subject to appraisal not exceeding $100 for pedigreed stock and $60 for an 
animal not pedigreed, and reimbursement is made. 



414 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

New York : Maximum appraisal $75. Reimbursement based upon extent of 
lesions found — SO per cent of appraised value if lesions permit passing for 
food ; 50 per cent if generalized tuberculosis. 

Pennsylvania : Maximum limit of appraisal for a bovine of common stock, 
^40 ; for a pure-bred or registered bovine, $70. Amount of appraisement not to 
exceed two-thirds actual value. 

Rhode Island : If in the State three months, appraised not to exceed $50 for 
native cattle, $75 for grade, and $100 for registered cattle. Payment is made 
at rate of one-half appraised value, except in case of errors in diagnosis, when 
the full appraised value is paid. 

South Carolina : If owned and kept within the State for one year preceding 
their slaughter, value of carcass deducted from actual cash value of animal 
(living) and three-fourths of remainder is paid by State, not to exceed $35. 

Tennessee : State live-stock inspector is authorized to require the slaughter 
of all animals affected with communicable disease, reimbursement to be made 
by the county. 

Vermont : Appraised not to exceed $50, and reimbursement made upon 75 
per cent of the appraisal. No compensation when reacting animals retained 
for breeding purposes are slaughtered. Milch cows shipped from Vermont into 
the State of Massachusetts and which react to the tuberculin test in the latter 
State are paid for by Vermont. 

Wisconsin : Appraised not to exceed $50 and payment upon two-thirds of 
value. 

Virginia : Appropriation exhausted. 



APPENDIX AH. 

LIST OF STATES PROVIDING FOR THE TUBERCULIN TESTING OF CATTLE 

WITHIN THE STATE. 

Connecticut : The tuberculin test is not required in any case except upon 
recommendation of the commissioner. 

District of Columbia : Order of commissioners. 

Illinois : Upon agreement. 

Kansas: Suspicious cases may be tuberculin tested. 

Maine : All pure-bred cattle which are sold within the State must be tuber- 
culin tested before being delivered to the purchaser. 

Massachusetts : Upon consent of owner. 

Minnesota : Sale of pure-bred cattle prohibited unless accompanied by a cer- 
tificate of health, including a satisfactory tuberculin-test chart. 

Missouri : Test is granted free to owners of permanent herds of cattle. 

Montana : If tuberculosis is found to exist in a herd of cattle, an official 
tuberculin test may be applied to the entire herd. 

Nebraska : All cattle bought at public market or stock yards In the State of 
Nebraska to be used for dairy purposes or breeding cattle eligible to registry in 
the State of Nebraska must be held in quarantine and pass a satisfactory 
tuberculin test before being permitted to be removed. 

New Hampshire : Upon agreement. 

New Mexico : All cattle connected with the milk supply of incorporated towns 
or cities shall be tuberculin tested. 

New York : Upon agreement. 

Ohio : Upon agreement. 

Oregon : Annual test to be applied to all cows supplying milk, cream, skim 
milk, or buttermilk to inmates of all State institutions. 

Pennsylvania : Tests applied subject to signed agreement. 

Utah: Annual test of every cow used in the dairy business within the State 
of Utah. 

Vermont: Only when it is deemed necessary. 

Virginia : Upon agreement. 

West Virginia : A consulting veterinarian shall examine and, if he deem it 
necessary, shall apply the tuberculin test once yearly to all pure-bred herds 
consisting of 20 or more cattle within the State which are kept for the pur- 
pose of producing animals for breeding purposes and to be sold to the public 
as such. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 415 

Wisconsin : Unlawful to sell or otherwise transfer any bull, cow, or heifer 
of the bovine family, over 6 months old, for other than temporary feeding 
purposes, or to be exported from the State or slaughtered, unless tuberculin 
tested within two years. 



APPENDIX AI. 

COMMUNICATION FROM GEN. GEORGE M. STERNBERG, DATED OCTOBER 9, 
1907, CONCERNING PRACTICABILITY OF SHIPPING MILK IN CANS AT LOW 

temperature. 

October 9, 1907. 
My Dear Dr. Magruder : While at the Jamestown Exposition as a member 
of the jury of awards I was especially interested in the model dairy exhibited by 
the Virginia Polytechnic Institute ( Blacksburg, Va. ) , under the direction of Prof. 
William Saunders. The milk used within the exposition grounds is all sup- 
plied by this dairy and all shipped from Blacksburg, which, I understand, is 
about 300 miles distant. This milk is pasteurized and refrigerated before being 
shipped, and is shipped in tin cans having a felt jacket. It is quite cold when 
it arrives, and, indeed, has ice in it from the refrigeration practiced before ship- 
ping. I was glad to know that it is quite practicable to ship milk a long dis- 
tance without the use of refrigerator cars, maintaining it at so low a tempera- 
ture that bacteria will not develop in it. I have no doubt you can obtain full 
information with reference to this matter by writing to Prof. Saunders, or, 
better still, by paying a visit to his model daii-y at the exposition. 
Very sincerely, yours, 

Geo. M. Sternberg. 



APPENDIX AJ. 

COMMUNICATION FROM CHIEF OF UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU, 
DATED DECEMBER 29, 19 06, CONCERNING THE FORMATION OF NATURAL 
ICE DURING WINTER SEASONS IN VICINITY OF WASHINGTON, D. C. 

United States Department of Agriculture, 

Central Office of the Weather Bureau, 

Washington, D. C, December 29, 1906. 
Dr. George L. Magruder, 

No. 4 Jackson Place NW., Washington, D. C. 
Dear Sir: In regard to the formation of natural ice in this vicinity during 
the winter season I beg to say that on examining the records of daily minimum 
temperatures in this city for the last 30 years I find but one winter, viz, that 
of 18S9-90, during which ice could not have been gathered from ponds in this 
vicinity. The winter of 1889-90 was by far the warmest that has been experi- 
enced in the last 50 years. The mean daily temperature for the month of 
January, 1890, was nearly 4° above freezing; for February, 3° above, and for 
December, 1889, it was 4° above. In ordinary winters there is no reason why 
a fair crop of ice from 4 to 8 inches in thickness can not be harvested. The 
tendency among farmers and others who gather their own ice is to wait until 
the ice attains a thickness of about 8 inches, and thus sometimes fail to gather 
a crop, since in warm open winters ice rarely forms a greater thickness than 
3 to 4 inches. Last winter, it may be remembered, was mild and open, and 
there was some fear expressed of a failure in the ice crop. Notwithstanding 
the open season, ice formed to a thickness of 3 to 4 inches in this vicinity, and 
a fair crop was harvested. In order to insure a crop each year, it is imperative 
that an artificial pond be created if no natural one is in existence, since failure 
will occasionally be met if dependence for an ice supply be wholly placed upon 
running streams. 

Very truly, yours, Willis L. Moore, 

Chief United States Weather Bureau. 



416 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 

APPENDIX AK. 

REPORT BY UNITED STATES CONSUL T. H. NORTON OF ADDRESS BY PROF. 
HEMPEL ON TREATMENT OF MILK BEFORE GERMAN ASSOCIATION OF 
SCIENTISTS AND PHYSICIANS. 

German Milk Handling. | 

scientific discussion of how purer product may be attained. 

Consul T. H. Norton, reporting from Chemnitz, says that the most important 
address on the protection of health at the seventy-ninth annual meeting of the 
German Association of Scientists and Physicians, held at Dresden in September, 
was that on the " Treatment of milk " by Prof. Hempel. A part of the consul's 
summary follows: 

The importance of the question in Germany is evident, for the latest sta- 
tistical data show that the Empire produces annually 5,020,000,000 gallons of 
cow's milk, valued at $405,000,000, and 15,850,000 gallons of goat's milk. Com- 
parison may aptly be made with Germany's annual production of pig iron, 
valued at $232,500,000, or her annual coal output, valued at $404,600,000. 

It is a serious question, in view of the brilliant successes in the field of 
serum-therapy, whether we should not abandon entirely the current methods of 
treating milk by heating, so as to destroy possible germ growth, in favor of a 
process based upon the introduction of protective bacterial agencies, capable of 
neutralizing or nullifying the action of disease germs, if present. 

It is, however, beyond all dispute that milk from healthy animals, collected 
under conditions of scrupulous cleanliness, is a better and safer food than milk 
which has been heated to the point at which germ life is destroyed. 

IMPROVEMENT IN TRANSPORTATION. 

Intimately connected with the attainment of the hygienic dairy ideal is the 
problem of the transportation of milk. The larger the size of a city, the longer 
must be the average haul of its milk supplies, the greater the possibilities of 
deterioration. Furthermore, in most German cities admirably constructed 
dairy stables, with every possible adjunct for cleanliness and ventilation, have 
been erected at great expense. Their original value and their maintenance, 
with the highey urban charges for labor, fodder, bedding, etc., all involve a 
very marked addition to the normal cost of milk produced in the country dis- 
tricts, and constitute a tax, levied for the purpose of delivering fresh milk with 
the least loss of time, to the consumer. 

A change to more healthful and economic methods involves the distinct or- 
ganization of milk traffic on the German railways on such a basis that well- 
cooled milk shall be transported in refrigerator cars attached to express trains. 
It likewise presupposes the proper agencies for the distribution, under similar 
temperature conditions, of such milk to consumers after reaching a city. 
Neither of these conditions exists as yet in Germany. The excellent arrange- 
ments for insuring cleanliness in urban dairies have not yet been supplemented 
by provision for preserving milk at a low temperature until it passes into the 
consumer's possession, often a half day, and even an entire day, after leaving 
the cow. 

Dr. Hempel concludes that the only satisfactory solution of the milk problem 
in Germany is to be reached by governmental requirements and inspection at 
each stage along the following lines: 

FUNDAMENTAL RULES. 

" First. Dairy cows must be absolutely free from tuberculosis and be subject 
to frequent examination and tests by competent inspectors. 

" Second. They must pass the day, when the weather permits, in the open air 
and in pastures. 

" Third. They must have an abundance of good fodder, be under good care, 
and be cleaned each day. 

" Fourth. Milking should take place in a special milking room, kept scrupu- 
lously clean. A milker careless about personal cleanliness would respond to the 
stimulus of such an environment. 



THE MILK SITTJATIOISr IIST THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 417 

" Fifth. Udders should be carefully and thoroughly washed with pure water 
immediately before milking and dried with clean towels. 

" Sixth. Milk, as soon as collected from a cow, should be rapidly cooled to a 
point but little above that of freezing water. In summer ice or refrigerating 
apparatus must be used. In winter running cold water, in pipes or the like, can 
be employed for the purpose. 

" Seventh. Milk must be kept at this low temperature during transportation 
and until delivered to consumers, who then become responsible for the continu- 
ance of the conditions described until the liquid is required as an article of 
food." 

The address closed with a forcible plea for the installation on all railways 
of refrigerator cars, first, to meet the needs of the milk traffic, and, second, to 
facilitate the transportation, of fresh meats, fish, fruits, flowers, etc. In con- 
nection with this brief summary of Dr. Hempel's strong presentation of the 
present status of the milk problem in Germany a few comments may be made. 

PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED. 

The question of the satisfactory transportation of milk by rail for long dis- 
tances has been fairly well solved in the United States, wherever milk cars, 
constructed after the model of those used by the well-known Walker-Gordon Co., 
have been introduced. Greater distances have necessarily stimulated American 
ingenuity to a more prompt solution of existing problems in all the phases of 
transportation than has been the case in Europe. 

From a personal examination of urban dairy management in Germany I am 
convinced that but little remains to be done there in the matter of cleanliness, 
although probably the Danish practice in this respect could serve even still 
better as a model. It is undeniable, however, that much missionary work must 
be done in the United States to bring about adequate recognition on the part of 
the public and its representatives of the tremendous importance of carrying out 
fully the new fundamental rules so clearly and succinctly enunciated by the 
famous German chemist. 

Legislative action in the United States can probably not go beyond prescribing 
regulations for the manner in which milk shall be collected, transported, and 
delivered. There still remains a serious question as to the conditions under 
which milk is kept before being used in households too poor to buy ice or too 
ignorant to use it intelligently. Especially is it important in cities and during 
the heated term. Philanthropic effort has endeavored to lessen dangers in this 
connection by furnishing sterilized milk at cost price. It is now generally 
recognized that other and more serious dangers may be incurred in resorting 
to sterilization by heat. 

ADVANTAGES OF FROZEN MILK. 

Can not Dr. Hempel's thesis be carried a step further? Why not transport 
and deliver milk in the frozen condition? Exhaustive experiments have shown 
conclusively that 'pure milk, when frozen, preserves its original properties un- 
changed for weeks. Frozen specimens kept for over a month in a refrigerating 
room showed on thawing absolutely no alteration in taste, while the fact of a 
considerable diminution in the number of bacteria present was clearly estab- 
lished. Important also is the circumstance that while frozen the cream re- 
mains evenly diffused throughout the solidified mass, which is not the case 
when milk is kept at a low temperature in the liquid state. To attain such 
results it is essential that pure, fresh milk, as soon as collected from an animal, 
should rapidly be cooled to the freezing point. Dirty and contaminated milk, 
as well as milk in which the lactic fermentation has begun, after being frozen 
curdles upon melting. 

To effectively meet the prevalent conditions in the tenement districts of cities 
or the needs of infants when carried on journeys, or even the requirements of 
a ship's commissariat, fresh milk could be frozen in the proper containers by 
submerging them in brine chilled far below the melting point of ice. When the 
milk has not only been frozen, but cooled still further to the temperature of 
the surrounding liquid, the flasks or other containers can be removed, inclosed 
in felt protectors, and conveyed to the consumers. Frozen milk prepared under 
such conditions will remain in the solid form for a day or more before the 
temperature of the entire mass can rise to the melting point. An analogous 
State is that of ice harvested and housed during a very cold season. As is 
82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-^3 21 



418 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

commonly knowa, its keeping qualities are far superior to those of ice gathered 
during a mild winter. 

The economic realization of such a project would involve the establishment 
of small refrigerating plants in connection with dairies of some size, or of 
larger plants, preferably adjacent to railway stations, able to chill the com- 
mercial milk supply of an entire district when brought to the place of ship- 
ment after previously being cooled to the melting point of ice. 

Refrigerating cars are obviously unnecessary for the transportation of milk 
in this form, unless unusually long distances are to be traversed. The compara- 
tively small cost of freezing and chilling the milk supply of a city would be 
more than offset by economy in transportation, by the utilization of remote and 
Inexpensive pasturage, and by the removal of one of the greatest causes of in- 
fant mortality. 



APPENDIX AL. 

COMMUNICATION ADDRESSED TO MR. D. S. HORTON, REQUESTING INFORMA- 
TION CONCERNING COST OF INSTALLATION OF PLANT FOR PASTEURIZING 

district milk supply. 

December 3, 1910. 
Mr. D. S. HoETON, 

Secretary Sheffleld Farms, Slatoson Decker Co., 

New York City. 

Dear Sir : The special committee of the Washington Chamber of Commerce 
appointed to investigate the present milk situation in the District of Columbia 
desires to trespass further upon your courtesy with the request that you will 
kindly advise it, if practicable, of the approximate cost of the large pasteuriz- 
ing plant which, it is understood, has recently been installed in New York City 
by your company. It is wished to ascertain with some degree of accuracy, if 
possible, what would be the cost of a plant with sufficient capacity to pasteurize 
the entire milk supply of Washington City, which is understood to amount 
to practically 20,000 gallons per day. Of course the cost of building and, indeed, 
the cost of equipment may vary to some extent here as compared with New York 
City, but the information would at least serve as an indication of what might 
be expected to be the cost of a plant with that capacity installed in this city. 

Any indication as to the approximate cost of operating such a plant (mainte- 
nance and labor), if furnishable, would also be welcomed by our committee. 

Thanking you in advance for your courtesy, I am, 

Very truly, yours, , Chairman. 



APPENDIX AM. 

ClOMMUNICATION FROM MR. LOTON HORTON, GIVING ESTIMATE OF COST OF 
ADEQUATE PLANT FOR PASTEURIZING MILK SUPPLY FOR DISTRICT OF 
COLUMBIA. 

Sheffield Farms-Slawson Decker Co., 

Neio York, December 12, 1910. 
Mr. J. Louis Willige, 

Willige, Gibbs cC- Daniel, Washington, D. C. 

My Dear Mr. Willige : Your letter was handed to me by my son, and he stated 
that he had had some communications with parties in Washington on the milk 
question, but wished me to answer your letter. It is rather a dithcult question 
to answer in order to give you any really positive knowledge of what you are 
seeking. 

First, I will inform you of our ideas, and possibly it may be of some benefit 
to you. It is needless for me to say that I have for many j^ears advocated 
scientific pasteurization of milk, and to confirm my ideas I have just returned 
from a trip abroad, where I visited eight different countries, and there was nt.'t 
one city of 200,000 inhabitants that I visited, including Italy, Denmark, and 
Holland, where they were not pasteurizing a great portion, and in some cities 
practically all of the milk that they received. I am also pleased to state that 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 419 

wbere pasteurization is rigidly carried out they have not been visited with the 
epidemic of typhoid and scarlet fever for many years, caused through milk. We 
are at the present time building the second largest pasteurizing plant in this 
city. The one now in the course of construction, which iwssibly will be done in 
three months longer, has a capacity of pasteurizing 100,000 quarts of milk in 
6 hours and making 100 tons of ice in 24 hours, besides cooling all the milk 
that comes in the plant. Ice should be looked upon as more or less of a by- 
product that can be manufactured by large milk-pasteurizing plants and brew- 
eries. To carry on either you certainly have to have a certain amount of 
refrigeration, and you practically have to keep them going night and day. By 
adding more units to your refrigerating than you require for the milk business 
it keeps everybody employed for the 24 hours, and with all conditions favorable, 
ice at $1.80 per ton, delivered to the dealer, would net a plant of these conditions 
$1 per ton net, which will go a long way toward paying the Interest on the whole 
investment. 

Now, as to building one in Washington, I will just recommend a few things 
tg consider first. Be sure and get on the railroad, so that you can switch the 
milk and the coal and what other articles you need direct into your plant. Be 
sure and have plenty of good, cold water. I would recommend artesian wells. 
The colder the water is the less amount of refrigeration it requires to cool the 
milk and also lessens the expense of manufacturing ice. If you could buy a 
good-sized plot of ground for $50,000, it would cost you to put up the proper 
kind of a building $175,000, and for your machinery of all descriptions, both ice, 
electricity, and milk machinery, possibly $150,000. I should think with the 
proper machinery installed, and as Washington is a great consumer of ice, that 
you could make enough on your ice to pay at least 4 per cent on the whole 
investment, and all it would cost you for the pasteurization, particularly if you 
did not bottle it all, would be a very trifling sum. 

If I can be of any service to you, and you visit my office, I will show you the 
plans that we have laid down in this new operation. 

If you should decide to build such a plant it would be good judgment to visit 
several plants to get the most economical and scientific methods of handling the 
milk, as there can be great economics worked out by so doing with proper 
construction. 

Yours, very respectfully, Loton Hobton. 



APPENDIX AN. 

PRIVATE PASTEURIZING PLANTS IN OPERATION IN DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Pasteurizing plants are at present operated in connection with the Washing- 
ton milk supply by George M. Oyster, jr., J. J. Bowles, W. A. Simpson, the 
Belmont Dairy Co., J. W. Gregg, and the Nathan Straus Laboratory (in the 
District of Columbia), the Baltimore & Washington White Cross Milk Co. (at 
Frederick, Md.), the Tri-State Sanitary Milk Co. (at Cumberland, Md.), and 
the International Milk Products Co. (at Cooperstown, N. Y.) ; also by the fol- 
lowing establishments which ship only cream, so far as is known, to the Dis- 
trict of Columbia: The Chapin-Sacks Co. (Buckeystown. Md., and Woodstock, 
Va.) and the Rosemary Creamery Co. (Adams, N. Y.). 



APPENDIX AO. 

AGREEMENT BETWEEN MEDICAL MILK COMMISSION OF ESSEX COUNTY, 
N. J., AND STEPHEN FRANCISCO, DATED MAY 19, 1893, FOR FURNISHING 
CERTIFIED MILK. 

Copy of the Agreement Between the Medical Milk Commission of Essex 
County, N. J., and Stephen Francisco, of Caldwell, N. J., Dated May' 19, 
1893. 

The following agreement, made this 19th day of May, 1893, between Henry L. 
Coit, M. D., of Newark. N. .1.; Therou Y. Sutphen, M. D., of Newark, N. J.; 
William B. Graves, M. D., of East Orange, N. J.; L. Eugene liollister, M. D., 



420 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

of Newark, N. J. ; Joseph W. Stickler, M. D., of Orange, N. J. ; and James S. 
Brown, M. D., of Montclair, N. J., parties of the first part, and Stephen Fran- 
cisco, of Caldwell, N. J., party of the second part : Witnesseth as follows, that 
the party of the second part doth hereby bind himself to a fulfillment of the 
provisions of this contract for and in consideration of the benefits hereinafter 
named by the parties of the first part. 

Furthermore, the following-named persons, Frank A. Wilkinson, of Newark, 
N. J. ; Isaac Lane, of Caldwell, N. J. ; and William Bush, of Caldwell, N. J., all 
acquaintances of the party of the second part, hereby affix their signatures to 
this agreement, attest to the honor of the party of the second part, and become 
sureties for the execution of this agreement. 

1. The party of the second part doth hereby agree to conduct such parts of 
his dairy as may be hereinafter named, collect and handle its products in con- 
formity with the following code of requirements, for and in consideration of the 
promised indorsement of the parties of the first part, as hereinafter indicated. 
The milk thus produced shall be known as certified milk, shall be designed 
especially for clinical purposes, and when at any time the demand shall be 
greater than the supply and is required by a physician, either for infant feed- 
ing or the diet of the sick, it is hereby agreed that such shall be the preferred 
purchaser. 

2. The party of the second part further agrees to pay for chemical and 
bacteriological examinations of the aforesaid certified milk at such times as in 
the judgment of the parties of the first part is desirable. 

3. He also agrees to defray the cost of a bimonthly inspection of his dairy 
stock, or oftener, if necessary, by a competent and approved veterinarian, all 
of which persons, namely, the chemist, the bacteriologist, and the veterinary 
surgeon, shall be chosen by the parties of the first part, to whom they shall 
render their reports in writing. 

4. It is expressly understood and agreed that the party of the second pari 
shall not pay more than the sum of $500 in any one year for the services of 
chemist, bacteriologist, and veterinary surgeon, and the party of the first part 
shall limit the expense of such service to that amount. It is furthermore 
agreed that the party of the second part, on receipt of a certified copy of the 
reports of the experts, shall mail to the persons indicated by the parties of the 
first part, and not to others, a duplicate printed copy of the aforesaid reports 
bearing the signatures of the experts and the names of the physicians, the same 
to be issued at such intervals as in the judgment of the parties of the first part 
is desirable; also that the necessary expenditures for printing and circulation 
be met in the same way as herein provided for expert examinations. 

LOCATION OF LANDS. 

5. It is hereby understood and agreed that the lands used by the owners, 
agents, or assigns of the dairy conducted by the party of the second part and 
employed for pasturage, or any lands that may be hereafter acquired for such 
purposes, or such lands as may be used for the cultivation of hay or fodder, 
shall be subject to the approval of the parties of the first part. 

BUILDINGS. 

6. It is also understood and agreed that the buildings, such as stables, 
creamery, dairy house, and spring house, shall be constructed after the most 
approved style of architecture, in so far as construction may affect the health 
of the dairy stock or the character and conditions of the milk. 

7. That the buildings used for the housing of the animals shall be situated 
on elevated grounds and capable of being properly drained. 

8. Said buildings to be sheltered from cold winds, lighted, and ventilated ac- 
cording to approved hygienic methods. The buildings shall be constructed so 
as to favor the prompt and easy removal of waste products. 

9. The apartments used for the storage of either feed or fodder shall be 
removed from possible contamination by stable waste or animal odors. 

10. All buildings shall, in addition to healthful location, approved construc- 
tion, and proper ventilation, be kept free from animal or vegetable matter in a 
state or process of decomposition or decay and always free from accumulations 
of dust or mold. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA, 421 
THE WATER SUPPLY. 

11. The dairy shall be supplied with an abundance of pure water. 

12. No water from shallow wells or springs holding surface drainage shall be 
used for watering stock, cooling milk, or cleaning vessels. 

13. Nor shall any well or spring be located within' 300 feet of the stable. 

SURROUNDINGS. 

14. It is further understood and agreed that the immediate surroundings of 
the buildings shall be kept in a condition of cleanliness and order. There shall 
not be allowed to accumulate in the vicinity any loose dirt, rubbish, or decayed 
vegetable or animal matter, or animal waste. 

15. Nor shall there be within 300 yards of any building any constantly wet 
or marshy ground or stagnant pools of water. 

16. Nor shall there be kept within 300 yards of any building used for dairy 
purposes any fowl, hogs, horses, or other live stock. 

17. It is hereby understood and agreed that the following unhealthful condi- 
tions shall be a sufficient reason to exclude any animal from the herd used for 
any purpose in the aforesaid dairy : Any animal that is judged by a competent 
observer to suffer from tuberculosis, even though the disease be localized or 
latent. 

18. Any animal with fever. Any animal suffering from septic absorption or 
other disease, followed or associated with parturition. 

19. Any animal suffering from mammitis or mammary abscess. 

20. Any animal with persistent diarrhea or any other abnormal physical con- 
dition which could in any way be detrimental to the character of the milk. 

21. It is furthermore agreed that when an animal shall be found by a com- 
petent observer to be in a state of ill health, prejudicial either to the other 
animals in the herd or to human health, the same shall be removed immediately 
and, if necessary, shall be killed. 

22. It is also understood and agreed that the party of the second part shall 
exclude from the herd used for producing certified milk, immediately after dis- 
covery, any animal subject to the following conditions : Any animal that was 
bred through consanguinity within a period of three generations. 

23. And from this time forth any animal of those bred by the party of the 
second part used for producing certified milk that was not as a heifer kept 
sterile during its first 27 months. 

24. Any phenomenal milker, except that glandular disease or tuberculosis has 
first been excluded by a competent observer. 

25. It is furthermore agreed that if at any time it is desired by the parties 
of the first part that a different breed of milch cows should be substituted for 
the one in use, in order that the standards of quality in the milk may be raised, 
the party of the second part will endeavor to carry the same into effect. 

HOUSING AND CARE, 

26. It is furthermore agreed that the dairy stock employed in the production 
of certified milk shall be properly sheltered from the influences of weather and 
climate prejudicial to their health, also that the animals shall be kept clean, 
groomed every day, and treated kindly at all times. 

27. The waste products of the stable shall be removed so frequently, and the 
stable floor so thoroughly cleaned, that the same shall be as free as possible 
from animal odors. 

28. It is also agreed that no milch cow shall be used for dairy purposes while 
in a state of excitement, either as a result or during the period of estrux, or 
which has been made nervous either by beating, whipping, kicking, prodding, or 
running. 



29. It is hereby understood and agreed that the methods of feeding the cows 
furnishing the certified milk shall be subject to the approval of the parties of 
the first part. The feed and fodder shall consist only of nutritious and whole- 
some materials, such as grass, clover and timothy hay, whole grain, or the entire 
result of the grist. No materials shall be employed which are or may become 
injurious to the health of the animals. There shall not be fed at any time or in 



422 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

any quantity, either alone or mixed with other feed or fodder, hulls, screenings, 
wet or dry brewer's grains, sour ensilage, or any waste by-product in the treat- 
ment of grain, low marsh grass, or any of the questionable or exhausted feeds or 
fodders employed either to increase the milking capacity of the animal or that 
will produce an impoverished milk or that will impart to it unnatural odors or 
flavors. Nor shall the cows be allowed to eat green or worm-eaten fruit, poison- 
ous weeds, or to drink poisonous or stagnant water. 

COLLECTING AND HANDLING. 

30. It is furthermore understood and agreed that the cows from which is 
obtained certified milk shall be milked only in a clean building and not in an 
illy ventilated stable containing foul odors and bad air. 

31. No animal furnishing certified milk shall be milked until the udder shall 
first have been cleaned in a manner approved by the parties of the first part. 

32. No person shall be allowed to draw the milk who has not within 15 min- 
utes of the milking first washed his or her hands, using soap and nailbrush, and 
afterwards thoroughly rinsing the hands in clean water. 

33. The person or persons engaged in milking shall also be dressed in clean 
overclothes. 

34. No person shall be allowed to draw the milk who has been engaged with 
the care of horses in the same clothing or without first washing his hands. 

35. No milk shall be represented as certified milk that is not received from 
the udder into vessels and from these into cooling cans, both of which are per- 
fectly clean and dry, having been cleansed and heated at a temperature ade- 
quate to effect complete sterilization since the last milking, and have been kept 
inverted in a clean, dry, and odorless atmosphere. 

36. No milk shall be represented as certified milk that has not been passed 
through a sieve of wire or other cloth, either while milking or immediately 
thereafter, having not less than 100 meshes to the linear inch. 

37. No milk shall be represented as certified milk that does not consist of the 
entire contents of the udder at each milking, including the fore milk, middlings, 
and strippings. 

38. No milk shall be represented as certified milk that has been drawn from 
the animal at abnormal hours, such as midnight or noon, nor from any animal 
for a period of nine weeks before calving, or that has not been separated for 
nine days after parturition. 

39. No milk shall be represented as certified milk which has been exposed to 
the emanation or infection of any form of communicable disease, either in the 
person or persons handling the milk or by accidental contamination in cleaning 
milk containers or by the association of any person engaged in handling the 
milk with person or persons sick of contagious disease. 

PEEPABATION FOB SHIPMENT. 

40. It is hereby understood and agreed that all milk represented as certified 
milk shall receive every known detail of care that will promote its keeping 
qualities and favor its safe transportation. 

41. That the milk on being drawn from the cow shall be treated by ice or 
clean, cold water in motion, and proper aeration, in order, first, to remove its 
animal heat, and second, to reduce its temperature to a point not above 50° nor 
below 40° F., said temperature to be acquired within 45 minutes after milking 
and maintained within the above limits while held for shipment, during its 
transportation, and until it is delivered to the purchaser. 

42. That the cooling of the milk shall not be conducted in the same building 
in which it is drawn, nor in an atmosphere containing dust or tainted with 
animal odors. 

43. That all the foregoing provisions concerning the cleansing and condition 
of vessels or utensils shall be complied with in the said cooling process. 

44. It is furthermore agreed that no milk shall be represented as certified 
milk that has been changed or reduced in any way by the addition of water or 
any solid or liquid substance, in or out of solution, or the subtraction or removal, 
in any manner, of any part thereof. 

45. It is hereby understood and agreed that all milk to be represented as 
certified milk shall be packed in flint glass quart jars immediately after it is 
cooled. 

46. Said jars to be of pattern approved by the parties of the first part. 

47. It is furthermore agreed that the bottles or jars, before being used, shall 
be cleaned by hand, separately, with the aid of hot water, alkaline soaps. 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 423 

rotating brush, and steam, and that they shall be rinsed in two separate baths 
of clean, hot water and then thoroughly dried and kept inverted until used, 
without covers, in a clean, dry atmosphere free from odors. 

48. It is agreed that the jars shall be filled by a method approved by the par- 
ties of the first part. 

49. That they shall be sealed after all air has been excluded by the most 
approved device for closing them. 

50. The bottles after being filled shall be labeled across the cap, bearing the 
words " Certified Milk," with the name of the dairyman, together with the date 
of milking, 

51. It is furthermore agreed that no milk shall be sold as certified milk that 
is more than 3 hours old when bottled nor more than 24 hours old when 
delivered. 

TEAN SPORT ATION AND DELIVEEY, 

52. It is hereby understood and agreed that the transportation and distribu- 
tion of all milk represented as certified milk shall be conducted by the party of 
the second part, either in person or by persons employed by him. 

53. That in transit the milk shall not be exposed to any of the foregoing 
prohibitory conditions. 

54. That it shall not be subjected to agitation. 

55. That it shall not be exposed to the heat of the sun. 

56. That the delivery wagons shall be so constructed that the required tem- 
perature of the milk may be maintained during transit. 

57. That before the wagons are filled for shipment the body, the trays, and 
compartments shall be flushed with boiling water. 

58. It is furtliermore agreed that the distributing agents shall, during the 
transfer of the milk from the dairy to the purchaser, be subject to the follow- 
ing restrictions, namely, that they shall use no tobacco. 

59. That they shall take no intoxicating drinks. 

60. That they shall not collect the empty containers nor receive money or 
milk checks from houses in which an infectious or contagious disease is known 
to exist. 

61. It is also hereby agreed that the collection of empty bottles from places 
where infectious or contagious disease is known to exist shall be made by other 
persons than those employed to deliver the milk. 

62. That these collections be made with wagons not employed in the distribu- 
tion of the milk. 

63. That before these empty bottles shall be returned to the dairy they shall 
be carried to a separate building and first be subjected to the process of clean- 
ing bottles indicated in a former clause of this contract. 

64. It is hereby understood and agreed that if any further precautions or 
changes in method calculated to improve the quality of milk or guard the 
same from impurities or dangers is desired, that the party of the second part 
will cheerfully be governed by such additional rules and regulations as may be 
laid down by the parties of the first part. 

65. It is understood and agreed by the party of the second part, the same 
binding the owners, agents, or assigns of the aforesaid dairy, that the product 
known as certified milk shall be under the following restrictions in its sale, 
namely, that until the amount required within the boundaries of Essex County 
shall first be supplied it shall not be sold beyond these limits, except that the 
parties of the first part shall give their consent. 

66. It is furthermore agi'eed by the party of the second part, the same bind- 
ing the owners, agents, or assigns of the aforesaid dairy, that in the event of a 
failure to comply with any or all of the requirements of the foregoing contract 
the party of the first part shall reserve the right to withdraw from the con- 
tract and publish the fact in such manner as they deem best. 

67. Finally, it is understood and agreed that nothing in this contract shall 
prevent the abrogation of any of the provisions of the same by the parties of 
the first part, provided that it shall be done for the purpose of substituting 
other provisions designed to promote the objects of their organization. 

68. It is further understood and agreed by and between the parties hereto 
that the party of the second part shall be at liberty to cancel this agreement 
by giving two months' notice in writing of his desire to do so in case of inability 
for any reason to comply with the terms of the same. 

In witness whereof the said parties have hereunto set their hands the day 
and year first above written. 



424 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTE.ICT OF COLUMBIA, 

APPENDIX AP. 

FORMULA FOR MODIFIED MILK DISTRIBUTED BY NATHAN STRAUS PAS- 
TEURIZED MILK LABORATORY, WASHINGTON, D. C. 

Formula by Dr. A. R. Green for first to fourth week: 
f ounce of 16 per cent cream. 
3 ounces of full milk. * 

19 ounces of water. ■ 
li ounces of limewater. 

IJ ounces of milk sugar. 
This mixture fills eight bottles, each to contain 3 ounces. Feed two and one- 
half hours apart. 
Formula by Prof. R. G. Freeman for first to third month: 

IJ ounces of 16 per cent cream, 

3 ounces ©f full milk. 

13 ounces of water. 

i ounce of limewater. 

1 ounce of milk sugar. 
This mixture fills svs. bottles, each to contain 3 ounces. Feed three hours 
apart. 
Formula by Prof. R. G. Freeman for second to sixth month : 

18 ounces of full milk. 

16^ ounces of water. 

li ounces of limewater. 

1| ounces of milk sugar. 
This mixture fills six bottles, each to contain 6 ounces. Feed three hours 
apart. 
Formula by Prof. A. Jacobi for third to seventh month : 

18 ounces of full milk. 

18 ounces of barley water. 

1 ounce of cane sugar. 

20 grains «f table salt (less than one-fourth teaspoonful). 

This mixture fills six bottles, each to contain 6 ounces. Feed three hours 
apart. 
Formula by Dr. A. F. Hess for seventh to ninth month : 

32 ounces of full milk. 

16 ounces of barley water. 

2 ounces of milk sugar. 

This mixture fills six bottles, each to contain 8 ounces. Feed three hours 
apart. 
After ninth month : Full pasteurized milk, 8 ounces every four hours. 

To make one guart of oat or barley water : Boil 2 tablespoonfuls of the flour 
in a quart of water until it is reduced to half the quantity ; then add sufficient 
water to make up the quart. 



APPENDIX AQ. 

REPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY DISTRICT COMMISSIONERS 
ON DISPOSAL OF STEIAUS PASTEURIZING LABORATORY, WASHINGTON, 
D. C. 

December 7, 1910. 
The DiSTEiCT Commissioners. 

Gentlemen : The committee appointed by you " to investigate the practicabil- 
ity of continuing the Straus pasteurization plant," after full discussion and due 
deliberation, reports as follows: 

In our opinion the pasteurization plant established in this city through the 
generosity and public spirit of Mr. Nathan Straus has served a most useful 
purpose in presenting prominently before the public the dangers of impure and 
raw milk as a food, especially for infants. The present plant should, in the 
judgment of the committee, be continued in operation by Mr. Straus or some 



THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 425 

other pliilanthropic agency until such time as provision may be made for fur- 
nishing an ample and safe supply of pasteurized and modified milk through 
commercial channels under the direct supervision of the District health 
department. 

In the judgment of the committee it is not practicable for the District gov- 
ernment to undertake the management of such plant, vehich at all events could 
not be done without special authority from Congress and an appropriation made 
for the purpose. 

It occurs to the committee that the proposal of Mr. Straus offers a splendid 
opportunity for the conduct of investigations under the Department of Agri- 
culture or the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, v^^ith a view to 
making a practical demonstration of the value of pasteurized and modified milk 
as food for infants. The authoritative settlement of this question would be of 
immense value not only to our community, but to the entire country. 

In the event that for any reason it is not possible to have the operations of 
the Straus Laboratory continue, it is believed by the committee that existing 
agencies, such as the Diet Kitchen, the Citizens' Relief Association, the Associ- 
ated Charities, and the Instructive Visiting Nurse Society, should be encouraged 
by the contribution of additional, funds to continue the splendid work which is 
now being done by them. The activities of these charitable agencies are being 
exerted not only in directing and furnishing proper food for infant feeding 
among the poorer classes, but also in disseminating information generally with 
regard to the proper care of infants. It is recognized in this connection that 
these agencies should exercise scrupulous care in restricting the distribution of 
free infant food to such families as ai-e not pecuniarily able to pay for it. The 
milk dispensaries now in operation under existing auspices should be gener- 
ously supported by the public in enlarging their existing stations, and in increas- 
ing the number of depots from which milk may be dispensed. 

The committee is impressed with the great desirability of securing prompt 
and adequate legislation, as recommended by the District Commissioners, for 
providing a clean, pure, and wholesome milk supply for the Nation's capital. 
Pending the enactment of such legislation, the committee strongly recommends 
that the District authorities insist that the inmates of foundling asylums, hos- 
pitals, and other charitable institutions, wholly or in part supported by public 
funds, be supplied with milk coming within the classifications recommended 
by the Washington milk conference appointed by the District Commissioners in 
1907. For this purpose the health ofiicer should be required, as a result of 
inspection, to publish a list of dairies from which the milk supply is drawn, 
giving the average rating of each dairy, the chemical composition, and the 
bacterial content of the samples. It is understood that this information is 
already in the possession of the health department, but provision is not made 
at present for its publication. 

The committee avails itself of this opportunity to express its hearty approval 
of the recommendation recently made by the health oflicer for the appointment 
of a corps of six visiting nurses for the public schools, whose duty it shall be 
to give instruction with regard to the physical well-being of the children in 
their homes, and during the summer months to give special attention to the 
prevention of infant mortality. 

Respectfully submitted. 

George M. Sternbekg, Chairman. 



APPENDIX AR. 

BILL TO AUTHORIZE THE ACCEPTANCE BY THE UNITED STATES OF THE 
GIFT OF THE NATHAN STRAUS PASTEURIZED- MILK LABORATORY. 

A BILL To authorize the acceptance by the United St.ates of the gift of the Nathan 
Straus Pasteurized Milk Laboratory. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States 
of America in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of the Treasury be, and 
he is hereby, authorized and directed to accept from Nathan Straus, in behalf 
of the United States, the Nathan Straus Pasteurized Milk Laboratory, estab- 
lished by said Nathan Straus in May, nineteen hundred and ten, and since 



4'M\ 'I'lIK Mll.K SITUATION IN rilK DISTUICVI DK COIJIMIUA. 

siilil (liil(> oiHM'jilt'd lit hlH cxiMMisc 111 llilrlccii liiiiKlnMi iind iiliit'lccn II Street 
noi'liiwesl, NViisiilii^'loii, MlNliicI dl' ( 'olinulilii ; iiuti lin' sum of IH'Iccm (iioiisiiiid 
(lulliii's, or s(» iiiiich (IhmcoI' iis iiiiiy lit' iii'c«>ssnr,v, is iierc'b.v iipiiruiirliilcd, out 
(>r iiii.v luoiicy 111 I lie 'rr<'!is\ir.v iiol otlicrwisc ii|i|ii-o|»riiit('»l, lo lie liiiiii(>(lliil(>ly 
iiMilliihIo iiiiii to (■oiitliiiio iiviiiliiblo inilll ami liu'liidln;; .liim> tliirtietli, iilm>t<>(Mi 
liiimlred mid Iwchc. for liic maiiilt'iiiiucc id' siild liiltonitory, iMiiploymeiit of 
IMTSoiiiil services, reiil. iilr»>, or jMircliiise, iiiid mnliilemuice of menus ol' IniiiH- 
porliilloii, suiiplles, mid nil other iiecessiiry liicideiilnl mid coiil liipMit expenses, 
to 1m> exiKMided, vvllli the niiproviil of the Secretiiry of tiie 'rrt>asiiry, under the 
siip(>r\ Isloii and eoiitrol of the Snrneoii (ieiuM-iil of the I'lihile lleallh and 
Marine I lospilal Ser\ ice, for the purpose id' demonsi niliii^', wllli the coopera- 
tion of tlie lieallii olllce of tlie IHslricI <d' Colnmlila, lli(> priictical utility ui' iu- 
fatits' mill; depots in tlie reduction of infant morlaiily. 



ArPKNDIX AS. 

i;i;i'()K'r of disi'knsaky, sktii.kimkn t iioii.sk, moiitmwkst Washington, 
KUoiM .\ruii. I ;t TO (icromiu i, mos. 

A|)piili<'(l lit tlu> hlfih Infant iiiortMlity in Southwest Wiishln!L;ton luid tlie 
poor health which iiimiy liifiinlH and cliiidreii in this section exiieriiMieed. niitl 
lM>iie\in,L; tliiil ,soin(> (>IVor| slionid b<> made to correct tills, a few of those Inter- 
ested planned a dispensary to wiilcli Infants and youiij: elilidn>n eouid bo 
bron^jht for trealineiil in I lie ev(<nt (d' lluMr b(>coiiilnj; ill. Tlie narrowness of 
this idea, however, soon became apparcMit, and II was r(>a]l/,ed tiiat the dis- 
pensary had II iiior(> liiiporlaiil work to do, iiameiy. that of prophyliixis. In 
otlit>r words, while tli«' dispensary should aim to cure, its i;r(>atesl endeavor 
sliouid bt> to prevent Illness. 

In cmiviissiiij: the silnallon it was found that the ^'reat iniijorlty t)f hifimt 
d(>atlis wer(> caused by Improper food, wroii^; feediiifi methods, and carelessness 
(M- lack of Uiiowl(>(l(;e in the liandlliiir and preparation of infant foods. Iiniiie- 
diately lh(> dispensary was dlscover(>d t<i have a still more liiiportiuit ami 
wider fimcticMi lo perform than elllu>r curing or prophylaxis that of education. 

The (pi(>siloii of ways and means then iros(>. It was iH>ct>ssary to have niomw 
and it was also necessary to \u\\o coop(M'atloii. .\n appeal was iiiad*^ to Iho 
W asliint^ton IHel Kitchen to help with the food (iii(>stion. The respon.se made 
was (d' lli<> most f,'eiiero(is nature. Not only did tli(\v ii^ree to furnish milk 
practically ad llbitiiin, but lliey also aKnuMl that tlM> milk so furnished should 
be modlll(>d in any way tiie disiiensjiry physician mijrht direct, so that each 
infant needing artiliclal food could ;;e| Unit most adaiited lo its needs. Tho 
lustructlv(> NlsltliiK Nurses" AHsoelatioii was iu>xt appealed to, with the result 
that one of their nurs(>s was instructed to visit the dispensary twice a week. 
Th(> dlff<>r(>nt r(>lief or^^ani/.al Ions of the city exprt>sst>d tii(>ir intert'st and 
promised llieir lielp should any id' lli(> cas(>s comln,ij: to tlH> dispensary reipilre It. 

It Is hardly ncc(>ssary to say that the N(>inliborhood Ilou.s«> ^ave the movement 
Its most (Mil husiast Ic and hejirty support. fetMlnix, as it did, tliat tlm iieopU> con- 
nected witli th«> house w«»uld be tliose who would most surely IxMuMlt by It. 
The lious«> afj;r(>ed lo shelter tlu> dispensary until the f;ill. 

It was a matter (d' lltti(> dilllculty to rals(» the money necessary l«> Install the 
(IlsptMisary. .\piieals wer«> made to a number of iieople, and in every instauee 
wt>re aiiswer«<d in the most jjenerous iiianner, jrlfts of money, cribs, linen, ehll- 
dreii's clotlu's, scales, and many other useful and net-essary articles belnjc 
r»>celv«'d. 

Uiil, althoiifih highly eiicouraj;e<I by the (Milhuslast ic way In wliiidi the Idea 
had bc(Mi received by those to wlioni it had b(«en t'oniiuunicated, it was not 
witlioiit .some doubts and niisj^lvln^is that on the KUh of April tlie dispensary 
was opeiu>d. How would the disptMisary lu> received by the iH>i,i;hborhood was 
llu> (pu>stlon. The ldt>a was an (Mitirtdy n(>w one. Would it be im>t by contt- 
deiice or «listrustV \Vt)iild our little craft, lauiu-hed with so niiich care and love, 
be swallowe*! up by somt< linf;;i> wa\(> of disapproval, or would it weatlu>r every 
slormV 

It took the two weeks reinalnlnn In April for tht> noijlhborhood and the dis- 
l»ensary to bwonie aequnlnted with eaeb other. During these two weeks 8 



TlIK MII,K SITUATION IN Tllh', DISTKK T <M' Cdl ,1 1 1\1 111 A. I'JT 

vlHltH wore iiiikIc Io IIi<> dlHiKMiHiiry r» new ciihch iiikI .'t r<'liini vIhIIh, I'IIk'IM; 
vIsKh, wlillo iiol, iiDiiiy, wiiH coiiHidcrcd n I'lilr hIiii'I. TIk' m1^?ii iilliiU'N'd iillcii 
lion (liirliiK lliis liiii(> iiikI IIic ponpU' Iicchiik* ii('<|iinliil(>(l vvllli llii> I'lit'l. lliiil, 
cloiiii iiiui piii'«> nilik would Im> dispciiHiMJ iil ii low riilt' I I'ciil n IVcdIiip,' niid 
lliiil (roiliiMMil: Jind iiH'dlcliic were o(|iiiili.v r(>iisuiiiililc. immcly, 10 (MMdH Tor 
ell her. During Miiy I Ik* nt I('ii(!iiiic<> HJiowcd hoiii«> liiipro\ (>iii<miI, '2i\ lunv pnllcidH 
<■ollllllt^ vvllli .'(7 i'(>liii'ii vIsIIh. Diii'Imk IIiIh iiionlli (I liirniilH vv)M-<> Tor oii<> rt'iiHoii 
or iniolhcr put upon nio<llll<>d inllU. Ittil in ,hin«> lli(> iil t(Midiiii('(> looU n hl^ 
.lump, Tif) iK'w ciiscH lt(>ln(.'; Ir(>iil»'d, with 127 iTliini vIhIIh, inid I'J iiior** Inl'iuilK 
pill on Millk. 'i'lio fonli(l('nc(> in llic hii('<'(>s;4 <d' llic IiihIIIiiIIoii rnHc prtipdrlion 
iilly, bill II WMH nol iinlll (lie rclnniH for .Inly W)>i-(> In, showing' ii loliil nl 
Icndjincc ol' 2r»l (II new fiiMcM iind l!)0 rcl urn vIhIIh I IiiiM Ik- oi'kmiiI/.iiI Ion l»c|jjni» 
Io rr)ill/<> lliiil, ilH curly doiihlH iiikI rcni'M w*'r(* iinroiindod iiiid Hull tlii> diH 
pcnsiiry wiiH rctilly iiuiMiik ii hiiccchh. 'riic hiu'cimmIIiu'; Iwo iiioiiIIih only H<'r\<«d 
io (•(Uilii'ui l.lilH. AiikuhI K'iv(» 11 loliil iill»Midiiiic(> of Ul I 17 new ciihch nnd 1(17 
rcl urn vIhIIh mid Scplcuihcr, 1!.*{1> (17 new ciihch nnd 172 rcliirii vIhIIm. 

Mill Willi Uic plicnonicnii! nnd iinprcccdcnlcil mih-i'chm (•iiiiic llic rciill/nllon of 
n<'w diillcH nnd new rcNponsllilllMcM. II. wiiH dlHcov<'rcd lliiil. wlill«* llic dlupcn 
Hiiry liiid lind iih IIm oIiJim'I llic ciirin^j; or rcllcvliii-: ol' HiilTcrliur in hIcU rlilldrcn, 
ttic pr<-\cnlloii of discMHc iiiiioiikhI IIkmu, nnd llic cdiicnllon ol' lliclr purcnlH In 
innllcrM pcrliilnln^' Io Inriinl. Iiy^lcnc nnd Inrniil rccdIiiK, II wiiH nol only I'lil 
filling IIm'Kc obJcclH, hill wiiM ciipnhh' of aiul ncliinlly wiih pcrrorniliiK runclloiiH 
wlii<"h, if nol, ol' urciilcr, were nl IciihI ol' ciinnl, liiiporlnni'c, Throii^^li HiIm 
(thniincl iiiiiny pcopN* were hrouKh< (o NelKhhoihood IIoiih(> who iind never Itccn 
Ihcre hd'orc, Io l»ccoiuc nc<piiiinlcd wllli nnd liike ndvniiln^^'c ol' ils iiiiiny oppor 
luiillicH. AIho, people In ollici" hccIIoiih of llic I'ily were ;i wnkeiilnp: l(( Hie I'licl. 
IhnI Inrniil, lir<> In IIiIh ('npllnl ('My hnd lon^ Ix'cii ne)j;leclcd nnd nllowcd Io ko 
Io W)isl(\ nnd ninny w<'i'c hcj-ii lining Io hcc (lie neccHHlly of rcincdylnj^ IIiIh 
iic;;lccl nnd pulling' n Hlop l<> Ihe wnHl<>. And wllli nil IIiIm i-niiic n hIIII |i;r<>iiler 
rcnll/.nli(Mi, thni of Ihe weiikncHH of Ihe dlHpciiHiiry orKiinl/.nlloii. Willi IIichc 
ninny pidhlcniH Io nicci ninl hoIvc ciiiiic Ihe ncccsHlly for help. 'The I'. 10. (>. 
oiK'nd/nllon In (hlH clly hc'ciikmI (o he I In* l(!((nl orKiiiil/,ii( Ion Io Hhoiildcr IIiIm 
Kfcnlcr work, hccnuwf II Heciiicd l.hni (heir IdenlH Hlood more for work of IIiIm 
kind (linn (lioHc of nny oilier orKiinl/n lion. An nppcnl wiiM (ii(«rcror(* nind(> (o 

(llCIII. 

II w;\H rc('civ<'d wllli llic Hniiic cnl ImihIii wii nnd ^':cnci-oMlly wllli which nil 
odicr nppcnis lind hccii received, wllh llic retiiill ilinl nn oic;nnl'/nl Ion wiih 
forined Io cnrry i'orwnril niid c.xpnnd Ihe work Ihe Miiinllcr or/.^niii/.nl Ion hnd 
hcKuii. TIiIh orKiiiii/'iil Ion Iick'iu work ()c(,ol>cr I. II nliHorhcd I he piirenl 
orKiinl/nlion nnd invllcd Io .|cln wllli II the VVnHhiii^;loii |>lc| Kllchcn, Ihe 
IiiHlriK-nvc VIhHIiik NiirHcH' AHHoclnllon, Ihe AHHocinled (MinrlllcH, nnd 
NclKhltoi-hood IIoiihc. Mny II, luivc HiicccHH. 'I'lic work 11, hiiH Io d<( Im 
luinicnHc, hill, every Hiice<'HH ohInlruMi iH wordi iiKiny linicH llu- cfl'orl, IhnI will 
he pill, rorlli. TIk* ediicnl loniil w<»rk 1h CHpcclnlly IniporlnnI, for luck of 
kiu)wlcdne Ih nl, (.lie hotloin of iiiiiny of Die cvllH IhnI, children Hiifl'cr, Inck 
«)r kiiowlcd|.,'c of wlinl coiiHlilulcH propel' food, proper clolhiiiK, »»'\ proper 
hyi^lcnc, ninny Hnd cnwH of epIlepHy nnd liyHh^rln beliiK Inu'cnhlc dircclly 
(,o neKlc<-(, of IIiIh liiller. 

TIiIh rcporl would he Incoinplcic did 11 nol <lcnl wilh n few, ii very f<'W, 
HfnIlHlh'H. 

It'roiu th(' nilddh; of April, when II, wiiM (Ii'hI, opened, iiiiill llie IhI, of ()cloh(>r, 
when 11, pnHHcd inio Ihe liniidH of Ihe new orKnni/.nl Ion, ii period of live nnd 
ori(!-hnlf inonlliH, (hen; were liM-nlcd In Ihe <liHpeiiHnry 2((l IiiI'iiiiIh nnd children. 
The loin I of rcdirn vIhIIh ninde (o (he diKpeiiHiiry wiih (i'.KI. The loin I nlleiid 
flJKre, J).''»7. Three dcnIliH occurred, iiiiikluK Ihe denlh rule n lillle (»vcr I per 
CCri(,. Senrcli of Ihe iK-nilli olllcc rccnrdH Khowed n lolnl denlh rnic in \\H)7 
In hoiiIIiwchI WnHliin^^lon <tf chiidn'ii of l(t yenrH of n^;c or iiinh-r (o Im' Uii. 
])iirinK IhlH yenr, liXtS, only 2!> children linve died in (he houIIiwchI, 10 yeiirM 
of nK<' or under, nlllioii).;h IhlH yeni- wnn couHldcrcd r»ne of (he iiioh( fnlnl 
Io chlidn-ii llini we liiive ever cx|»erleiiced. Mny nol, I he dlHpciiHnry lhrouj;|i 
lt,H fiirnlHliltiK of chfnii pun; riiilk (;ike Home credit to llHcIf for (IiIh frctri(;ndouH 
n;(liicllon in inorlnlityV 

Forty-one hnhlen r(!C('lv«!(l in()(ll(l(;d uillk. 

The coHl of c(piip|)in(.c >m>*\ runnln>< Ihe dlwiieuHnrv for (he (Ivc nionlliK wnn 
ahoiil. .$-100. 

TbcBo llgurcH (iuuiund uo coiiiinciit; tlioy Hpeak for (hcniHeivcH. 



428 THE MILK SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

During the latter part of the summer a roof garden built on the roof of 
the dispensary building was opened for the use of small children, and many, 
ou bright days, took advantage of this auxiliary. 

The dispensary clinic is in charge of a physician, who is present at the 
dispensary daily, except Sundays and holidays, for about two hours. In May, 
when the work began to. get heavy, a neighborhood woman was employed to 
help with the children and distribute the milk. Later in the summer the need 
for more professional service was felt, and an arrangement was made with 
the Instructive Visiting Nurses' Association by which the dispensary had the 
entire use of the services of a nurse for three months. This nurse, in addition 
to helping in the clinic, visited cases needing attention outside of dispen- 
sary hours. 

Appended to this report is a copy of the constitution of the present organi- 
zation, the separate reports for the five months, and a copy of a circular 
distributed to mothers in southwest Washington, giving some simple and 
plain instructions in the care of infants. 

Would it be amiss, in closing, to strike a more personal note? 

The writer wishes to bear witness to and express his great appreciation of 
the untiring efforts of his two associates [Mrs. J. P. S. Neligh and Miss 
Eugenia Bray] on the original board of management of the dispensary. 
Without their wise counsel, their never-failing patience, and ready encour- 
agement in the face of adversities, and their ever willingness to take upon their 
own shoulders the greatest burden of the work, the dispensary could never 
have had an existence, the great work it is to-day doing would never have 
been begun, all our efforts, indeed, would have come to naught. 

Eespectfully submitted. 

Wm. J. Feench. 



INDEX. 



Page» 
Act regulating production and sale of milk, etc., in the District of Columbia. 49, 390 

Act to regulate the sale of milk, District of Columbia 43, 383 

Additional precautions, necessity for, indicated by bacterial count 115 

Adulteration of foods and drugs. District of Columbia, act relating to 49, 388 

tuberculin, punishment for, recommended 58, 186 

Agreement for production of certified milk 30, 119, 419 

Agricultural Department, score-cards used by 24, 372 

Appendixes 143. 

Associated Charities, recommendation concerning 124, 140, 425 

Association for Prevention of Tuberculosis, District of Columbia, resolutions by . 76, 412 

Bacillus carriers 104 

Bacteria, maximum number allowable 110, 139 

Bacterial content 10& 

harmfulness of high 112 

high, indication of 112 

maximum allowable 110, 112, 139 

practicability of 109 

recommended for District of Columbia 139 

count, definiteness of 109 

necessity for additional precautions indicated by 115 

not dispensed with by pasteurization 114 

practicability of 109- 

responses to inquiries concerning 180, 228 

Bacteriological examination, uniform procedure in making 113 

Bill to regulate production and sale of milk, District of Columbia (S. 4986). . . 49, 390 

Boiling milk, necessity for, dispensed with 135 

Bottle feeding, breast feeding preferable to 120' 

Bottling machines, etc., rating by District department when not installed 16, 34 

Bovine sources, efficacy of tuberculin test in eradicating human tuberculosis 

from 77 

tuberculosis, action of International Tuberculosis Congress, 1908, con- 
cerning 74 

communicability to human beings 72' 

economic considerations affecting 78 

International Commission on 64, 405 

recommendations for eradicating 77 

report of International Commission on 64, 405 

uniform legislation recommended 137 

regulations recommended 137 

Breast feeding preferable to bottle feeding 120 

recommended 140' 

Breeding purposes, recommendation concerning exchange of tuberculous cattle 

for. 66, 137 

exception concerning sale of tuberculous cattle for 66, 137 

Brewery by-products, feeding of 20, 237 

British Commission on Tuberculosis, investigations of 75 

Butter, etc., requirements concerning milk used in making 132- 

Buttermilk, definition of 134 

etc., requirements concerning milk used in making - 132 

Cans, jacketing, recommendation concerning 83, 138 

Capping machines, etc., rating by District health department when not in- 
stalled 16,134 

429 



430 INDEX. 

Page. 
Care of milk in home 116 

precautions recommended 116, 140 

publication of circular recommended 141 

recommendations concerning 116, 140 

Cars, cleansing and disinfecting of recommended G5, 136, 408 

Carter, Herbert P., communications from 12, 351 

Cattle, conditions for health of 137 

Certified milk 30, 119 

agreement for production. of 119, 419 

District of Columbia, bacterial content recommended Ill, 139 

use of for infants recommended 119, 135 

Cheese, etc., requirements concerning milk used in making ■. 132 

Chemistry, Bureau of, prosecutions under pure food law 38, 381 

Chicago milk ordinance, 1909 98, 275 

Circular concerning milk in home, publication recommended '. 141 

Citizen's Relief Association, recommendation concerning 124, 140, 425 

Classification of milk recommended for District of Columbia 27, 135 

Commercial pasteurization, objections to 93 

Communicability of bovine tuberculosis to human beings 72, 103 

Communicable diseases, recommendation concerning reports of 135 

report of 24 

Compensation to owners of cattle condemned 69, 138 

Complaints against health department, District of Columbia, findings of com- 
mittee 15 

by dairymen's a.?sociation, letter stating 361 

filed against health department, District of Columbia 14 

Concentrated milk 130 

responses to inquiries concerning 213, 219 

Concrete floors 16, 134 

use of, responses to inquiries concerning. 233, 234 

recommendations for continuing 134 

Condemned animals, use of meat of, for food 79 

cattle, compensation for 69 

compensation to owners recommended 138 

Condensed milk, definition of 127 

nutritiveness of 128 

responses to inquiries concerning 209, 213, 215, 235 

susceptibility of deterioration. 128 

sweetened, definition of 127 

Consumers, observance of precautions by 118 

Continuous pasteurization not recommended 93, 138 

Cost of installing pasteurizing plants 100, 418 

modified milk 122 

pasteurization 101 

pasteurii?ing plants 100 

Cows, regulations for stabling 44-136 

Cream, bill to regulate sale of in District of Columbia (S. 4986, H. R. 

17506) 49, 390, 391 

clotted, definition of 133 

contests 40 

definition of 29,132 

etc., act regulating production and sale of in District of Columbia 

(S.4986) _.- 383 

evaporated, definition of 133 

Bairies, District of Columbia, posting of regulations for, recommended 44, 136 

regulations governing 385 

Dairy conditions, improvement of 34 

farms, District of Columbia, posting of regulations for, recommended. . . 44, 136 

regulations governing 44, 385 

establishment of ice houses on, recommended 86, 138 

sanitary arrangements for 38 

suggestions for improved sanitary conditions 382 

of sanitary arrangements for 38, 382 

Dairymen's Association, commimication setting forth complaints by 361 

record at health office 117 

Dairy, municipal, suggestion of 108 

products, milk used should be tuberculin tested 78 

Death rates in District of Columbia ^ 45 



INDEX. 431 

Page. 

Delivery, feasibility of prescribing hours of 87 

service, general, recommended 108, 139 

wagons, refrigeration of milk on, practicability of 214 

recommended 83, 138 

Diet kitchen, recommendation concerning 140, 425 

Digestive qualities of milk, effect of pasteurization on 101 

Disease-free herds, purchase from, recommended 137 

Distillery by-products, feeding of , 20 

District Commissioners' regulations for tuberculin test 62, 402 

testimony at hearing before 124, 357 

District government, order concerning institutions under 54, 135 

recommendation concerning milk for employees of 54, 136 

Economic considerations affecting bovine tuberculosis 78 

Employees of health department, employment restricted 50, 395 

Employment of health department employees restricted 50, 395 

Epidemics, milk 52 

Executive departments, correspondence with officials of 399 

milk furnished employees of 53, 136 

for employees of, restrictions recommended... 53,136 

orders restricting sale of milk in 53, 396 

Exposure, period of, best suited for pasteurization 91 

Extent of District milk supply. 20 

Evaporated milk, definition of 127 

Federal food and drugs act, prosecutions under 381 

standards fixed under 113 

Filtration plant, installation of 44 

Flash pasteurization not recommended 93, 138 

Flies as factor in milk contamination 36 

Food and drugs act. District of Columbia 49, 388 

National 38, 377 

June30, 1906 : 377 

District of Columbia, act relating to adulteration of 49, 388 

Freezing of milk '. 89 

responses to inquiries concerning 224 

report of address on 89, 416 

General considerations 28 

milk delivery service recommended 108, 139 

German commission on tuberculosis, investigations of 75 

Great Britain, tuberculosis order of 1909 75 

Grocery stores, sale of milk by, restricted - 116, 139 

Health department, D. C, communications from health officer 362 

complaints filed against 14 

investigation of, not recommended 26, 135 

letter from Dairymen's Association, filing com- 
plaints 15, 361 

publication of circular concerning care of milk 

recommended 141 

inspection service 22 

laboratory facilities 24 

proposed investigation of 26 

reporting of communicable diseases 24, 135 

score-card system 24 

office, dairymen's record at 117 

officer, District of Columbia, communications from 362 

officers, series of questions addressed to 143 

regulations, authority for 18 

Healthy cattle, purchase of, recommended 137 

Home, care of milk in 116 

precautions recommended 116 

recommendations concerning , 116, 140 

Hours of delivery, feasibility of prescribing 87 

Human tuberculosis, communicability from bovine sources 72 

from bovine sources, efficacy of tuberculin test in eradi- 
cating 77 

recommendations for preventing... . 77 

Ice, communication concerning formation of natural 86, 415 

cream, bill regulating production and sale of, in District of Columbia (H. R. 

17506) 391 



432 INDEX. 

Page. 
Ice, cream, etc., bill regulating production and sale of, in District of Columbia 

(S.4986) 390 

requirements concerning milk used in making 132, 133, 141 

houses, establishment of, recommended 86, 138 

practicability of providing supply of 86 

Infant feeding 118 

sale of milk for, by retail establishments restricted 116, 139 

value of raw and pasteurized milk for 121, 140 

Infants' milk depots 118, 122 

establishment of 119 

Infected herd, animal reacting to test, evidence of 137 

Inspected milk 30 

Inspectors, reconmiendation for increased number. District of Columbia 23, 134 

Institutions controlled by District government, milk recommended for 135 

under District government, order concerning 54 

Instructions to mothers recommended 140 

Instructive Visiting Nurse Society, important functions of 126 

recommendations concerning 124, 140, 425 

International commission on bovine tuberculosis, report of 64, 405 

Tuberculosis Congress, 1908, action concerning bovine tuber- 
culosis 74 

Investigation of health department, District of Columbia, not recommended. 26, 135 

milk under Federal departments recommended 140 

Jacketing cans, recommendation concerning 132 

Labeling of milk vessels, act concerning 50, 394 

Laws governing milk production 257 

Legislation attempted governing production of milk, responses to inquiries 

concerning 225 

proposed 49 

Leucocytes in milk 32 

Location of pasteurizing plants 106, 139 

Low temperature, communication concerning shipment of milk at 415 

maintenance of 32, 131 

responses to inquiries concerning 196, 214, 227, 237 

Manure, removal of, from stable recommended 137 

Marking of cattle recommended 137 

Meat of condemned animals, use of, for food 79 

Medical Milk Commission, New Jersey; agreement for certified milk 419 

Milk, act to regulate sale of, in District of Columbia 43, 383 

blended, definition of 30 

bottles, amendment concerning content of 50, 394 

-borne diseases, order of importance of 99 

care of, in home 116 

precautions recommended 116, 140 

certified 30 

classification for District of Columbia, specific legislation for, recom- 
mended 27, 135 

of 27 

concentrated 130 

condensed, definition of 127 

nutritiveness of 128 

susceptibility to deterioration 128 

sweetened, definition of 127 

conference. New York 40 

Washington, 1907 ....._ 46 

recommendations indorsed 49 

contaminated, diseases from 32 

contamination, flies as factor in 36 

sources of 30 

contests 40 

cow's, as infant food 118 

definition of 29 

delivery service recommended 108, 139 

depots for infant feeding 118 

establishment of 119 

effect of pasteurization in preserving 105 

on price of 104, 232 



INDEX. 433 

Page. 
Milk etc., in District of Columbia, act regulating production and sale of (S. 

4986) 49,390 

evaporated, definition of 127 

ewe's, definition of 30' 

famine in District of Columbia 21 

for employees of District government, recommendation concerning 54, 136 

executive departments, recommendation concerning.. 53, 136 

freezing of 89,416 

furnished employees of executive departments 53, 136 

goat's, definition of 30 

importance as food 29' 

inspected 30, 135 

leucocytes in - 32; 

low temperature recommended for District of Columbia 83, 138 

modified. 121 

cost of 122 

nutritiveness of 121 

susceptibility to deterioration 121 

nutritive value of 3$ 

observance of precautions by consumers of 118- 

order. of executive departments restricting sale of 53, 396 

pasteurization of, for District of Columbia recommended 54, 138 

temperature recommended 91, 135 

pasteurized, definition of 30, 90 

multiplication of germs in 101 

powdered 131, 209, 213, 215 

price of, effect of proposed changes on 16, 206. 

prices of grades of 105- 

Producers' Association, etc., communication to 11, 254 

production, Federal siirveillance of 37 

products 132 

Federal investigations of 36 

maintenance at low temperatures 134, 237 

requirements concerning milk used in 132 

temperature for 88, 138 

of milk used in making 88 

raw, multiplication of germs in 101 

recommended for institutions controlled by District government 54, 135 

regulation, District of Columbia 42 

sale of, by retail establishments restricted 139 

District of Columbia, bill to regulate (H. R. 17506; S. 4986). ... 49, 390 

act to regulate 43, 383 

in executive departments, orders restricting 53, 396 

stale prohibited 139i 

separated, definition of 131 

skim, condensed, definition of 131 

definition of '. 13L 

economic value of 131 

Bour, apparent anomaly concerning • 115. 

sterilized, definition of 901 

standards prescribed under Federal food and drugs act 29' 

supply District of Columbia, results of tuberculin tests 60^ 

extent of. District of Columbia 20' 

Federal regulation of 37 

local regulation of 3? 

shortage of _ 21, 208. 

trust, responses to inquiries concerning 212, 213. 

allegation of 26. 

unwholesomeness of market 34- 

vessels, labeling of, act concerning 50, 394 

Milks, prepared 127 

definition of 127 

demand for 129 

price of 130 

Modified milk 121 

available supply recommended 140 

commercial agencies recommended 125, 139 

cost of .". . 122 

82444°— S. Doc. 863, 61-3 28 



434 INDEX. 

Page. 

Modified milk, formulae of Straus laboratory 123, 424 

fund for supplying recommended 125, 140 

nutritiveness of 121 

responses to inquiries concerning 220, 235 

susceptibility to deterioration 121 

use of, for infants recommended . . .• 125, 135 

Mohler, John R., recommendations for preventing human tuberculosis from 

bovine sources 77 

Monopoly controlling pasteurizing machinery , 108 

Municipal dairy, suggestion of 108 

ownership of pasteurizing plants not recommended 108, 139 

National Association for Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, resolutions by. 76, 411 
Newspapers, dissemination of information concerning milk by, recommended. 141 

New York milk conference 40 

Nutritive qualities of milk, effect of pasteurization on .' 101 

Nutritiveness of condensed milk 128 

modified milk 121 

Nurses, visiting, important function of ^ 126, 140 

Oleomargarine, requirements concerning milk used in making , 132 

Ordinances governing milk production 257 

Pasteurization 90 

advantages of 94 

article concerning in Pearson's Magazine 93 

compulsory 94, 231 

for District of Columbia recommended 98, 135 

continuous - 93 

not recommended 138 

cost of 101 

date of, on label recommended 139 

defined 90 

disadvantages of 94 

effect of, in preserving milk 105 

on germ life 92 

nutritive and digestive qualities of milk 101 

on price of milk 104 

flash, not recommended 138 

held - 93 

in District of Columbia, date recommended for 138 

other jurisdictions 105 

objection to commercial 93 

of milk. District of Columbia, recommendations concerning 135 

temperature recommended 92, 138 

precautions in absence of 94 

prescribed bacterial count not dispensed with by 114 

responses to inquiries concerning 166, 203, 229 

Straus depot, local 54, 124 

temperature and exposure best suited for 91 

tuberculin test not dispensed with 103 

Paflteurized milk, commercial agencies recommended 139 

District of Columbia, bacterial content recommended .... 110, 139 

delivery within 24 hours recommended 139 

for infant feeding, purchase recommended 126, 140 

investigation of, by Federal departments recommended . . 121, 140 

labelinl of....!... 106,139 

use of, for infants recommended - 135 

value of 102 

Paoteurizing machinery, alleged control of. 108 

responses concerning 173 

plants, cost of 100 

District of Columbia, estimated cost of - - - 418 

request for information concerning 
costof 418 

location of - - - ,' n^ n on 

location within District of Columbia recornmended 107, i6\) 

maintenance under public or private auspices 107 

municipal ownership of, not recommended 108, 139 

private, in District of Columbia 107, 419 

under private auspices recommended 108, 139 



INDEX. 435 

Page. 
Permits, delay in issuing 18 

Persons, list of, consulted by committee 145 

Powdered milks 131, 235 

Prepared milks 127 

definition of 127 

demand for. 129 

price of ' * 130 

responses to inquiries concerning 209, 213 

Preservatives, use of 20 

Price of cows, effect of tuberculin test on 70 

mUk, effect of pasteurization on 104 

proposed changes on 16 

Prices of several grades of milk 105 

Private pasteurizing plants in the District of Columbia 107 

Publication of ratings of dairies and dairy farms recommended 118, 135 

Publications, list of, consulted by committee 255 

Rating dairies and dairy farms, reasonable standard recommended 26, 135 

Ratings of dairies and dairy farms, publication recommended 135 

Raw and pasteurized milk, investigation concerning, recommended 121, 140 

milk, investigation of, by Federal departments recommended 121, 140 

Recommendations, summary of 134 

Refrigeration of milk on delivery wagons recommended 83, 138 

Refrigerator-car service, correspondence concerning 251 

necessity for 84 

recommendation cbncerning 138 

Regulations by health departments relating to milk, responses to inquiries 

concerning 226, 235 

concerning content of milk bottles 50, 394 

District health department, specific approval by Congress recom- 
mended 18, 134 

for dairies and dairy farms, District of Columbia, posting of, rec- 
ommended 136 

governing dairies. District of Columbia 385 

dairy farms. District of Columbia 44, 385 

milk production 257 

relating to prepared milks, responses concerning 235 

Report of commission on bovine tuberculosis 62 

communicable diseases 24 

recommendation concerning 135 

Report of dispensary. Settlement House 426 

Resolutions by Association for Prevention of Tuberculosis, District of Columbia . 76, 412 

National Association for Prevention of Tuberculosis 76, 411 

to investigate tuberculosis among dairy animals, etc.. District of 

Columbia (H. Res. 605) '. 50,393 

Retesting of cattle exposed to tuberculosis recommended 137 

Safeguards, necessity for further 39 

Salesroom, rating by District health department when not provided 134 

Sanitary arrangements for dairy farms 38, 382 

Score-card system 24 

Score cards used by District government and Department of Agriculture 372 

Separated milk, definition of 131 

Settlement House, report of dispensary 125, 426 

Settlement houses, important function of : '. 125, 140 

Shipment of milk at low temperature, communication concerning 83, 415 

Skim milk, economic value of 131 

definition of 30,131 

Sour milk, apparent anomaly concerning 115 

Stabling of cows, regulations for 44, 136 

Stale milk, sale of, prohibited 139 

Standard for rating dairies and dairy farms recommended 26, 135 

Standards fixed under Federal food and drugs act 29 

States prescribing tuberculin test of cattle imported 412 

within boundaries 414 

providing indemnity to owners of tuberculous cattle condemned 413 

for slaughter of tuberculous cattle 413 

Sterilization defined 90 



436 INDEX, 

Page. 

Straus depot, local , disposal of 54, 124 

laboratory, District of Columbia, report of special committee 124, 424 

formulse for modified milk 123, 424 

local, bill authorizing acceptance of (S. 9716) 125, 425 

pasteurizing laboratory, Washington, disposal of 124 

Streptococci in milk 32 

Summary of recommendations * 134 

Sweetened condensed milk, definition of 30 

Tagging of cattle recommended 136, 137 

Temperature best suited for pasteurization 91 

essentiality of low 82 

for milk products 88 

maintenance of low , 82 

milk products at low 134 

of cream recommended 88 

milk recommended 138 

used in milk products recommended 88 

Testimony at hearing before District Commissioners 357 

Transportation charges 20 

companies consulted by committee 148, 251 

Tubercle bacilli introduced during infancy 76 

Tuberculin, adulteration of 58 

punishment for recommended 136 

discovery of 56 

importance as diagnostic agent 56 

legislation establishing standard for, recommended 58, 136 

record of sales of, recommended 58, 136 

restriction of use of 57, 136 

• test 55 

advantages of 67 

application to animals having abnormal temperature 65, 137 

charts, recommendation concerning 66, 137 

compensation for cattle condemned 69, 138 

conditions imposed 59 

cost of applying 68 

defrayment of expense of 68, 137 

District of Columbia regulations for 62, 402 

effect on price of cows 70 

efficacy of, in eradicating human tuberculosis 77 

expense of, recommendation concerning 68, 137 

for District of Columbia recommended 82, 138 

gradual application in District of Columbia recommended.. . 81, 138 

list of States requiring, for cattle imported 412 

method of application 56 

no harmful effects 57 

not dispensed with by pasteurization 103 

of milk used in dairy products 78 

previous inoculation of cattle prohibited under penalty 58, 136 

regulations governing, in District of Columbia 62 

reliability of 63 

reports by veterinarians recommended 58, 136 

responses received to inquiries concerning 148, 201, 227 

restriction to authorized agents recommended 57, 136 

results of, in District of Columbia 60 

throughout United States 61 

States prescribing, for cattle imported 412 

providing indemnity to owners of cattle condemned . . . 413 

requiring, within boundaries 414 

slaughter of animals condemned '. 413 

within their boundaries 414 

Tuberculosis among dairy animals, District of Columbia, resolutions concern- 
ing (H. Res. 605) 50, 393 

bovine, report of international commission 62 

communicability from bovine sources 72, 103 

extent of, among humans 55 

from bovine sources, efficacy of tuberculin test in eradicating 77 

infection with during infancy 76 



INDEX. 437 

Page. 

Tuberculosis investigation by German and British commissions 75 

National Association for prevention of, resolutions by 76, 411 

order of 1909, Great Britain 75 

owners required to report existence in herd 65, 137 

resolutions by Association for Prevention of, District of Columbia . 76, 412 

veterinarians required to report existence in herds 58, 137 

Tuberculous, animal reacting to test regarded as 65, 137 

cattle, commission of experts on use of meat of 79 

contact with healthy prohibited 65, 136 

exchange of restricted, recommendation concerning 65, 137 

regula,tions against importation recommended 66, 137 

retesting of recommended 65, 137 

sale of restricted, recommendation concerning 65, 137 

States providing for slaughter of : 413 

use of meat for food 79 

Typhoid fever in District of Columbia, detail of board to investigate 50 

symposium on causes of 52 

investigation of 43 

Unrinsed bottles, consumers returning i 23 

Value of pasteurized milk 102, 121 

Veterinarians, etc., report of applications of tuberculin test by, recommended. 58,' 136 
Washing machines, etc., rating by District health department when not 

installed I6, 134 

Washington milk conference, 1907 46 

classification re-recommended for District 

of Columbia I35 

exceptions to recommendations suggested . . 135 

recommendations indorsed 41-49 

Water-tight floors recommended 66 137 

Weather Bureau, communication concerning formation of ice ' 415 

Wiley, Dr. H. W., prosecutions under Federal pure-food law 381 

views concerning pasteurization of milk 96 

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